Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment最新文献

{"title":"Study on mechanical breakage mechanisms of volcanic soil particles under discrete element method","authors":"Xiaoyang Liu,&nbsp;Jiayu Wang,&nbsp;Hailiang Liu,&nbsp;Di Wu,&nbsp;Changming Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10064-026-05327-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-026-05327-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Volcanic soil is a distinctive geomaterial characterized by its porous granular structure, which contributes to its low mechanical strength. Investigating its particle breakage mechanisms is essential for understanding its mechanical behavior. In this study, single-particle crushing tests were first conducted to obtain particle breakage parameters, revealing a significant size effect on particle crushing strength. Building upon these findings, numerical simulations of particle flow were performed using the fragment replacement method. The simulation results demonstrate that the rate of particle breakage in volcanic soil decreases significantly with increasing loading strain. Particle breakage behavior leads to an increase in sliding contacts among particles and a notable reduction in the mechanical coordination number. Deviatoric tensor analysis indicates that particle breakage suppresses the development of anisotropy in the specimen system while increasing the number of weak contacts. Furthermore, the strong contact force chains exhibit a peanut-shaped distribution during loading, suggesting that these force chains play a critical role in maintaining the specimen’s mechanical strength. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the particle breakage mechanisms of volcanic soils.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"85 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149133143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability analysis of anchored slopes considering multiple failure modes","authors":"Hongjun Guo,&nbsp;Dejian Li,&nbsp;Zheng Wang,&nbsp;Long Liu,&nbsp;YingBin Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s10064-026-05328-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-026-05328-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Anchor support is widely used in the seismic design of slopes owing to its high efficiency and flexibility. However, anchorage systems may exhibit multiple failure modes, including tendon failure, grout failure, tendon pullout, grout pullout, and overall failure of the surrounding geomaterial, each associated with a distinct ultimate axial force. Existing studies generally treat the axial force as a prescribed parameter, making it difficult to capture variations induced by changes in structural parameters and geological conditions, thereby affecting the reliability of stability assessment. To address this issue, an ultimate axial force model considering five possible failure modes was established based on the upper-bound limit analysis method, and incorporated into slope stability analysis by treating anchor axial force as a variable governed by failure modes and related parameters. A quasi-Monte Carlo reliability framework using scrambled Sobol sequences was then established to evaluate the slope failure probability and dominant-mode probabilities. The results show that increasing the tendon diameter shifts the controlling mode from tendon failure toward failure controlled by other components and the surrounding geomaterial. Increasing the anchorage length reduces the slope failure probability, but the benefit gradually decreases and grout failure eventually becomes dominant. With increasing seismic loading, the controlling mode shifts from overall failure of the surrounding geomaterial to tendon pullout when <i>k</i>_<i>h</i> exceeds approximately 0.2 g. The proposed framework enables the controlling weak link of the anchoring system to be identified and provides a basis for reliability assessment and anchorage parameter optimization.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"85 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149133309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shear behavior of grouted rock joints under a cyclic normal load","authors":"Xianda Feng,&nbsp;Yishun Wang,&nbsp;Yingrui Lu,&nbsp;Qi Qiu","doi":"10.1007/s10064-026-05310-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-026-05310-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In underground engineering, the surrounding rock is susceptible to instability and failure under dynamic disturbance loads. To investigate this issue, cyclic shear tests were conducted on grouted rough rock joints under a dynamic normal load. The effects of the initial normal load (<span>(:{F}_{text{n}text{s}})</span>), dynamic normal load amplitude (<span>(:{F}_{text{A}})</span>), and dynamic normal load frequency (<span>(:{f}_{text{n}})</span>) on the shear behavior of the grouted joints were systematically investigated. The shear stress–shear displacement curves exhibited clear two-stage behavior. In the first cycle, influenced by grouting reinforcement, the curves exhibited fluctuating peak values. As <span>(:{F}_{text{n}text{s}})</span> increased from 20 kN to 100 kN, the peak shear strength increased by approximately 125.66%. In subsequent cycles, owing to the shearing of the rock-grout bonding interface and cement asperities, the curves transitioned to a fluctuation-dominated slip mode governed by steady-state friction. The normal displacement–shear displacement curves consistently exhibited a fluctuating “V”-shaped pattern across all cycles. The average dilation angle exhibited a decreasing-then-increasing trend with an increasing number of load cycles. The magnitude of the phase shift increased linearly with <span>(:{F}_{text{A}})</span> but decreased exponentially with <span>(:{f}_{text{n}})</span>. The phase shift proportion of the grouted joint reached its maximum in the frequency range of 0.5–1 Hz. The failure characteristics of the joint surface were the fracture of the rock–grout bonding interface and the continuous abrasion of the cemented grout body by the joint surface. These findings provide valuable insights for evaluating the stability of grouted surrounding rock under dynamic disturbances.