Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society最新文献

{"title":"From stigma to science: Rethinking \"Intelligence\" in the neuropsychology of epilepsy.","authors":"David W Loring, Bruce P Hermann","doi":"10.1017/S1355617726101842","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1355617726101842","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To review the historical, conceptual, and ethical foundations of intelligence testing in neuropsychology and to consider whether alternative cognitive performance labels offer greater conceptual precision while reducing stigma.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted a narrative review of early twentieth century cognitive assessments, tracing the evolution of intelligence testing and its intersections with eugenic ideology. Key examples include the Army Alpha and Beta tests administered during World War I and Ellis Island immigration assessments, which were frequently interpreted without consideration of cultural or educational influences. We examine how these practices informed early interpretations of neuropsychological performance, particularly in individuals with epilepsy, and shaped initial characterizations of neurologically based cognitive abilities.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Early intelligence testing was grounded in the belief that intelligence was a fixed and directly genetically determined trait. Test performance was interpreted as an index of biological superiority, lending scientific legitimacy to eugenic ideologies and reinforcing stigma toward individuals with epilepsy. Although modern frameworks emphasize multidimensional cognitive abilities, intelligence-based characterization persists and continues to be frequently reported as a primary outcome of neuropsychological testing.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In contexts that require a single summary indicator of cognitive performance, labels such as Total Cognitive Composite are recommended since they avoid implying a fixed or unitary capacity. Continued reliance on the construct of \"intelligence\" is inconsistent with contemporary models of cognition, reflects outdated theoretical assumptions, and carries enduring psychosocial stigma. Moreover, its circular and internally inconsistent definitions substantially limit its validity and appropriateness within contemporary adult clinical neuropsychological practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"213-220"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146221846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generational differences in clock drawing test performance.","authors":"Bluyé DeMessie, Ava Tsapatsaris, Leigh Rudberg, Simone Glajchen, Molly E Zimmerman, Richard B Lipton, Michael L Lipton","doi":"10.1017/S1355617726101830","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1355617726101830","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The clock drawing test is widely used in clinical neurological and neuropsychological assessment. We hypothesized that younger adults would have greater problems with clock drawing than older adults, perhaps due to decreasing analog clock use.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cross-sectional study analyzing clock drawing performance and cognitive function across four generations (Gen Z, Millennials, Gen X, Baby Boomers). Participants included 92 adults divided into two generations (63 younger [18-42 years old] and 29 older [43-77 years old]) assessed between October 2022 and December 2024. Participants were screened to exclude conditions affecting cognition. The primary outcome was performance errors in clock drawing (e.g., writing \"11:10\" instead of drawing an analog clock, or placing hands incorrectly), assessed using standardized criteria. Cognitive function was assessed using eight computerized tests (CogState) measuring processing speed, attention, executive function, visuospatial memory, and verbal memory. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) validated three cognitive domain composites: Speed/Attention, Executive/Spatial, and Verbal Memory.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Performance errors were significantly more prevalent among younger participants compared with older participants (<i>p</i> = .016; risk ratio, 4.45). The effect size was large (Cohen's <i>h</i> = .63). The generation effect was stronger (OR = 28.66, <i>p</i> = .003) after controlling for CFA-validated cognitive domain composites. This provides strong evidence that generational differences are independent of cognitive abilities.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Younger adults demonstrate significantly higher rates of clock drawing errors compared with older adults, independent of cognitive performance. These findings suggest a need for generation-specific or age adjusted norms in clock drawing test interpretation.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"177-183"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12912772/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146167634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Qualitative assessment of the direct copy of the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure in Parkinson's disease patients with and without cognitive impairment.","authors":"Claudia Meli, Roberta Battiato, Chiara Longo, Giulia Funghi, Massimo Favaro, Stefano Terruzzi, Maria Pennacchio, Costanza Papagno, Alessandra Dodich","doi":"10.1017/S1355617726101817","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1355617726101817","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The Rey-Osterrieth complex figure (ROCF) test is widely used to assess constructional praxis. Qualitative scoring methods, such as the Boston Qualitative Scoring System (BQSS), enable the detection of alterations in spatial organization, planning, and executive control during copying performance. While alterations in constructional abilities have been previously reported in Parkinson's disease (PD), the possible presence of subtle qualitative modifications in PD patients without cognitive impairment (PD-CU) and their relationship with the cognitive functioning is still to be elucidated. This study evaluates differences in copying strategies and error patterns in PD patients with (PD-MCI) or without (PD-CU) mild cognitive impairment, assessing the link with the cognitive profile.