Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society最新文献

{"title":"Discrepancies between self- and informant-ratings of functional abilities and objective cognition: predictors of bias in mild cognitive impairment.","authors":"Liselotte De Wit, Felicia C Goldstein, Jessica L Saurman, Amy D Rodriguez, Kayci L Vickers","doi":"10.1017/S1355617723011463","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1355617723011463","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Self- and informant-ratings of functional abilities are used to diagnose mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and are commonly measured in clinical trials. Ratings are assumed to be accurate, yet they are subject to biases. Biases in self-ratings have been found in individuals with dementia who are older and more depressed and in caregivers with higher distress, burden, and education. This study aimed to extend prior findings using an objective approach to identify determinants of bias in ratings.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants were 118 individuals with MCI and their informants. Three discrepancy variables were generated including the discrepancies between (1) self- and informant-rated functional status, (2) informant-rated functional status and objective cognition (in those with MCI), and (3) self-rated functional status and objective cognition. These variables served as dependent variables in forward linear regression models, with demographics, stress, burden, depression, and self-efficacy as predictors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Informants with higher stress rated individuals with MCI as having worse functional abilities relative to objective cognition. Individuals with MCI with worse self-efficacy rated their functional abilities as being worse compared to objective cognition. Informant-ratings were worse than self-ratings for informants with higher stress and individuals with MCI with higher self-efficacy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlights biases in subjective ratings of functional abilities in MCI. The risk for relative underreporting of functional abilities by individuals with higher stress levels aligns with previous research. Bias in individuals with MCI with higher self-efficacy may be due to anosognosia. Findings have implications for the use of subjective ratings for diagnostic purposes and as outcome measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"448-453"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139543366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moving on with (social) cognition in idiopathic cervical dystonia.","authors":"Maraike A Coenen, Jacoba M Spikman, Marenka Smit, Jesper Klooster, Marina A J Tijssen, Marleen J J Gerritsen","doi":"10.1017/S1355617723011426","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1355617723011426","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Cervical dystonia (CD) is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions causing sustained twisting movements and abnormal postures of the neck and head. Assumed affected neuronal regions are the cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuits, which are also involved in cognitive functioning. Indeed, impairments in different cognitive domains have been found in CD patients. However, to date studies have only investigated a limited range of cognitive functions within the same sample. In particular, social cognition (SC) is often missing from study designs. Hence, we aimed to evaluate a broad range of cognitive functions including SC in CD patients.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In the present study 20 idiopathic CD patients and 40 age-, gender-, and IQ-matched healthy controls (HCs) were assessed with tests for non-SC (verbal memory, psychomotor speed, and executive functions) as well as for SC (emotion recognition, Theory of Mind (ToM), and empathy).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CD patients scored on average significantly lower than HC on tests for non-SC, but did not show impairments on any of the tests for SC.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The current study showed impairments in non-SC in CD, but intact social cognitive functions. These results underline the importance of recognizing non-motor symptoms in idiopathic CD patients, but emphasize a focus on identifying strengths and weaknesses in cognitive functioning as these influence daily life activities.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"464-470"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139466462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychometric reliability, validity, and generalizability of 3MSE scores among American Indian adults: the Strong Heart Study.","authors":"Astrid M Suchy-Dicey, Thao T Vo, Kyra Oziel, Dedra S Buchwald, Lonnie A Nelson, Steven P Verney, Brian F French","doi":"10.1017/S1355617723011438","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1355617723011438","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MSE) is often used to screen for dementia, but little is known about psychometric validity in American Indians.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We recruited 818 American Indians aged 65-95 for 3MSE examinations in 2010-2013; 403 returned for a repeat examination in 2017-2019. Analyses included standard psychometrics inferences for interpretation, generalizability, and extrapolation: factor analysis; internal consistency-reliability; test-retest score stability; multiple indicator multiple cause structural equation models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This cohort was mean age 73, majority female, mean 12 years education, and majority bilingual. The 4-factor and 2nd-order models fit best, with subfactors for orientation and visuo-construction (OVC), language and executive functioning (LEF), psychomotor and working memory (PMWM), verbal and episodic memory (VEM). Factor structure was supported for both research and clinical interpretation, and factor loadings were moderate to high. Scores were generally consistent over mean 7 years. Younger participants performed better in overall scores, but not in individual factors. Males performed better on OVC and LEF, females better on PMWM. Those with more education performed better on LEF and worse on OVC; the converse was true for bilinguals. All differences were significant, but small.