Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment最新文献_第2页

Understanding the deterioration mechanism of Xiashu loess in dry-wet cycles

IF 3.7 2区工程技术

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment Pub Date : 2025-04-16 DOI: 10.1007/s10064-025-04250-x

Shaorui Sun, Jiaxuan Liu, Jihong Wei, Changsheng Pan, Haotian Fan, Kai Li

{"title":"Understanding the deterioration mechanism of Xiashu loess in dry-wet cycles","authors":"Shaorui Sun, Jiaxuan Liu, Jihong Wei, Changsheng Pan, Haotian Fan, Kai Li","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04250-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04250-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development of cracks and deterioration of mechanical properties in aeolian deposits are common phenomena during dry-wet cycles. The redistribution of soil particles and the change of clay mineral aggregates are some of the reasons for the change in soil properties in this process. In this paper, the physical and mechanical properties, apparent digital images, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used jointly to analyze the properties of silty clays (Xiashu loess) during the dry-wet cycle. The amplitude design of the dry-wet cycle is 2.52%-28.39%, and the number of cycles was designed to be 2,4,6,8and 10 times. The results show that the shrinkage and breakage of clay minerals and the release of pore water stress are caused by the change in water content leading to the redistribution of aggregate particles. The permeability and swelling ability of soil tend to be stable, indicating the stable trend of particle redistribution. The soil cohesion and internal friction angle have an exponential relationship with the number of dry-wet cycles, and the exponential relationship parameters are related to the soil type. Based on the analysis of particle migration, it can better explain the reasons for the deterioration of soil mechanical properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143840514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Risk prediction of catastrophic debris flows against the background of material changes and human engineering activity in the Wenchuan earthquake disturbance area

IF 3.7 2区工程技术

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment Pub Date : 2025-04-12 DOI: 10.1007/s10064-025-04243-w

Jiang Xiong, Huayong Chen, Chuan Tang, Wanyu Zhao, Ming Chen, Tao Yang, Lingfeng Gong, Xianzheng Zhang, Qingyun Shi, Ning Li, Jiangang Chen

{"title":"Risk prediction of catastrophic debris flows against the background of material changes and human engineering activity in the Wenchuan earthquake disturbance area","authors":"Jiang Xiong, Huayong Chen, Chuan Tang, Wanyu Zhao, Ming Chen, Tao Yang, Lingfeng Gong, Xianzheng Zhang, Qingyun Shi, Ning Li, Jiangang Chen","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04243-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04243-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The changes in landslide material and human engineering activities have often posed important impacts on debris flow risk. In this study, multi-period remote sensing images and unmanned aerial vehicle aerial images are used to monitor the prolonged variation in landslide materials transfer for debris flow initiation. Simultaneously the FLO- 2D model and vulnerable curve were used to detect the risk of debris flow in the later period (after 2023). After 15 years of the Wenchuan earthquake, the hillslope landslide materials delivery for debris flow initiation is limited. Impacted by the changes in solid materials, topography and human engineering activities, the risk of debris flow with a recurrence period of 10, and 20 years has been effectively reduced, but for the 50 and 100 years of recurrence period situation, the impact of human engineering activities and channel topography on debris flow risk is limited. For the 10, 20, 50 and 100 years of recurrence period situation, the buildings are at\"extreme\"and\"high\"risk was 0, 21, 38, and 115, respectively. Therefore, the monitoring and early warning is still an important measure to reduce economic losses and casualties in the later period.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143821773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Geological strength index (GSI) prediction using Lugeon values and depth parameters: case study

IF 3.7 2区工程技术

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment Pub Date : 2025-04-12 DOI: 10.1007/s10064-025-04244-9

Man Feng, Yanhui Song, Huishi Xue, Xue Dai

{"title":"Geological strength index (GSI) prediction using Lugeon values and depth parameters: case study","authors":"Man Feng, Yanhui Song, Huishi Xue, Xue Dai","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04244-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04244-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Assessing the Geological Strength Index (GSI) of subsurface rock masses often presents challenges to inexperienced engineers, primarily due to the limited exposure of discontinuities in the rock masses. This study combines data from 12 drilled cores from Maerdang and Shanyang hydropower stations, including their Lugeon test results. The statistical results show the GSI of the rock mass rises with depth and falls with an increase in Lugeon values, both these relationships are weak correlations. The correlation between the GSI and Lugeon values is significant only when the Lugeon values surpass a specific threshold. There exists difference in the Lugeon value threshold and the correlation between GSI and Lugeon values in monzonite and metamorphic sandstone. For monzonite, a power-law relationship is observed when the Lugeon value exceeds 2, a linear relationship arises for metamorphic sandstone when the Lugeon value surpasses 0.5. On the basis of above, the research develops GSI prediction equations for monzonite and metamorphic sandstone using multiple regression methods. Given the limited data from only two projects, more research is needed to validate the wider application of the GSI prediction equation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143821775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Revised plastic soil classification system with soil behaviour type index based on CPTu

