Journal of Radiological Protection最新文献

{"title":"Report from the IRPA task group on awareness of tissue reactions in the eye lens, cardiovascular system and skin.","authors":"Marie Claire Cantone, Colin J Martin, Mercè Ginjaume, Nobuyuki Hamada, Sumi Yokoyama, Jean-Marc Bordy, Lawrence Dauer, Zoe Brady, George McGill, Severino Michelin, Timothy Sebeela, Marc C Okeji, Piotr Pankowski","doi":"10.1088/1361-6498/addd2b","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6498/addd2b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The International Radiation Protection Association established a task group (TG) in 2023 to collect data on knowledge and understanding of tissue reactions involving the eye lens, skin and cardiovascular system among radiation protection practitioners. The aim was to contribute to the sharing of experiences and raise awareness within the radiation protection community about tissue reactions. In 2024, the TG conducted a survey through a questionnaire and this paper provides an analysis and overview of the results.</p>","PeriodicalId":50068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiological Protection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144163500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tritium dispersion analysis using HotSpot code: a comparative study across reactor types and environmental conditions.","authors":"Osamong Gideon Akou, Xuan Wang, Shuhuan Liu, Xinwei Liu, Guanghui Su, Ailing Zhang, Junfang Zhang, Minghua Lv, Lei Huang, Shanchao Yang","doi":"10.1088/1361-6498/adde6b","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6498/adde6b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Kenya is advancing plans to establish nuclear power plant in its coastal parts to boost its energy production. This study addresses the critical need for tritium monitoring and radiological dose assessment under a severe accident scenario. Tritium (³H), due to its high mobility and biological relevance, presents a key concern in post-accident dispersion, particularly in developing nuclear states with limited baseline data. Using the HotSpot health physics code, we simulated atmospheric dispersion of tritium in molecular (HT), oxidised (HTO), and organically bound (H(M)) isotopes over Kilifi County, Kenya. The model incorporated 2024 site-specific meteorological data, release height and hypothetical containment bypass and loss of coolant accident events across four reactors (heavy water reactors (HWR), pressurised water reactors, boiling water reactors, advanced gas cooled reactor). The highest total effective dose (TED) and ground deposition were9.0×10-1Sv5.0×1010kBq m^-2respectively at a wind velocity of 2 m s^-1, while maximum time-integrated air concentration was5.5×1011Bq.s m^-3, ground contamination extended to 162 km²under low rainfall. Rural terrain yielded higher TED than urban areas, stability class F produced highest dose. The highest target organ committed dose was8.0×10-5Sv, primarily to the lungs. The overall highest dose was recorded in the HWR reactor and exceeded the International Commission on Radiological Protection dose limit of1.0×10-3Sv yr^-1. However, with increasing downwind distance, the dose dropped below this limit. Sensitivity analysis identified wind velocity as the dominant dispersion driver. These results inform emergency planning, exclusion zone design, and regulatory frameworks for nuclear safety in Kenya and other nations exploring nuclear development.</p>","PeriodicalId":50068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiological Protection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144183261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Re-calculation of air kerma to dose-equivalent conversion coefficients for mono-energetic photons.","authors":"Jaroslav Šolc, Paz Avilés Lucas, Luka Bakrač, Rolf Behrens, Alessia Ciccotelli, N Cornejo Díaz, Ana Fernandes, Steffen Ketelhut, Nikola Kržanović, Massimo Pinto, Teemu Siiskonen, Vladimír Sochor, Jiří Tesař, Joonas Tikkanen, Dušan B Topalović, Olivier Van Hoey, Hayo Zutz, Miloš Živanović","doi":"10.1088/1361-6498/adda56","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6498/adda56","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This work presents new calculations of conversion coefficients (CCs) from total air kerma to dose-equivalent quantities<i>H'</i>(0.07),<i>H'</i>(3),<i>H*</i>(10),<i>H</i>_p(0.07),<i>H</i>_p(3), and<i>H</i>_p(10) for area and personal dosimetry for mono-energetic photons in the energy range from 2 keV to 50 MeV, assuming secondary charged particle equilibrium. Calculations using the Monte Carlo N-Particle® (MCNP) code were performed for a large number of photon energies with the aim of preventing errors resulting from possible improper interpolation between currently available sparsely spaced CC values, when an average CC value over a photon fluence spectrum needs to be determined. The CC values were compared with the values published in the ISO 4037-3:2019 standard. A very close agreement was achieved for the majority of CCs. Larger discrepancies were found for some CCs, often for low photon energies or large angles of radiation incidence, which were taken from older publications or when CC values were interpolated or extrapolated. Furthermore, some differences were found in the MeV energy range, which are significant for dosimeter calibrations, e.g. the presented values of CC to<i>H*</i>(10) for the main photon energies of¹³⁷Cs and⁶⁰Co radionuclides are both lower by 2.8%. Finally, it was found that the values of CCs to<i>H</i>_p(0.07;<i>E, α</i>)_slabgiven in ISO 4037-3:2019 were not taken correctly from the source publication. In conclusion, the CC values given in ISO 4037-3:2019 should be updated in view of the results obtained.</p>","PeriodicalId":50068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiological Protection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144102804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Note on the rule-of-thumb equation for the external dose rate from a point gamma source.","authors":"Ralph Whitcher","doi":"10.1088/1361-6498/add89e","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6498/add89e","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The value of the constant in the rule-of-thumb equation for estimating external dose rates from gamma and x-ray radiations emitted by a point radionuclide source is re-evaluated, suggesting a value of 7 is the best choice where the photon energy spectrum mostly falls mostly between 0.05 and 2.0 MeV.