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seventy PD patients and 56 healthy controls (HC) were recruited. All participants underwent a neuropsychological assessment, including the ROCF. Their performance was assessed by standard quantitative scoring and qualitative rating scales (BQSS). Statistical analyses compared BQSS performance between groups and examined associations between qualitative visuo-constructional features and other cognitive domains.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both PD-MCI and PD-CU groups showed qualitative alterations compared to HC, associated with executive dysfunctions. Qualitatively, PD-CU patients showed lower scores in neatness and planning measures compared to HC, the latter particularly associated with executive alterations. Notably, patients reporting a left or right asymmetric copy were characterized by different cognitive profiles.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The here-presented results support the importance of qualitative assessment in identifying early cognitive impairments in PD patients and suggest that BQSS parameters (i.e., planning) may offer complementary insights to standard quantitative assessments in detecting subthreshold executive impairments not yet captured by conventional tests.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"169-176"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146229599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A diffusion model analysis of task set inertia and task set reconfiguration in ADHD.","authors":"Christina O Hlutkowsky, Xu Yan, Zvi R Shapiro, Jason S Feldman, Cynthia Huang-Pollock","doi":"10.1017/S135561772510180X","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S135561772510180X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Switching is one of three primary executive functions alongside inhibitory control and updating but remains relatively understudied in childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared to investigations into working memory and inhibitory control deficits. Where extant literature in adults suggests that switch costs are due to a combination of task set inertia and task set reconfiguration costs, it is not clear which of these is most relevant to explaining ADHD-related atypicalities in performance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Children with (<i>N</i> = 34) and without ADHD (<i>N</i> = 28) aged 8-12 (average age = 9.45) completed a 192-trial computerized cued switching paradigm. Diffusion model decomposition of the data was performed to identify cognitive subprocesses responsible for the switch.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Consistent with the switching literature in adults, switch costs for children were due to a combination of both task set inertia (reduced drift rate) as well as slower task set reconfiguration (<i>Ter</i>) on switch versus repeat trials. Children with ADHD were less accurate than non-ADHD controls, but the ADHD × Switch interactions were not significant for any variable, indicating that the deficit was general and not switch-specific. Lower accuracy was in turn attributed to slower general drift rate among children with ADHD.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study contributes to a growing literature finding that the performance deficits in children with ADHD across executive and non-executive function tasks are related to lower-level perceptual decision-making weaknesses that have downstream effects on higher-order processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"159-168"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12888083/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146114323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating cognitive performance using the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognitive Battery in children with traumatic brain injury - ERRATUM.","authors":"Bailey Petersen, Ngoc-Thanh N Vo, Nivinthiga Anton, Keith Owen Yeates, Amery Treble-Barna","doi":"10.1017/S1355617725101720","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1355617725101720","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"221"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146068350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Network models of symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Shuyuan Shi, Aaron J Fisher, Amanda R Rabinowitz, Noah D Silverberg","doi":"10.1017/S1355617726101854","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1355617726101854","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Network modeling of post-concussion symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has emerged as a promising tool for understanding how cognitive, emotional, and somatic symptoms co-occur and interact. However, the generalizability of networks developed in individual studies remains unclear. This study aimed to develop the first-ever meta-analytic pooled between-persons network structure of post-concussion symptoms and systematically examine the between-study heterogeneity of these symptom networks.