Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society最新文献

{"title":"Cognitive trajectories in older adults with essential tremor.","authors":"Samantha A Dargie, Silvia Chapman, Sandra Rizer, Ali Ghanem, Diane S Berry, Edward D Huey, Elan D Louis, Stephanie Cosentino","doi":"10.1017/S1355617725101069","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1355617725101069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Despite recent attention to the increased risk of cognitive impairment in older adults with essential tremor (ET), there are only limited data on the trajectories of cognitive change in ET or the demographic and motor predictors of such change.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This study included 148 cognitively normal individuals with ET (mean age = 76.7 ± 9.7 years) at baseline and had at least one follow-up evaluation (mean years of observation = 5.2 ± 1.6). Generalized Estimating Equations examined rates of change in six composite cognitive outcomes as a function of time, as well as demographic (age, sex, and education) and motor predictors (tremor severity, age of tremor onset, presence of rest tremor, cranial tremor, intention tremor, tandem gait) of rates of change. Demographics, medication use, and mood symptoms at baseline were covariates for all models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants evidenced a decline in global cognition, executive function, and attention (<i>p</i> _<i>range</i> = <0.001-0.044) over time. Older age predicted faster decline in all cognitive outcomes except attention (<i>p</i> _<i>range</i> <i>=</i><0.001-0.025). Tremor severity predicted faster decline in executive function (<i>p</i> = 0.011). Rest tremor predicted faster decline in executive function and attention (<i>p</i> = 0.033, 0.017). Tandem gait missteps predicted faster decline in memory and visuospatial ability (<i>p</i> = 0.026, 0.028).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Results point to a dissociation in the predictive value of different motor features for specific aspects of cognitive decline. These results shed light on the earliest manifestations of cognitive impairment in older adults with ET and implicate different pathways by which heterogeneous cognitive changes emerge.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"441-450"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12363655/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144876441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subjective versus objective cognition during menopause: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Rachel T Furey, Elizabeth H X Thomas, Jayashri Kulkarni, Caroline Gurvich","doi":"10.1017/S1355617725101306","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1355617725101306","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to review existing measures of subjective cognition during menopause and to estimate the correlation between subjective and objective cognition in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Eligible studies reported scores for at least one subjective and objective measure of cognition for perimenopausal or postmenopausal women. EMBASE, Medline, and PsycINFO were searched for eligible studies on November 22^nd 2024. The risk of bias in individual studies was evaluated using a modified QUADAS-2 form. The results of the review were summarized in narrative form. Studies that reported correlations between subjective and objective cognition were synthesized using a multilevel meta-analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The sample included 5629 participants over 24 studies, including 295 perimenopausal women, 5086 postmenopausal women, and 248 women across mixed peri- and post-menopausal samples. Twelve measures of subjective cognition were used across studies. Six studies were included in the meta-analysis. A small significant correlation was observed between subjective cognition and objective measures of learning efficiency (<i>r</i> = .12; CI = .02 to .23). Correlations across other cognitive domains were non-significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings suggest subjective cognition may be associated with performance on measures of learning efficiency, offering a starting point for further research on menopausal brain fog. The present findings highlight the need for a reliable measure of subjective cognitive symptoms associated with menopause. Additionally, a better characterization of the neuropsychological profile of menopausal brain fog is needed to progress research in this field and ultimately improve clinical support for women experiencing these symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"459-477"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145349611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Developmental Gerstmann's Syndrome in an adult: a case report.","authors":"Jessica L Mow, Rosemary Toomey","doi":"10.1017/S1355617725101185","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1355617725101185","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Developmental Gerstmann's Syndrome (DGS) is a proposed neurological disorder characterized by finger agnosia, acalculia, right-left disorientation, agraphia, and in some cases, constructional dyspraxia. Case studies of DGS are limited, particularly those reporting on assessments in adults. The present case study demonstrates the presence of DGS symptoms in a young female adult with an autoimmune disorder but no clear history of neurological damage.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This client sought academic accommodations for her undergraduate math classes. She was administered a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment, during which she demonstrated difficulties with mathematical concepts, right-left disorientation, inverted writing, mild finger agnosia, andimpairments in fine motor abilities and visual motor coordination.