IF 3.7 2区工程技术

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment Pub Date : 2025-04-12 DOI: 10.1007/s10064-025-04223-0

Zhongnian Yang, Mingyu Liu, Jinyuan Chang, Xuesen Liu, Xiang Meng, Guojun Cai, Xianzhang Ling

{"title":"Revised plastic soil classification system with soil behaviour type index based on CPTu","authors":"Zhongnian Yang, Mingyu Liu, Jinyuan Chang, Xuesen Liu, Xiang Meng, Guojun Cai, Xianzhang Ling","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04223-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04223-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The properties of soils are highly complex, and therefore, the classification system should be based on multiple perspectives of soil properties to ensure effective classification in geotechnical engineering. The current study of research demonstrates a lack of correlation between classification systems based on soil plasticity and those based on in-situ mechanical properties of soils. A CPTu-based plasticity classification system is proposed using the soil behaviour type index (<i>I</i><sub>c</sub>), with its reliability and limitations discussed. The results indicate that (1)<i> I</i><sub>c</sub> has the capacity to predict the stratigraphic distribution from the in-situ mechanical properties of soils. It showed a significant linear correlation with <i>w</i><sub>L</sub>, which soil classification zone was similar to that of clay factor (<i>C</i><sub>F</sub>); (2) A CPTu-plasticity classification system is proposed to characterize both plasticity and in-situ mechanical properties of soils. This system allows for the initial classification of soils solely based on CPTu data. Furthermore, it has been established that <i>I</i><sub>c</sub> = 2.95 can delineate the boundary between high- and low-compressibility soils. (3) The error is only 25.2% relative to the Moreno-Maroto classification chart, and the system tends to classify soils of intermediate nature as clay or silt. The distance between the data points and both the C-line and the new C-line (Δ<i>I</i><sub>p</sub>, Δ<i>I</i><sub>p<i>I</i>c</sub>) showed a significant positive correlation. Only one data point was misclassified, considering human error in measuring <i>I</i><sub>p</sub>. (4) The new classification chart has been found to be more applicable to offshore and marine soils.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143821777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Engineering geological evaluation of weathered limestones and dolomites quarries in Gebze (Türkiye)

IF 3.7 2区工程技术

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment Pub Date : 2025-04-12 DOI: 10.1007/s10064-025-04245-8

Candan Bilen, Atiye Tuğrul, Ömer Ündü

{"title":"Engineering geological evaluation of weathered limestones and dolomites quarries in Gebze (Türkiye)","authors":"Candan Bilen, Atiye Tuğrul, Ömer Ündü","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04245-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04245-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Weathering can have significant impacts on the geoengineering properties of limestone and dolomite, leading to notable changes in their characteristics and behavior. In this study, two aggregate quarries located in Gebze, Türkiye were investigated to understand the weathering characteristics of limestone and dolomite. In the context of this study, a simple chemical index to identify weathering grades of limestone and dolomite was proposed. To propose this abovementioned weathering grade index, not only various analyses, including mineralogical, petrographic, chemical, physical and mechanical investigations, but also field studies and in situ observations were considered. In terms of field observations, the studied rocks are primarily gray in color, but a brownish red color dominates weathered rocks. Along the rock mass, it was also clear that the spacing of discontinuities decreased while the apertures increased due to weathering. The number and geometry of karstic cavities that formed as a result of chemical changes are also highly distinctive properties for determining weathering, particularly for certain weathering grades. In terms of laboratory tests, on the other hand, as weathering increased, the specific gravity decreased, whereas the unit weight and water absorption values increased for the studied rock samples. Significant correlation coefficients (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.80) were obtained from the relationships between the Weathering Index for Carbonate Rocks (WICR) values and the corresponding laboratory tests, i.e., loss on ignition, dry unit weight, specific gravity, and uniaxial compressive strength. The mechanical properties also considerably decreased with increasing weathering. This paper also discusses the typical and dominant weathering profiles observed for limestone and dolomite weathering.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10064-025-04245-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143821772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study on the irrigation-induced damage characteristics of loess cave dwellings