</p>","PeriodicalId":50068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiological Protection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144080484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of secondary neutron distribution around the synchrotron in an ion therapy centre.","authors":"Liuyu Cui, Weihai Zhuo, Ning Li, Zhou Yuan, Xiaowa Wang, Bo Chen","doi":"10.1088/1361-6498/add89b","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6498/add89b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Secondary neutrons produced in ion therapy facilities pose unwanted radiation risks to both patients and occupational operators. In this study, dual-channel neutron detectors based on CR-39 were employed to measure the intensity distribution of secondary fast and thermal neutrons around an ion therapy accelerator. The capability of the detectors to detect fast and thermal neutrons was validated through calculations. The detectors were placed at 44 different locations in the accelerator room. After continuous irradiation for 39 d, the neutron distribution map was obtained using inverse distance weighting interpolation algorithm based on the discrete measured results. The findings revealed distinct differences in the distribution patterns of fast and thermal neutrons. An analysis of the neutron distribution and main beam loss locations showed that the beam dump was the dominant source of secondary neutrons. Additionally, a comparison with the results of prior research indicated a strong correlation between thermal neutron distribution and induced radioactivity production. This study highlights the importance of considering the distinct characteristics of fast and thermal neutrons in shielding design and offers practical insights for the safe operation of ion therapy facilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":50068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiological Protection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144081800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of dose distribution and shielding efficiency in portable intraoral x-ray device.","authors":"J D Campos Méndez, S Pessoa Quesada, L Barba Ramírez, A Ruiz-Imbert, G Noguera Vega, A Hidalgo Rivas, E Mora Ramírez","doi":"10.1088/1361-6498/adda55","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6498/adda55","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Portable intraoral x-ray devices are widely used in dental radiology due to their affordability and convenience. However, concerns about radiation exposure to operators from scattered radiation are rising. This study uses an anthropomorphic phantom and a radiation detector to measure the ambient dose equivalent rate caused by secondary scatter radiation. Measurements were taken at different angles, distances, and heights, both with and without a shielding disk (provided by the portable device). The results show that the shielding disk reduces radiation exposure by up to 94%, but its effectiveness varies depending on the operator's position. Sensitive areas, such as the gonads and eye lenses, can receive higher doses under certain conditions. Annual dose estimations revealed that exposure could exceed 1 mSv in some cases, highlighting the need for operators to wear personal dosimeters and follow safety protocols. Recommendations include keeping a safe distance, shielding disk must be used, and avoid to tilt the x-ray unit. This study underscores the importance of properly using and regulating portable x-ray devices to ensure operator safety while maintaining their practical benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":50068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiological Protection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144102562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiation detriment and effective dose due to exposure to radon.","authors":"Thomas R Beck","doi":"10.1088/1361-6498/add89d","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6498/add89d","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study compares exposures to the lung caused by inhalation of radon and radon progeny with lung doses from external low-linear-energy-transfer (low-LET) radiation. For this purpose, lung cancer risks, lifetime effects and radiation detriments from chronic exposure to radon in homes and workplaces are calculated. The calculations apply accepted risk models derived from studies on miners and residential radon to the representative populations of International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). In addition, comparable calculations are performed to determine risk quantities for the lung associated with low-LET radiation. In a working age population, a constant exposure to radon progeny of 1 working level month (WLM)/year results in a radiation detriment of 6.4∙10^-4per year (1.8∙10^-4yr^-1at a constant exposure of 1 mJ·h·m^-3yr^-1). For a whole population that is constantly exposed to a radon concentration of 100 Bq∙m^-3, the radiation detriment is 1.1∙10^-4per year. These values are based on epidemiological comparison using miner and residential studies separately. The relative biological effectiveness for alpha particles from the inhalation of radon and radon progeny is estimated to be around 10, which, despite of uncertainties, is significantly below the value of 20 recommended by ICRP for the radiation weighting factor of alpha particles. Comparison of results from epidemiological studies on radon in mines and in homes does not provide sufficient evidence that the fraction of unattached radon progeny has a significantly increased influence on the radiation risk und thus on the effective dose. An average annual effective dose of 6 mSv is determined for constant occupational exposure of a working age population to radon progeny with a rate of 1 WLM per year (1.7 mSv yr^-1per mJ∙h∙m^-3yr^-1). In the case of residential exposure, the average annual effective dose is 1.1 mSv, assuming that a whole population is constantly exposed to a radon activity concentration of 100 Bq∙m^-3. The dose coefficients determined in this study are lower than the corresponding values derived from biokinetic and dosimetric models and currently recommended by ICRP.