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The client's symptoms were consistent with DGS, though variability in her performance on assessments suggests compensatory strategies she may have developed throughout her life.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our client demonstrated similarities with previously reported accounts of DGS as assessed in adults. This case proposes further evidence for DGS as a syndrome and presents challenges to assessing DGS in high-functioning adults. The case highlights a need for a standardized testing battery to assess DGS.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"451-458"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144976904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing everyday action in young adult athletes using the Virtual Kitchen Challenge: Relations with conventional cognitive tests.","authors":"Rachel E Mis, Taisei Ando, Takehiko Yamaguchi, Caroline Brough, Leah Michalski, Linda J Hoffman, Ingrid R Olson, Tania Giovannetti","doi":"10.1017/S135561772510101X","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S135561772510101X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The ability to efficiently complete everyday tasks was evaluated with a novel, performance-based test called the Virtual Kitchen Challenge (VKC) in college athletes. Analyses focused on the effect of practice and associations between the VKC and conventional measures of cognition.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>81 college athletes with and without self-reported concussion completed conventional cognitive tests and the VKC, a nonimmersive virtual-reality task that requires manipulating virtual objects on a touch screen to prepare a breakfast and lunch under two conditions: 1) Training condition with feedback and 2) Test condition without feedback. VKC performance was scored for completion time, percent of time working on-screen, number of interactions with target and distractor objects. Paired t-tests compared VKC Training and Test conditions, correlations examined relations between VKC performance and cognitive tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>VKC performance was significantly better after practice, as noted by faster completion time, fewer screen interactions, and a higher proportion of time spent on-screen during Test vs. Training conditions. Interactions with distractors were too infrequent for analyses. Correlations showed VKC Training was associated with episodic memory abilities whereas VKC Test scores were associated with executive function. VKC scores did not differ between participants with versus without concussion.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The VKC is a promising portable performance-based measure of subtle functional difficulties for young, high-functioning participants. The VKC automated scoring makes it highly efficient for large studies and clinical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"423-429"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12771397/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144976917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (CCAS) scale in CCAS patients and cerebellar controls.","authors":"Stacha F I Reumers, Roderick P P W M Maas, Veerle J M van den Brandt, Lotte A H Kocken, Iris M Wiegand, Frank-Erik de Leeuw, Dennis J L G Schutter, Bart P C van de Warrenburg, Roy P C Kessels","doi":"10.1017/S1355617725101033","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1355617725101033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (CCAS) scale has been developed to screen for possible cognitive and affective impairments in cerebellar patients, but previous studies stressed concerns regarding insufficient specificity of the scale. Also, direct comparisons of CCAS scale performance between cerebellar patients with and without CCAS are currently lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of the CCAS scale in cerebellar patients.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In this study, cerebellar patients with CCAS (<i>n</i> = 49), without CCAS (<i>n</i> = 30), and healthy controls (<i>n</i> = 32) were included. The Dutch/Flemish version of the CCAS scale was evaluated in terms of validity and reliability using an extensive neuropsychological assessment as the gold standard for CCAS. Correlations were examined between the CCAS scale and possible confounding factors. Additionally, a correction for dysarthria was applied to timed neuropsychological tests to explore the influence of dysarthria on test outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cerebellar patients with CCAS performed significantly worse on the CCAS scale compared to cerebellar controls. Sensitivity was acceptable, but specificity was insufficient due to high false-positive rates. Correlations were found between outcomes of the scale and both education and age. Although dysarthria did not affect the validity of the CCAS scale, it may influence timed neuropsychological test outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Evaluation of the CCAS scale revealed insufficient specificity. Our findings call for age- and education-dependent reference values, which may improve the validity and usability of the scale. Dysarthria might be a confounding factor in timed test items and should be considered to prevent misclassification.