Journal of Radiological Protection最新文献

{"title":"Colossus: software for radiation epidemiological studies with big data.","authors":"Eric Giunta, Dawson Stutzman, Sarah S Cohen, Benjamin French, Linda Walsh, Lawrence T Dauer, John D Boice, Steve R Blattnig, Dan Andresen, Amir A Bahadori","doi":"10.1088/1361-6498/adcd80","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6498/adcd80","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Colossus is designed to meet a growing need for survival analysis software capable of analyzing tens of millions of rows of radiation epidemiological data. Colossus is an R package devised to offer scalable survival analysis for the Million Person Study. The total and relative rate equations available in Colossus are outlined in this article, which are used in conjunction with Cox proportional hazards, Poisson, and Fine-Grey regression models. Following a comparison with existing software, validation with epidemiological cohort data is described. Exposure data and specific causes of death among workers at Los Alamos National Laboratory and U.S. nuclear power plants were analyzed by Colossus and 32-bit Epicure and compared with published results. Colossus results agreed with the results of existing software and previous publications.</p>","PeriodicalId":50068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiological Protection","volume":"45 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144047685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occupational radiation exposure during blood sample collection post I-131 therapeutic administration in thyroid cancer patients.","authors":"Amna Al Jabri, Jennie Cooke, Seán Cournane, Marie-Louise Healy","doi":"10.1088/1361-6498/adc8b3","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6498/adc8b3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The blood sampling required for the verification of dose delivered during radioactive iodine (¹³¹I) therapy is a source of radiation exposure for healthcare staff. This study aims to estimate staff exposures, using Monte Carlo modelling, as well as experimental measurements. The study further aimed to validate the models with staff exposure measurements and examine the impact of protective measures on the procedure. The clinical set-up of blood sampling post¹³¹I patient administration, within a dedicated¹³¹I ablation therapy suite, was modelled using EGSnrc Monte Carlo simulations (MCSs). The dose scoring regions representing deep dose (Hp(10)) and skin dose (Hp(0.07)) were estimated and validated with an experimental approach and clinical monitoring of staff members using electronic personal dosimeters. MCSs and experimental values did not show significant differences between the two approaches (<i>p</i>> 0.05), with simulated values having lower uncertainties. It is demonstrated that the model is capable of being tailored to clinical scenarios at any centre. The simulations were corroborated with dosimetry data of blood sampling from 14 patients post administering 3.7 GBq¹³¹I, amounting to a total of 54 measurements from 14 staff members. With the employed protective shielding, none of the staff were exposed to a dose rate approaching the annual dose constraint of 0.3 mSv.yr^-1. The experimental and MCS data show good agreement with the clinical data, demonstrating the advantages of MCS approaches for providing useful information for planning and carrying out risk assessments before implementing a new dosimetry practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":50068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiological Protection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obituary: in memory of Malgorzata Karpow Sneve (1963-2024).","authors":"Per Strand, Katarzyna Siegien","doi":"10.1088/1361-6498/adc8b2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6498/adc8b2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiological Protection","volume":"45 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144042200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Approaches to harmonize mortality data sets in three diverse radiation worker cohorts.","authors":"Jianqi Zhang, Daniel O Stram, Sarah S Cohen, Michael T Mumma, David J Pawel, Howard D Sesso, Richard W Leggett, Andrew J Einstein, John D Boice","doi":"10.1088/1361-6498/adc7bf","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6498/adc7bf","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While there is a well-established link between ionizing radiation and cancer, there are uncertainties with effects following low doses delivered at low dose rates. To address these gaps, the ongoing Million Person Study of Radiation Workers and Veterans (MPS) is investigating the likelihood of a variety of cancer and non-cancer effects following chronic exposure to low dose-rate ionizing radiation. One challenge is and will be combining and harmonizing diverse cohorts with widely different measures of socio-economic status, birth cohorts, dose distributions and sex ratios. Herein, we have evaluated non-cancer mortality in three cohorts for which dose reconstructions have been completed: Rocketdyne (Atomics International, California, 1948-2008), Mound (Dayton, Ohio, 1944-2009) and nuclear weapons test participants (Atomic Veterans, 1945-2012). These three cohorts represent a small fraction of the overall MPS but provide valuable insight into methods of combining and harmonizing data from multiple diverse cohorts that can later be considered for all MPS cohorts. Heart disease mortality, including both underlying and contributing causes of death, was chosen for illustrating the statistical approaches. In all three cohorts, radiation dose estimates were distributed very differently by different measures of socio-economic status. Further, the effect of birth cohort was significantly different for heart disease mortality in all three cohorts, with all studies showing that later birth cohorts have lower rates of heart disease mortality than the earlier. The goal of this paper is not to quantify