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings support use of 3MSE for individual interpretation in clinic and research among American Indians, with moderate consistency, stability, reliability over time. Observed extrapolations across age, sex, education, and bilingual groups suggest some important contextual differences may exist.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"454-463"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11987591/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139543369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Naturalistic assessment of reaction time variability in older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease.","authors":"Matthew S Welhaf, Hannah Wilks, Andrew J Aschenbrenner, David A Balota, Suzanne E Schindler, Tammie L S Benzinger, Brian A Gordon, Carlos Cruchaga, Chengjie Xiong, John C Morris, Jason Hassenstab","doi":"10.1017/S1355617723011475","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1355617723011475","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Maintaining attention underlies many aspects of cognition and becomes compromised early in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). The consistency of maintaining attention can be measured with reaction time (RT) variability. Previous work has focused on measuring such fluctuations during in-clinic testing, but recent developments in remote, smartphone-based cognitive assessments can allow one to test if these fluctuations in attention are evident in naturalistic settings and if they are sensitive to traditional clinical and cognitive markers of AD.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Three hundred and seventy older adults (aged 75.8 +/- 5.8 years) completed a week of remote daily testing on the Ambulatory Research in Cognition (ARC) smartphone platform and also completed clinical, genetic, and conventional in-clinic cognitive assessments. RT variability was assessed in a brief (20-40 seconds) processing speed task using two different measures of variability, the Coefficient of Variation (CoV) and the Root Mean Squared Successive Difference (RMSSD) of RTs on correct trials.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Symptomatic participants showed greater variability compared to cognitively normal participants. When restricted to cognitively normal participants, APOE ε4 carriers exhibited greater variability than noncarriers. Both CoV and RMSSD showed significant, and similar, correlations with several in-clinic cognitive composites. Finally, both RT variability measures significantly mediated the relationship between APOE ε4 status and several in-clinic cognition composites.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Attentional fluctuations over 20-40 seconds assessed in daily life, are sensitive to clinical status and genetic risk for AD. RT variability appears to be an important predictor of cognitive deficits during the preclinical disease stage.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"428-438"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11078617/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139571571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing neuropsychological, typical, and ADNI criteria for the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment in Vietnam-era veterans.","authors":"Monica T Ly, Jennifer Adler, Adan F Ton Loy, Emily C Edmonds, Mark W Bondi, Lisa Delano-Wood","doi":"10.1017/S135561772301144X","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S135561772301144X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Neuropsychological criteria for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) more accurately predict progression to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and are more strongly associated with AD biomarkers and neuroimaging profiles than ADNI criteria. However, research to date has been conducted in relatively healthy samples with few comorbidities. Given that history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are risk factors for AD and common in Veterans, we compared neuropsychological, typical (Petersen/Winblad), and ADNI criteria for MCI in Vietnam-era Veterans with histories of TBI or PTSD.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>267 Veterans (mean age = 69.8) from the DOD-ADNI study were evaluated for MCI using neuropsychological, typical, and ADNI criteria. Linear regressions adjusting for age and education assessed associations between MCI status and AD biomarker levels (cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] <i>p</i>-tau₁₈₁, <i>t</i>-tau, and A<i>β</i>₄₂) by diagnostic criteria. Logistic regressions adjusting for age and education assessed the effects of TBI severity and PTSD symptom severity simultaneously on MCI classification by each criteria.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Agreement between criteria was poor. Neuropsychological criteria identified more Veterans with MCI than typical or ADNI criteria, and were associated with higher CSF <i>p</i>-tau₁₈₁ and <i>t</i>-tau. Typical and ADNI criteria were not associated with CSF biomarkers. PTSD symptom severity predicted MCI diagnosis by neuropsychological and ADNI criteria. History of moderate/severe TBI predicted MCI by typical and ADNI criteria.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>MCI diagnosis using sensitive neuropsychological criteria is more strongly associated with AD biomarkers than conventional diagnostic methods. MCI diagnostics in Veterans would benefit from incorporation of comprehensive neuropsychological methods and consideration of the impact of PTSD.