</p>","PeriodicalId":50068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiological Protection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144080606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential retinal blue hazard from dental examination lamps across different ages.","authors":"Hind Saeed Alzahrani","doi":"10.1088/1361-6498/add53f","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6498/add53f","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dental examination lamps (DELs) enhance visual acuity and focus during surgical and clinical examination in dental clinics. However, prolonged exposure to high-intensity light can cause ocular thermal burns and toxicity. This study examined the risk of damage to the eyes from blue radiation emitted by DELs, considering lens spectral transmission across different age groups. The spectral irradiances of 14 DELs manufactured by 14 companies were measured using a spectrometer. The blue light-weighted radiances (<i>L</i>_B) were computed for direct viewing at 30 cm and indirect viewing at 30, 50, and 100 cm. The maximum daily exposure duration (<i>t</i>_max) was computed only for the direct viewing of light across different age groups (1-70 years). LED-based DELs exhibited peak blue spectral radiances between wavelengths of 440 and 450 nm, with illumination levels ranging from 2400 to 89 151 lux. Indirect viewing of the diffuse-reflected light from all the tested DELs was found to be safe. However, long exposures from unprotected viewing of a direct beam may exceed the accepted exposure limits. In the case of direct viewing, the blue light radiance (<i>L</i>_B) varied from 3 to 483 W m^-2sr^-1, depending on the DEL characteristics and age-related differences in light transmission to the human eye. Among the tested lamps, Luna showed the lowest blue light radiance (<i>L</i>(<i>λ</i>)) (0.09 ± 0.05 W m^-2sr^-1), resulting in the longest safe exposure time (<i>t</i>_max) of 38-96 h. In contrast, SKEMA 6 exhibited the highest<i>L</i>(<i>λ</i>) (4.75 ± 3.41 W m^-2sr^-1), leading to the shortest<i>t</i>_max(0.5-2 h). Appropriate DEL use is crucial for minimising direct blue light exposure, and patient eye protection is recommended for prolonged procedures. Indirect exposure remains within safety limits. Future research should focus on optimising DEL design for safety and performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":50068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiological Protection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144055119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are we being prudent, precautionary, or both?","authors":"Sannah H P van Balen, Elina Paivinen, Nathaniel Read, Eugene Shwageraus","doi":"10.1088/1361-6498/add540","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6498/add540","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ongoing review conducted by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) includes an examination of the ethical foundations of the System of Radiological Protection. ICRP (2018<i>Ann. ICRP</i><b>47</b>) identified Prudence as one of the four ethical values underpinning the work of the ICRP. In most recent publications, the term regularly appears as a synonym or in conjunction with the Precautionary Principle. However, despite their frequent pairing, the two concepts have distinct meanings and unique histories in ICRP publications. Given the importance of the Precautionary Principle outside of radiological protection, the instability of their relationship can become a serious point of confusion, particularly when more emphasis is placed on protection of the environment. How do we know that we are being prudent, precautionary, or both in our approach to radiological risk assessment and management? This paper examines the definitions and applications of these terms within the ICRP's publishing history. Through a content and semantic analysis of 103 ICRP publications, this study describes their evolution and interrelation, highlights ambiguity and identifies opportunities for further clarification. The ICRP's current review of the System provides a timely opportunity to stabilise the terms, improving a common understanding and, ultimately, the management of radiological risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":50068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiological Protection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144005507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RadField3D: a data generator and data format for deep learning in radiation-protection dosimetry for medical applications.","authors":"Felix Lehner, Pasquale Lombardo, Susana Castillo, Oliver Hupe, Marcus Magnor","doi":"10.1088/1361-6498/add53d","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6498/add53d","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this research work, we present our open-source Geant4-based Monte-Carlo simulation application, called RadField3D, for generating three-dimensional radiation field datasets for dosimetry. Accompanying, we introduce a fast, machine-interpretable data format with a Python application programming interface for easy integration into neural network research, that we call RadFiled3D. Both developments are intended to be used to research alternative radiation simulation methods using deep learning. All data used for our validation (measured and simulated), along with our source codes, are published in separate repositories.https://github.com/Centrasis/RadField3DSimulationhttps://github.com/Centrasis/RadFiled3D.</p>","PeriodicalId":50068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiological Protection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144052288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}