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"430-440"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144627599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Both sides of the bell curve: Base rates of high and low scores in cognitively unimpaired and impaired older adults and their relationship to biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease.","authors":"Kevin Duff, Chase Presley, Jace B King, John M Hoffman, Rune Raudeberg","doi":"10.1017/S1355617725101227","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1355617725101227","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To further investigate the \"other side of the bell curve\" hypothesis, the current study examined the number of low and high scores on a neuropsychological battery: 1) in cognitively unimpaired or impaired older adults, 2) as they relate to biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and 3) as they relate to traditional scores on this battery.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In 68 cognitively unimpaired and 97 cognitively impaired participant, the number of low (i.e., ≤ 16^th percentile) and high (i.e., ≥ 75^th percentile) scores on the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) were calculated, compared between the two groups, and related to biomarkers of AD (i.e., amyloid deposition, hippocampal volumes, ε4 alleles of Apolipoprotein E (APOE)) and RBANS Total score.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this cognitively diverse sample, low and high scores were common, with approximately 75% having at least one low score and 86% having at least one high score. Unimpaired participants had significantly more high scores and fewer low scores than their impaired counterparts. The number of low scores was significantly related to more amyloid deposition, smaller hippocampal volume, and having one or more copies of the ε4 allele of APOE. The number of high scores was similarly related with these biomarkers. Low/high scores were comparable to traditional scores on the RBANS in identifying cognitively impaired participants.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Support for the \"other side of the bell curve\" hypothesis was equivocal in these analyses, with both sides of the bell curve appearing to provide relevant information in a cognitively diverse sample.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"364-372"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12865904/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144976939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in neuropsychological performance across clinical variants of progressive supranuclear palsy.","authors":"Elizabeth A Boots, Stephen D Weigand, Nha Trang Thu Pham, Farwa Ali, Heather M Clark, Julie A Stierwalt, Hugo Botha, Sarah M Boland, Yehkyoung C Stephens, Keith A Josephs, Jennifer L Whitwell, Mary M Machulda","doi":"10.1017/S1355617725101215","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1355617725101215","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We investigated differences in cognition between variants of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) including PSP-Richardson (PSP-RS) and subcortical and cortical variants using updated diagnostic criteria and comprehensive neuropsychological assessment.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We recruited 140 participants with PSP (age = 71.3 ± 6.9 years; education = 15.0 ± 2.8 years; 49.3% female) who completed neurological and neuropsychological assessment. Participants received diagnoses of PSP clinical variants at their evaluation (or retrospectively if evaluated before 2017) according to the Movement Disorder Society PSP criteria. We grouped variants as PSP-RS (62 participants), PSP-Cortical (25 with PSP-speech/language and 9 with PSP-corticobasal syndrome), and PSP-Subcortical (27 with PSP-parkinsonism, 11 with PSP-progressive gait freezing, and 6 with PSP-postural instability). Analysis of covariance adjusted for age assessed for differences in neuropsychological performance between variants across cognitive domains.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PSP-Cortical participants performed worst on measures of visual attention/working memory (Spatial Span Forward/Backward/Total), executive function (Frontal Assessment Battery), and language (Letter Fluency). PSP-RS participants performed worst on verbal memory (Camden Words). There were no significant group differences for the MoCA or indices of visuospatial function. There were no sex or education differences between PSP groups; however, there were differences in age at visit and disease duration.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In a large sample of participants with PSP, there were differences in cognition across PSP-RS, PSP-Subcortical, and PSP-Cortical variants, with PSP-Cortical and, to a lesser extent, PSP-RS, performing worse on tests of attention and executive function. These findings suggest cognitive distinctions among PSP clinical variants and highlight the value of neuropsychological assessment in differential diagnosis of PSP subtypes for more accurate and timely clinical classification.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"384-395"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12363660/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144876442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating cognitive performance using cognitive performance using the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognitive Battery in children with traumatic brain injury.","authors":"Bailey Petersen, Ngoc-Thanh N Vo, Nivinthiga Anton, Keith Owen Yeates, Amery Treble-Barna","doi":"10.1017/S135561772510146X","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S135561772510146X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We examined cognitive performance in children with complicated mild-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) versus orthopedic injury (OI) using the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognitive Battery (NIH TB-CB).