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"85 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149133288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: Micro-to-macro mechanical characterization and constitutive parameterization of marine-terrestrial interface soft soils in the Pearl River Estuary","authors":"Wengang Zhang,&nbsp;Hongrui Li,&nbsp;Zhongshuai Ye,&nbsp;Junfeng Li,&nbsp;Liang Cao,&nbsp;Weixin Sun","doi":"10.1007/s10064-026-05287-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-026-05287-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"85 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149133311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution model for rock dynamic parameters and fracture characteristics under cyclic loading","authors":"Yang Wang,&nbsp;Fei Ye,&nbsp;Ning Sun,&nbsp;Peng Liang,&nbsp;Yajing Li,&nbsp;Wenxi Fu","doi":"10.1007/s10064-026-05325-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-026-05325-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Changes in rock dynamic parameters during loading and unloading are related to crack initiation and propagation. However, few studies have analyzed the potential quantitative relationship between the rock fracture process and the change in dynamic parameters. In this study, sandstone and granite were selected for multi-stage cyclic loading and unloading tests. The variation laws of the dynamic shear modulus ratio and damping ratio of rock were studied. In addition, a fracture density index was established based on fractal theory. 3D laser scanning and acoustic emission were used to quantify the fracture density of rock during cyclic loading and unloading. A nonlinear evolution model of dynamic parameters driven by fracture density was then established. The results show that the dynamic shear modulus ratio decreases and the damping ratio increases with increasing dynamic shear strain. With the increase in confining pressure, the initial value of the dynamic shear modulus ratio increases, while the initial value of the damping ratio decreases. The change rates of the dynamic shear modulus ratio and damping ratio also decrease with increasing confining pressure. At a specific stress level, an increase in confining pressure can promote the dense development of microcracks. However, its lateral constraint finally inhibits the macroscopic fragmentation degree of rock. The model established in this study links the macroscopic stiffness degradation of rock with its internal crack state. It can provide physical parameter support for the dynamic stability evaluation of rock slopes and underground caverns affected by seismic dynamic loads.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"85 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149133310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of particle gradation on static liquefaction and failure evolution in spoil slopes","authors":"Xilin Lü,&nbsp;Wendong Xu,&nbsp;Xianlin Liu,&nbsp;Zhenghui Tang,&nbsp;Qiang Yan,&nbsp;Yu Shao","doi":"10.1007/s10064-026-05329-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-026-05329-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Static liquefaction-induced slope failures have frequently occurred in spoil and reworked soil slopes, posing serious threats to geotechnical stability and environmental safety. However, the specific role of particle gradation in governing static liquefaction susceptibility and the subsequent evolution of slope failure remains to be further elucidated. This study investigates the gradation-controlled mechanisms of static liquefaction and the associated stress-path evolution in spoil soils through a combination of triaxial tests and centrifuge model tests. Three typical gradation ranges were designed to represent well-graded spoil soil and two poorly graded spoil soils with different dominant particle-size ranges. Triaxial results show that poorly graded soils have instability stress ratios of about 0.80–1.00, decreasing with increasing consolidation ratio, and triggering strains typically less than 1% under anisotropic consolidation. Centrifuge modeling successfully captured the entire evolution of infiltration-induced slope failure. The results indicate that poorly graded soils exhibit two distinct failure modes, namely static liquefaction and surface erosion, whereas the well-graded soil remains stable throughout the test. Notably, a rapid buildup of pore water pressure was observed prior to the onset of static liquefaction, followed by a rapid decay over a short time interval at the moment of triggering. The instability stress ratio derived from triaxial tests was incorporated into a modified method of slices framework. The evolution of the calculated factor of safety aligns closely with the failure modes observed in the centrifuge tests, providing a more targeted evaluation tool for engineering projects involving liquefiable spoil deposits.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"85 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149133312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Freeze-thaw damage model for rock based on equivalent pore structure","authors":"Guan Rong,&nbsp;Bowen Li,&nbsp;Zuhao Lyu,&nbsp;Zhongjie Yu,&nbsp;Maiyong Jiang","doi":"10.1007/s10064-026-05323-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-026-05323-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Freeze-thaw cycling is a primary driver of rock deterioration in cold regions. To elucidate how rocks degrade under freeze-thaw processes influenced by inherent pore and mechanical characteristics, this study selected granite, fine sandstone, and coarse sandstone as research objects. Freeze-thaw cycling tests under forced saturation conditions were conducted, measuring the evolution of porosity, permeability, uniaxial compressive strength, and Young’s modulus with cycling number. An equivalent pore structure-based freeze-thaw damage evolution model was proposed. Experimental results revealed three distinct damage modes: granite exhibited “quasi-stable evolution” (porosity increase of only 0.21%, strength reduction of 5.5%); fine sandstone showed “asymptotic degradation” (porosity increased 65% before stabilizing, strength decreased 61%); coarse sandstone underwent “rapid disintegration” (porosity doubled, with specimen collapse at cycles 26–29). The proposed model successfully predicted porosity (relative root mean square error RRMSE &lt; 1.29%), strength (RRMSE &lt; 16.34%), and Young’s modulus (RRMSE &lt; 18.16%) evolution for all three rocks by introducing frost heave-induced elastoplastic partitioning, deformation coordination relationships, and effective load-bearing area reduction concepts to recursively derive equivalent pore radius and elastoplastic damage zone radius evolution. However, permeability predictions showed significant limitations: high accuracy for granite (RRMSE = 5.33%) but substantial underestimation for sandstones, with coarse sandstone exhibiting order-of-magnitude deviations. Therefore, the model is suitable for predicting porosity and mechanical degradation dominated by skeleton damage