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using the Meta-Analytic Gaussian Network Aggregation (MAGNA) framework, a single pooled network model was developed by aggregating data from 6 distinct samples, comprising a total of 5,776 participants. Additionally, this study quantitatively assessed the degree of heterogeneity across these studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Strong symptom clusters between cognitive, emotional, and somatic symptoms were identified. Concentration difficulty and slowed thinking were the most central symptoms in the pooled MAGNA network. Large between-study heterogeneity was observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings from this meta-analysis highlight cognitive symptoms as most important for defining the network structure after mTBI at a group level, potentially perpetuating and/or being perpetuated by symptoms in other domains. The large heterogeneity observed between studies underscores the need for an idiographic (person-specific) approach to studying post-concussion symptom networks to inform precision rehabilitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"111-122"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146203690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuropsychology in Africa: A survey of academic, research, and clinical resources.","authors":"Leigh Schrieff-Brown, Anthony Stringer, Tyler M Johnson, Veronica R Brtek, Daphne Nakawesi, Sarah M Maginga, Lingani Mbakile-Mahlanza, Jean Ikanga, Deborah C Koltai","doi":"10.1017/S1355617725101756","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1355617725101756","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The International Neuropsychological Society (INS) Justice and Equity Subcommittee initiated a survey of neuropsychological academic training programs, clinical practices, and research across Africa, examining respondents' interest in collaboration and their views on resources needed to advance the field.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This quantitative, cross-sectional study employed chain-referral sampling at higher education institutions identified via uniRank. Of the 1,244 institutions screened, 241 offered psychology or psychiatry coursework. A multilingual cover letter and survey link (English, Swahili, Arabic, French, Portuguese, Spanish) were distributed, yielding 42 respondents from 17 of 54 countries (≈31.5% country response rate).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most respondents were clinical psychologists or neuropsychologists and reported 1-5 neuropsychologists per country. Neuropsychologists' roles included cognitive assessment, research, teaching, and assisting in neurological diagnoses, primarily using tests developed outside Africa. Current research centered on the neuropsychological effects of psychiatric disorders, infectious diseases (e.g., HIV, cerebral malaria), and neurodevelopmental disorders, with future focus areas identified as traumatic brain injury and epilepsy. Educational and training opportunities remain limited. Key barriers to program development included insufficient numbers of trained neuropsychologists, clinical training sites, and employment prospects. Despite this, there is strong interest in collaboration to accelerate the development of neuropsychology and neurosciences, given the heavy burden of neurological disease.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>To foster growth, efforts must target the creation of academic and clinical training pathways and the adaptation, standardization, and norming of assessment tools tailored to African populations. There exist ample impactful avenues for individual and organizational collaboration or support to further the global development of neuropsychology.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"184-198"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147327988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors associated with subjective cognitive complaints in former American football players.","authors":"Jennifer S Adler, Monica T Ly, Eukyung Yhang, Yorghos Tripodis, Charles H Adler, Laura J Balcer, Charles Bernick, Nicholas Ashton, Henrik Zetterberg, Kaj Blennow, Elaine Peskind, Sarah J Banks, William B Barr, Jennifer V Wethe, Mark W Bondi, Lisa Delano-Wood, Robert C Cantu, Michael J Coleman, David W Dodick, Daniel H Daneshvar, Michael D McClean, Jesse Mez, Joseph N Palmisano, Brett Martin, Alexander P Lin, Inga K Koerte, Sylvain Bouix, Jeffrey L Cummings, Martha E Shenton, Eric M Reiman, Robert A Stern, Michael L Alosco","doi":"10.1017/S1355617726101866","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1355617726101866","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Subjective cognitive complaints (SCC) can precede cognitive decline and are associated with demographic, exposure, lifestyle, and psychological factors. Prevalences of SCC and their correlates in individuals with repetitive head impacts (RHI) are poorly understood. This study characterized SCC in former elite American football players by frequency, mood and behavioral correlates, concordance with informant reports, and associations with neuropsychological test performance, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers of neurodegeneration.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Former American football players (<i>n</i> = 180) completed measures of global and domain-specific SCC, neuropsychiatric symptom questionnaires, neuropsychological testing, lumbar puncture, and MRI. Elastic net regression evaluated the relative importance of potential SCC correlates. Intraclass correlation coefficients measured concordance between self and informant reports. Multiple linear regressions tested associations between SCC and verbal memory and executive functioning scores. CSF Aβ_1-42, p-tau₁₈₁, t-tau, neurofilament light (NfL), hippocampal volume, and regional cortical thickness were examined for their potential associations with SCC.