radiation effects based on these combined cohorts and it would be inappropriate to do so. Rather these cohorts are used to illustrate approaches for combining multiple data sets that incorporate the full set of individual confounder and cofactor information available from each cohort, though widely different. We identified five different methods to combine the results of these three datasets: the simple pooled analysis (PA), PA including study interactions, traditional stratified analysis, and both fixed and random effects meta-analysis. We describe the similarities and differences between the combined results using these approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":50068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiological Protection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143765502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic approach for estimating ICRU Report 95 operational quantities for personnel monitoring using a 3-element TLD badge system.","authors":"Munir S Pathan, S M Pradhan, T Palani Selvam, B K Sapra","doi":"10.1088/1361-6498/adc939","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6498/adc939","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The introduction of International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) Report 95 marks a revision of operational quantities (OQs) for individual monitoring due to external radiation exposures. This revision has a major impact, particularly in low photon energy range (20-100 keV), where the conversion coefficients of existing [(<i>H</i>_p(10)] and new [(<i>H</i>_p)] OQs for whole body dose differ by a factor up to 5. The shift from<i>H</i>_p(10) to<i>H</i>_pposes considerable challenges for its integration into existing personnel dosimetry systems. This is particularly relevant to the diagnostic radiology sector, where photon energies predominantly range between 20 and 100 keV and approximately 70% of monitored occupational workers are from this sector. In this context, the present study investigates the feasibility of implementing the updated OQs for multi-element passive dosimetry systems, such as CaSO₄:Dy-based thermoluminescent dosimeters and outlines a systematic approach. Three approaches were demonstrated for the implementation of<i>H</i>_p: a linear equation-based method, a non-linear equation approach, and a multi-stage machine learning model. The results indicate that all methods achieved promising accuracy in dose estimation, with the machine-learning model exhibiting a slight advantage. Notably, approximately 99% of the estimated doses fell within ±30% of the actual delivered dose, underscoring the reliability of these approaches for practical application. The present study highlights the distinct advantage of multi-element passive dosimeters, demonstrating their capability to accommodate<i>H</i>_pwithout necessitating significant design modifications. Through a systematic approach for estimating<i>H</i>_p, this study establishes the efficacy of multi-element passive dosimeters as a viable solution for the implementation of ICRU-95 OQs in personnel monitoring systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":50068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiological Protection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143788906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Epidemiology to Education: The Bernard Wheatley Award for 2024.","authors":"M C Thorne","doi":"10.1088/1361-6498/adc4f3","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6498/adc4f3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiological Protection","volume":"45 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144058582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radioactive contaminant permeation through skin: current understanding.","authors":"Fernandes C S A, Sureshkumar M K","doi":"10.1088/1361-6498/adc1da","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6498/adc1da","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review presents our current understanding of the permeation of radiochemicals through intact or slightly damaged skin from studies on human volunteers, experimental animals and radiological accidents involving contamination. The typical fractional absorption through intact skin for aqueous plutonium-239 in dilute nitric acid is <0.1%. Permeation of americium-241, cobalt-60, manganese-54 and promethium-147 is <0.1%, and cesium-137 and strontium-90 is <1% as dilute nitrate/chloride solution for several hours of contact with the skin. Permeation up to 1%-2% was found for Pu and Am through chemically injured skin and up to 10% when complexed with chelating agents such as DTPA. Iodine-125 as iodide and^99mTcO₄^-(technetium-99 as pertechnetate) showed permeation up to 60% through intact pig skin. The results for uranium compounds are widely varying and inconclusive, ranging from almost insignificant penetration to nearly 50% in one study. Noticeable differences were found for the permeation results obtained for the same substance through<i>in vivo</i>and<i>in vitro</i>methods and using different skin models. The permeability of radiochemicals through human skin is in general lower than that of commonly used animal skin models such as rat, rabbit and pig. S<i>tratum corneum</i>is the principal barrier preventing radionuclide entry and its damage rapidly enhances permeation, in some cases from insignificant level of intact skin to more than 50% transfer for damaged skin. Mechanisms for the transfer of radiochemicals through the skin are poorly understood, but different characteristics of the contaminant species, such as hydrophobicity, water solubility and ionic size, were found to influence their transport across the skin.