IF 3.7 2区工程技术

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment Pub Date : 2025-04-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10064-025-04248-5

Shuai Zhang, Wenwu Chen, Nianqin Wang, Jingke Zhang

{"title":"Study on the irrigation-induced damage characteristics of loess cave dwellings","authors":"Shuai Zhang, Wenwu Chen, Nianqin Wang, Jingke Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04248-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04248-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In northwestern China, a portion of land around abandoned loess cave dwellings has been reused for cultivation. However, these cave dwellings under farmland are generally more prone to damage triggered by long-term irrigation. Regrettably, how irrigation leads to loess cave dwelling damage is confusing. In this study, a loess gully in Qianxian County, where 61 cave dwellings were once located, was selected as the study area. The patterns of damage on these cave dwellings were investigated and categorized as wall/roof flaking, water penetration, localized roof collapse and complete failure. In addition, the correlations between landuse types over these cave dwellings and the corresponding patterns of damage were analyzed. Furthermore, a miniature cave dwelling model was constructed to simulate the irrigation process, and the average infiltration rate of irrigation water, vertical displacement and vertical stress at the cave roof were monitored. Moreover, we attempt to reveal the mechanism of complete failure via reduced triaxial compression (RTC) tests. The results confirmed that cave dwellings under farmland are more susceptible to water penetration, localized roof collapse and complete failure. It was inferred that water infiltration from irrigation can promote fissure development within the overlying loess, further resulting in fitful water penetration and localized roof collapse. For cave dwellings with limited overlying loess thicknesses, unloading effects triggered by localized roof collapse cannot initiate the sudden occurrence of complete failure. Overall, the evolution of irrigation-induced loess cave dwelling damage is a stepwise process essentially driven by internal erosion.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143821954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Weathering profile of completely weathered rock from the Dullstroom Formation, South Africa

IF 3.7 2区工程技术

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment Pub Date : 2025-04-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10064-025-04224-z

Duan Swart, Matthys A. Dippenaar

{"title":"Weathering profile of completely weathered rock from the Dullstroom Formation, South Africa","authors":"Duan Swart, Matthys A. Dippenaar","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04224-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04224-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the weathering profile of completely weathered rock derived from the Dullstroom Formation in South Africa. The research emphasizes the significance of the soil-rock interface, particularly the transition between completely weathered rock and residual soil, in understanding mechanical, chemical, and hydraulic behaviours. Field sampling and laboratory analyses, including particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray Computed Tomography (XRCT), were conducted. XRCT proved invaluable in visualizing pore geometry, density contrasts, and the persistence of relict rock structures in three dimensions. The findings highlight how structura<i>l prominence</i> decreases with increasing weathering intensity, influencing compressibility and porosity. The compressibility of the material correlates better with chemical weathering indices than traditional geotechnical parameters like void ratio or dry density. These insights contribute to the geotechnical characterization of weathered rock profiles and propose structural <i>prominence</i> as a novel parameter for evaluating mechanical behaviour across weathering stages.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10064-025-04224-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evolution trend of reservoir bank landslides driven by numerical simulation and mechanism analysis

IF 3.7 2区工程技术

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment Pub Date : 2025-04-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10064-025-04239-6

Xiangwei Fang, Yucheng Wang, Luqi Wang, Wengang Zhang, Chao Chen, Huiwen Deng

{"title":"Evolution trend of reservoir bank landslides driven by numerical simulation and mechanism analysis","authors":"Xiangwei Fang, Yucheng Wang, Luqi Wang, Wengang Zhang, Chao Chen, Huiwen Deng","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04239-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04239-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Landslide disasters have become frequent in the Three Gorges Reservoir area (TGRA) since the first reservoir impoundment in 2003. This study aims to investigate the evolution of landslide disasters on the reservoir bank by analyzing the influence of reservoir water level (RWL) fluctuations and rainfall, taking the Jiuxianping landslide in the area as an example. Employing finite element numerical simulation methods, in conjunction with in-depth on-site investigations and the analysis of monitoring data gathered between 2016 and 2019, the study successfully replicated the step-up deformation pattern and elucidated the progressive evolution of the Jiuxianping landslide. The results indicate that the seepage within the landslide is primarily influenced by rainfall in the upper part of the landslide, by RWL in the lower part, and by a combination of both in the middle part. The landslide stability is primarily affected by RWL fluctuations, and rainfall further exacerbates the instability. The cyclical effects of RWL and seasonal rainfall account for the progressive deformation of the landslide in stages, consistent with the step-up characteristics observed in the displacement-time monitoring curve. The research results provide a reasonable basis for the follow-up prevention and control of the Jiuxianping landslide and a reference for the deformation and evolution research of other landslides in the reservoir area.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental study on mechanical behavior of basalt under different freeze–thaw conditions