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We recruited children ages 3-18, hospitalized with complicated mild-severe TBI (<i>n</i> = 231) or orthopedic injury (OI, <i>n</i> = 146). Cognition was assessed using the NIH TB-CB at six and twelve months post-injury. We used linear mixed models to assess associations of injury group (TBI versus OI), timepoint (six versus twelve months), and the interaction of injury group and timepoint with NIH TB-CB Total Cognition, Fluid Cognition, and Crystallized Cognition composites, adjusted for sex and socioeconomic status (SES), with Bonferroni correction. We evaluated differences in cognition stratified by injury severity (complicated mild-moderate TBI vs severe TBI) using ANCOVA, adjusting for sex and SES.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Neither injury group nor the interaction of group and timepoint were associated with Total (group: <i>p</i> = 0.50; timepoint*group: <i>p</i> = 0.185), Fluid (group: <i>p</i> = 0.297; timepoint*group: <i>p</i> = 0.842), or Crystallized Cognition (group: <i>p</i> = 0.039; timepoint*group: <i>p</i> = 0.017). However, children with severe TBI performed significantly worse on Fluid and Total Cognition than children with complicated mild-moderate TBI at six months (Fluid: <i>p</i> = 0.004, partial <i>η</i>² = 0.06, moderate effect, Total: <i>p</i> = 0.012 partial <i>η</i>² = 0.03, small-moderate effect) and twelve months post-injury (Fluid: <i>p</i> < 0.001, partial <i>η</i>² = 0.11, moderate-large effect, Total: <i>p</i> = 0.002, partial <i>η</i>² = 0.06, moderate effect).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The NIH TB-CB detects worse cognitive functioning in children with severe TBI six-twelve months post-injury, largely driven by differences in Fluid Cognition. Our findings suggest the NIH TB-CB may be suitable for monitoring cognition in children with TBI.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"396-405"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12990185/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145356645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating change in educators' brain injury knowledge and self-efficacy following completion of <i>TeachABI</i>.","authors":"Sara A Marshall, Kylie D Mallory, Danielle DuPlessis, Christine C Muscat, Andrea Hickling, Shannon E Scratch","doi":"10.1017/S1355617725101161","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1355617725101161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) is a leading cause of childhood disability, yet educators report a gap in knowledge about supporting students with ABI when they return to school. We tested our <i>TeachABI</i> professional development module to examine how it impacted educators' ABI knowledge and self-efficacy for supporting students with ABI.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Fifty educators filled out questionnaires about their knowledge and self-efficacy at three time points: pre-module, post-module, and 60 days post-module. Score differences were examined across time.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants' ABI knowledge, subjective knowledge of the module learning objectives, and self-efficacy increased from pre- to post-module, and these gains were maintained at 60 days.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This suggests that <i>TeachABI</i> is a tool for better equipping educators to support students with ABI.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"355-363"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144884196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of low scores in the Uniform Data Set version 3.0: Comparison of older adults with and without a self-reported history of traumatic brain injury.","authors":"Charles E Gaudet, Colleen E Jackson, Breton Asken, Monica Ly, Caroline Altaras, Steve Lenio, Jesse Mez, Michael L Alosco","doi":"10.1017/S1355617725000116","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1355617725000116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess for differences in low score frequency on cognitive testing amongst older adults with and without a self-reported history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) dataset.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The sample included adults aged 65 or older who completed the Uniform Data Set 3.0 neuropsychological test battery (N = 7,363) and was divided by individuals with and without a history of TBI, as well as cognitive status as measured by the CDR. We compared TBI- and TBI + groups by the prevalence of low scores obtained across testing. Three scores falling at or below the 2^nd percentile or four scores at or below the 5^th percentile were criteria for an atypical number of low scores. Nonparametric tests assessed associations among low score prevalence and demographics, symptoms of depression, and TBI history.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among cognitively normal participants (CDR = 0), older age, male sex and greater levels of depression were associated with low score frequency; among participants with mild cognitive impairment (CDR = 0.5-1), greater levels of depression, shorter duration of time since most recent TBI, and no prior history of TBI were associated with low score frequency.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Participants with and without a history of TBI largely produced low scores on cognitive testing at similar frequencies. Cognitive status, sex, education, depression, and TBI recency showed variable associations with the number of low scores within subsamples. Future research that includes more comprehensive TBI history is indicated to characterize factors that may modify the association between low scores and TBI history.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13101526/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144112572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}