</p>","PeriodicalId":50068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiological Protection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143659583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thorium bioassay of miners revisited.","authors":"G S Hewson, M Ralph, M Cattani","doi":"10.1088/1361-6498/adc312","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6498/adc312","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to revisit previous<i>in-vitro</i>thorium studies on workers and reevaluate their significance against the current International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) models for thorium intake. Thorium concentrations in the urine and blood serum of Western Australian mineral sands workers had previously been interpreted using biokinetic models recommended by the ICRP. These findings revealed significant inconsistencies with those of other monitoring methods, including<i>in-vivo</i>lung counting and personal air sampling. Data on thorium concentrations in the urine and blood serum of workers and their exposure records were extracted from the previously published research and assessed using the Taurus internal dosimetry software application. Inhalation intake parameters such as aerosol particle size and lung solubility were selected to reflect the chronic intake of relatively insoluble mineral sands dust. The literature values for the urinary excretion of thorium by other thorium-exposed workers were also reviewed. Internal dosimetry modelling highlights the sensitivity of urinary thorium excretion as a function of the dust particle size distribution and particle dissolution rate. The timing of urine sample collection is particularly critical during the early years of chronic intake, especially in certain work rosters. The significantly lower urinary thorium concentrations predicted for chronic intake of Type S thorium compounds highlight the need for sensitive analytical techniques for bioassays and a better understanding of non-occupational (environmental) intake. Current ICRP biokinetic models applied to urinary thorium concentrations reported for mineral sands workers and other thorium-exposed workers infer that past doses are likely to be underestimated and are now significant.</p>","PeriodicalId":50068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiological Protection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143671385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical modelling of the transport and impact of¹³⁷Cs and¹³¹I on the Meuse-Campine Canals after a potential nuclear accident.","authors":"Amit Ravindra Patil, Fabricio Fiengo Perez, Jonathan Lambrechts, Eric Deleersnijder","doi":"10.1088/1361-6498/adc1db","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6498/adc1db","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Meuse River in Belgium can be impacted by the two nuclear power plants (Tihange and Chooz) located on its banks. Nuclear disasters such as the Fukushima and Chernobyl accidents have illustrated the risks associated with the civilian nuclear industry. In such situations, predictive models become crucial for developing environmental strategies to minimize the potential impact. In this study, we use the SLIM model to simulate the transport of¹³⁷Cs and¹³¹I in the Meuse River system in Belgium. Several hypothetical accidental scenarios are considered for the radionuclide releases based on past nuclear accidents. The simulated radioactive distributions are then used to estimate the individual dose for drinking water. The radionuclide transport in the Meuse River is within days. While the higher peak concentration in the Meuse River results in higher individual dose. The Albert canal being the largest channel among the Campine canals; therefore, the radioactive plume stays over a month. The estimated individual doses for releases from Chooz Nuclear power plant near Tailfer reached 0.2 mSv within three days. Although it takes days, the doses in the Albert Canal reach values up to 0.46 mSv at Haccourt (hypothetical locations). The water extraction points in Herentals, located downstream of the canal, has a negligible individual dose estimation. Higher doses are the consequence of¹³¹I than¹³⁷Cs due to the larger release scenario.</p>","PeriodicalId":50068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiological Protection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143659580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occupational exposure and radiological risks from x-ray baggage screening in eastern China.","authors":"Peng Dang, Ziya Feng, Xiaoyong Yang, Xingjiang Cao, Xiaolei Shen, Jin Wang","doi":"10.1088/1361-6498/adc014","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6498/adc014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The occupational personnel of x-ray baggage screening may experience chronic or abnormal radiation exposure. However, their exposure hazards and individual protections remain ambiguous, especially for some new applications and key positions. In this work, exposure levels were analysed through on-site inspection and Monte Carlo simulation. The effective dose and radiological risk were estimated using the International Commission on Radiological Protection, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, and Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation VII risk models. The results show that the workplace dose rate could be controlled at a low level under normal use, with a mean value of 0.21<i>µ</i>Sv·h^-1from the survey. However, it is necessary to strengthen radiation protection for some new applications, such as workshops, whose maximum dose rate could reach up to 2.07<i>µ</i>Sv·h^-1. Additionally, the maximum leakage dose could greatly exceed dose limits under abnormal working conditions. Furthermore, the radiological risk to maintenance and commissioning should be given more attention, as they may be exposed to risks of up to 1.3 × 10^-3% during one work shift. This result is beneficial to deepen the understanding of occupational exposure risks, which could guide individual protection and workplace management.</p>","PeriodicalId":50068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiological Protection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143626702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}