IF 3.7 2区工程技术

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment Pub Date : 2025-04-09 DOI: 10.1007/s10064-025-04242-x

Bowen Li, Ruotao Liu, Qinyan Qiu, Huqi Zhang, Guan Rong

{"title":"Experimental study on mechanical behavior of basalt under different freeze–thaw conditions","authors":"Bowen Li, Ruotao Liu, Qinyan Qiu, Huqi Zhang, Guan Rong","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04242-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04242-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates how saturation (ranging from < 3% to > 97%), freezing temperature (25 °C to − 40 °C), freezing duration (0–16 h), and the number of freeze–thaw cycles (0–40) influence basalt’s mechanical properties. Uniaxial compression tests were performed, and damage as well as constitutive models were developed to capture the mechanical response. The results reveal that the critical saturation range for freeze–thaw damage in basalt lies between 50.1% and 76.9%. When the freezing temperature ranges between − 10 °C and − 20 °C or the freezing duration extends up to 4 h, damage to the basalt intensifies significantly. There is a threshold effect of freezing temperature and duration, where further lowering of temperature or prolonged freezing does not increase damage once the rock is fully frozen. The impact of repeated freeze–thaw cycles shows diminishing marginal effects, with the rate of degradation slowing over multiple cycles. The proposed constitutive model accurately reflects basalt’s mechanical response under various freeze–thaw scenarios by using Young’s modulus and secant moduli as damage calibration parameters. These findings offer valuable insights into understanding rock degradation in cold-region engineering applications, providing guidance for design and maintenance strategies to mitigate rock instability and structural failures caused by freeze–thaw processes. The research outcomes are particularly relevant for underground cavern excavation, slope stability assessment, tunnel construction, and other rock engineering projects in regions subject to repeated freezing and thawing events.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Microproperty effects on mesoscale gravel strength parameters revealed by in situ direct shear test simulations using discrete element method

IF 3.7 2区工程技术

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment Pub Date : 2025-04-07 DOI: 10.1007/s10064-025-04238-7

Pei-Yun Shu, Tai-Tien Wang, Chen-Yuan Liao, Louis Ge

{"title":"Microproperty effects on mesoscale gravel strength parameters revealed by in situ direct shear test simulations using discrete element method","authors":"Pei-Yun Shu, Tai-Tien Wang, Chen-Yuan Liao, Louis Ge","doi":"10.1007/s10064-025-04238-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-025-04238-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study delves into the complexities of gravel formation, attributing its characteristics to the intricate interplay of material properties and particle arrangement orientations. The variability and diversity inherent in experimental outcomes underscore the challenges faced in sampling processes, which are exacerbated by the logistical and financial implications, leading to a scarcity of comprehensive testing. Conventional approaches, such as large-scale triaxial and in situ direct shear tests, although reliable, fail to encompass all factors influencing gravel's strength properties, such as particle size distribution, packing, and interlocking mechanisms. This gap highlights the difficulty of capturing representative properties of gravel formations. To bridge this gap, the design of experiments (DOEs) method and discrete element particle flow software were utilized in this study to explore the influence of microproperties on the mesoscale strength properties of gravel. A statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to establish regression equations, delineating the range of Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion strength parameters of the gravel formation through in situ direct shear testing. The Taoyuan gravel layer in Taiwan was used as an example, applying these equations, microscale parameters of a rock specimen with mesoscale cohesion (<i>c</i>) values ranging from 0.011 to 2.552 MPa and friction angle (<i>ϕ</i>) values ranging from 12.66° to 40.75° can be determined through a few trial steps to demonstrate the application and potential of the proposed methodology in addressing the aforementioned challenges.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"84 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0