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"439-447"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139543362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustained attention in mild cognitive impairment with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease.","authors":"Calum A Hamilton, Peter Gallagher, Joanna Ciafone, Nicola Barnett, Sally A H Barker, Paul C Donaghy, John T O'Brien, John-Paul Taylor, Alan J Thomas","doi":"10.1017/S1355617723000772","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1355617723000772","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Attentional impairments are common in dementia with Lewy bodies and its prodromal stage of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with Lewy bodies (MCI-LB). People with MCI may be capable of compensating for subtle attentional deficits in most circumstances, and so these may present as occasional lapses of attention. We aimed to assess the utility of a continuous performance task (CPT), which requires sustained attention for several minutes, for measuring attentional performance in MCI-LB in comparison to Alzheimer's disease (MCI-AD), and any performance deficits which emerged with sustained effort.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We included longitudinal data on a CPT sustained attention task for 89 participants with MCI-LB or MCI-AD and 31 healthy controls, estimating ex-Gaussian response time parameters, omission and commission errors. Performance trajectories were estimated both cross-sectionally (intra-task progress from start to end) and longitudinally (change in performance over years).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>While response times in successful trials were broadly similar, with slight slowing associated with clinical parkinsonism, those with MCI-LB made considerably more errors. Omission errors were more common throughout the task in MCI-LB than MCI-AD (OR 2.3, 95% CI: 1.1-4.7), while commission errors became more common after several minutes of sustained attention. Within MCI-LB, omission errors were more common in those with clinical parkinsonism (OR 1.9, 95% CI: 1.3-2.9) or cognitive fluctuations (OR 4.3, 95% CI: 2.2-8.8).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Sustained attention deficits in MCI-LB may emerge in the form of attentional lapses leading to omissions, and a breakdown in inhibitory control leading to commission errors.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"421-427"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138452967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of age on executive functions in adults is not sex specific.","authors":"Marilou Lemire, Isabelle Soulières, Dave Saint-Amour","doi":"10.1017/S1355617723011487","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1355617723011487","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Numerous studies have shown a decrease in executive functions (EF) associated with aging. However, few investigations examined whether this decrease is similar between sexes throughout adulthood. The present study investigated if age-related decline in EF differs between men and women from early to late adulthood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 302 participants (181 women) aged between 18 and 78 years old completed four computer-based cognitive tasks at home: an arrow-based Flanker task, a letter-based Visual search task, the Trail Making Test, and the Corsi task. These tasks measured inhibition, attention, cognitive flexibility, and working memory, respectively. To investigate the potential effects of age, sex, and their interaction on specific EF and a global EF score, we divided the sample population into five age groups (i.e., 18-30, 31-44, 45-54, 55-64, 65-78) and conducted analyses of covariance (MANCOVA and ANCOVA) with education and pointing device as control variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sex did not significantly affect EF performance across age groups. However, in every task, participants from the three youngest groups (< 55 y/o) outperformed the ones from the two oldest. Results from the global score also suggest that an EF decrease is distinctly noticeable from 55 years old onward.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results suggest that age-related decline in EF, including inhibition, attention, cognitive flexibility, and working memory, becomes apparent around the age of 55 and does not differ between sexes at any age. This study provides additional data regarding the effects of age and sex on EF across adulthood, filling a significant gap in the existing literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"489-498"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139466463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conceptualization of the term \"ecological validity\" in neuropsychological research on executive function assessment: a systematic review and call to action.","authors":"Yana Suchy, Libby A DesRuisseaux, Michelle Gereau Mora, Stacey Lipio Brothers, Madison A Niermeyer","doi":"10.1017/S1355617723000735","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1355617723000735","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>\"Ecological validity\" (EV) is classically defined as test's ability to predict real-world functioning, either alone or together with test's similarity to real-world tasks. In neuropsychological literature on assessment of executive functions (EF), EV is conceptualized inconsistently, leading to misconceptions about the utility of tests. The goal of this systematic review was to examine how EV is conceptualized in studies of EF tests described as ecologically valid.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>MEDLINE and PsychINFO Databases were searched. PRISMA guidelines were observed. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, this search yielded 90 articles. Deductive content analysis was employed to determine how the term EV was used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>About 1/3 of the studies conceptualized EV as the test's ability to predict functional outcomes, 1/3 as both the ability to predict functional outcome and similarity to real-world tasks, and 1/3 were either unclear about the meaning of the term or relied on notions unrelated to classical definitions (e.g., similarity to real-world tasks alone, association with other tests, or the ability to discriminate between populations).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Conceptualizations of the term EV in literature on EF assessment vary grossly, subsuming the notions of criterion, construct, and face validity, as well as sensitivity/specificity. Such inconsistency makes it difficult to interpret clinical utility of tests that are described as ecologically valid. We call on the field to require that, at minimum, the term EV be clearly defined in all publications, or replaced with more concrete terminology (e.g., criterion validity).</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"499-522"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139513274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mayo normative studies: regression-based normative data for ages 30-91 years with a focus on the Boston Naming Test, Trail Making Test and Category Fluency.","authors":"Aimee J Karstens, Teresa J Christianson, Emily S Lundt, Mary M Machulda, Michelle M Mielke, Julie A Fields, Walter K Kremers, Jonathan Graff-Radford, Prashanthi Vemuri, Clifford R Jack, David S Knopman, Ronald C Petersen, Nikki H Stricker","doi":"10.1017/S1355617723000760","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1355617723000760","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Normative neuropsychological data are essential for interpretation of test performance in the context of demographic factors. The Mayo Normative Studies (MNS) aim to provide updated normative data for neuropsychological measures administered in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging (MCSA), a population-based study of aging that randomly samples residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, from age- and sex-stratified groups. We examined demographic effects on neuropsychological measures and validated the regression-based norms in comparison to existing normative data developed in a similar sample.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The MNS includes cognitively unimpaired adults ≥30 years of age (<i>n</i> = 4,428) participating in the MCSA. Multivariable linear regressions were used to determine demographic effects on test performance. Regression-based normative formulas were developed by first converting raw scores to normalized scaled scores and then regressing on age, age², sex, and education. Total and sex-stratified base rates of low scores (<i>T</i> < 40) were examined in an older adult validation sample and compared with Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies (MOANS) norms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Independent linear regressions revealed variable patterns of linear and/or quadratic effects of age (<i>r</i>² = 6-27% variance explained), sex (0-13%), and education (2-10%) across measures. MNS norms improved base rates of low performance in the older adult validation sample overall and in sex-specific patterns relative to MOANS.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results demonstrate the need for updated norms that consider complex demographic associations on test performance and that specifically exclude participants with mild cognitive impairment from the normative sample.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"389-401"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11014770/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138446810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust reference group normative data for neuropsychological tests accounting for primary language use in Asian American older adults.","authors":"Arunima Kapoor, Jean K Ho, Jung Yun Jang, Daniel A Nation","doi":"10.1017/S1355617723000759","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1355617723000759","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present study aimed to develop neuropsychological norms for older Asian Americans with English as a primary or secondary language, using data from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A normative sample of Asian American participants was derived from the NACC database using robust criteria: participants were cognitively unimpaired at baseline (i.e., no MCI or dementia) and remained cognitively unimpaired at 1-year follow-up. Clinical and demographic characteristics were compared between Primary and Secondary English speakers using analyses of variance for continuous measures and chi-square tests for categorical variables. Linear regression models compared neuropsychological performance between the groups, adjusting for demographics (age, sex, and education). Regression models were developed for clinical application to compute demographically adjusted <i>z</i>-scores.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Secondary English speakers were younger than Primary English speakers (<i>p</i> < .001). There were significant differences between the groups on measures of mental status (Mini-Mental State Examination, <i>p</i> = .002), attention (Trail Making Test A, Digit Span Forward Total Score, <i>p</i> <.001), language (Boston Naming Test, Animal Fluency, Vegetable Fluency, <i>p</i> < .001), and executive function (Trail Making Test B, <i>p</i> = .02).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Separate normative data are needed for Primary vs. Secondary English speakers from Asian American backgrounds. We provide normative data on older Asian Americans to enable clinicians to account for English use in the interpretation of neuropsychological assessment scores.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"402-409"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11014765/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139998114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}