accumulation, but not for permeability evolution dominated by seepage pathway reconstruction. This study reveals that initial pore and mechanical characteristics determine the dominant failure mode, providing a quantitative method for predicting freeze-thaw resistance of porous rock materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"85 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Landslide susceptibility assessment using machine learning and information value models","authors":"Majid Mohammady","doi":"10.1007/s10064-026-05321-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-026-05321-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Landslides are a major and dangerous hazards worldwide, causing significant damage and property loss. In Iran, the losses of mass movements, especially landslides until 2007, were calculated at 126,893 billion Rials. Landslide susceptibility analysis is a key component of environmental management. The main reasons for this research were the presence of this significant natural hazard, and population density in this area. The objectives of this research are to assess of machine learning techniques, develop a simple statistical model for landslide susceptibility mapping, and identify the most accurate models. First, a landslide distribution map of northern Tehran was created using Google Earth and field survey data. Random forest (RF), functional discriminant analysis (FDA), boosted regression tree (BRT), and information value (IV) models were used to create the landslide susceptibility maps. The results showed that rainfall, elevation, distance from the road, and distance from the fault had the greatest influence on landslide occurrence. The ROC curve and area under the curve (AUC) were used to validate the models. The areas under the curve values for IV, RF, BRT, and FDA were 0.775, 0.996, 0.835, and 0.754, respectively. Results showed that the areas of high and very high susceptibility classes for the IV, RF, BRT, and FDA models were 51%, 26%, 50%, and 43%, respectively. Therefore, it is essential to assess landslide susceptibility in this region. The landslide susceptibility map is a practical tool for policymakers to support risk mitigation in this region.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"85 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149035450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiscale deterioration mechanism of red-bed mudstone under water-rock interaction and its implications for landslide failure","authors":"Yuhao Liu,&nbsp;Guoxiang Tu,&nbsp;Yanrong Li","doi":"10.1007/s10064-026-05317-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-026-05317-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Water‒rock interactions are important factors in the deterioration of the physical and mechanical properties of red-bed mudstone. We studied the microscopic deterioration and failure mechanisms of Neogene red-bed mudstone distributed in Northwest China under water‒rock interactions using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), digital image processing, X-ray diffraction (XRD), ion chromatography analysis, and mechanical tests. The correlation between the microstructure composition and macroscopic mechanical strength index is revealed. The results revealed that a series of chemical reactions, including carbonation dissolution, hydrolysis, oxidation, and hydration reactions, occur during water‒rock interactions. The carbonation dissolution reactions of calcite, feldspar minerals, and clay minerals and the hydrolysis reactions of feldspar minerals resulted in increases in the number, porosity, and area of the pores and induced the destruction of the microstructure of the red-bed mudstone. The shape characteristics of pores are highly correlated with strength variations. The illitization of potassium feldspar and kaolinite and the montmorillonitization of plagioclase resulted in the generation of new clay minerals in the mudstone, which adhered to the framework of the rock and filled the mudstone pores. This phenomenon was another factor that promoted the deterioration of the physical and mechanical properties of red-bed mudstone. The mudstone strength decays significantly with increasing soaking time. Mudstone microstructural composition damage variability and macroscopic strength reduction failure are the internal and external core causes of landslide failure under water-rock interactions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"85 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149035371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The erosion effect of dynamic seawater on the calcareous sand grouted body","authors":"Tianshu Wang,&nbsp;Boda Shang,&nbsp;Peng Li,&nbsp;Qingsong Zhang,&nbsp;Yue Sun","doi":"10.1007/s10064-026-05240-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10064-026-05240-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The calcareous sand foundations of islands and reefs in the South China Sea are often exposed to seawater for long periods. In this environment, seawater ions and flow fields deteriorate the performance of grout aggregates and reduce their service life. To investigate the effects of seawater corrosive ions on grout aggregate performance under erosion times and water-to-cement ratios, this paper uses a simulated seawater flow characteristic device with accelerated erosion methods that couple temperature and concentration. In addition, a weakening model for the grout aggregates was established by performing mechanical experiments and micro-tests on the eroded grout aggregates to uncover the mechanism of erosion weakening in a seawater environment. The findings indicate that the impermeability and compressive strength of the grouted body mass initially increase and then decrease with erosion time, and decrease as the water-cement ratio increases. In the initial stages of erosion, the dynamic water erosion environment serves to enhance the impermeability and compressive strength of the grouted body. However, the loss in strength and impermeability is exacerbated in the later stages of erosion. The stress-strain curve during the ascending stage of the grouted body under different erosion times can be calculated using a formula that introduces the seawater erosion factor Fs and the dynamic water erosion factor Fd. Herein, Fs is directly proportional to the erosion time, while Fd is inversely proportional to the erosion time.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":500,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment","volume":"85 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149035372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}