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Rates of SCC ranged from 43 to 77% depending on the domain. Symptoms of depression, impulsivity, and anxiety were strongly associated with SCC. Self- and informant-reported SCC showed moderate inter-rater agreement. Adjusting for age, race, education, <i>APOE</i> ϵ4 carrier status, and depressive symptoms, SCC were associated with lower objective verbal memory and executive functioning performance. SCC were associated with lower parahippocampal cortical thickness but not with hippocampal volume or any of the measured CSF tests.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>SCC are strongly associated with neuropsychiatric factors in former American football players. SCC may also be a marker of cognitive decline and neurodegeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"132-146"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12957654/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147285914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insight into factors contributing to sensory burden after acquired brain injury: An experience sampling approach.","authors":"Marilien C Marzolla, Nora Tuts, Céline R Gillebert, Caroline van Heugten, Anne-Fleur Domensino","doi":"10.1017/S1355617725101719","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1355617725101719","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Sensory burden, a momentary experience of being bothered by sensory stimuli, is a frequent challenge following acquired brain injury (ABI). This study quantitatively tested a theoretical model conceptualizing sensory burden as a dynamic interaction between situational triggers and an individual's biopsychosocial resources using an experience sampling method.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>41 individuals with ABI (median age = 59 years, median time since injury = 6.3 years) provided real-time data at seven semi-random intervals per day over seven consecutive days. Multilevel regression modeling assessed the influence of situational triggers (setting, company, effort, activity dissatisfaction, and negative affect) and individual resources (processing speed, fatigue, and sleep quality) on sensory burden.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Momentary fluctuations in sensory burden varied in severity and variability across individuals. Sensory burden was associated with higher levels of negative affect (<i>β</i> = .58, <i>p</i> < .01), activity dissatisfaction (<i>β</i> = .07, <i>p</i> < .01), effort (<i>β</i> = .09, <i>p</i> < .01), and being in company (<i>β</i> = .39, <i>p</i> < .01). Moreover, sensory burden was related to slower processing speed (<i>β</i> = -0.04, <i>p</i> = .02) and higher fatigue (<i>β</i> = .19, <i>p</i> < .01). However, no interaction effects were found. Effort was the only positive, significant between-person predictor (<i>β</i> = .56, <i>p</i> < .01).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings underscore the dynamic and individualized nature of sensory burden after ABI, emphasizing the need for personalized interventions targeting sensory hypersensitivity. Future research should explore additional triggers, resources, and causal pathways to further elucidate the proposed mechanisms and inform treatment development.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"50-58"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145851439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Failure of a single performance validity test matters after traumatic brain injury.","authors":"Jacobus Donders, Ferdinand Korneli, Leigha Slater","doi":"10.1017/S1355617725101732","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1355617725101732","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to explore the correlates of zero, one, and multiple performance validity test (PVT) failures on cognitive test performance in patients with various degrees of severity of traumatic brain injury.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>306 participants completed the Trail Making Test as part of a neuropsychological evaluation within 1-36 months post-injury. They were assigned to zero, one, or ≥ two fail groups on the basis of at least two independent PVTs. Group differences in Trail Making Test performance were analyzed with analysis of variance, with post hoc contrasts with the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Groups were also compared on various background characteristics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants who passed all PVTs had statistically significantly better performance on both parts of the Trail Making Test as compared to those who failed either one or multiple PVTs, with the latter two groups not differing statistically significantly from each other. PVT failure was relatively more common in participants who were female, had an uncomplicated mild TBI, were involved in financial compensation-seeking, and were seen at a longer time point since injury.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Failure of even only one PVT is associated with lower neuropsychological test performance in patients with traumatic brain injury, especially when empirically validated criteria are used that are stratified by injury severity. Such failure does not always reflect malingering but must be interpreted and addressed in the context of patient background characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"44-49"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145776323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}