Learning & Behavior最新文献_第6页

Measuring spontaneous episodic future thinking in children: Challenges and opportunities 测量儿童的自发偶发未来思维：挑战与机遇

IF 1.8 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-024-00644-1

Pham Q. A., Gladys Ayson, Cristina M. Atance, Tashauna L. Blankenship

{"title":"Measuring spontaneous episodic future thinking in children: Challenges and opportunities","authors":"Pham Q. A., Gladys Ayson, Cristina M. Atance, Tashauna L. Blankenship","doi":"10.3758/s13420-024-00644-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-024-00644-1","url":null,"abstract":"The “Spoon task” is a common measure of episodic future thinking (i.e., ability to imagine hypothetical future events) in children. However, by providing items and prompting children to choose one, this task might not require deliberate and goal-driven episodic future thinking. In contrast, “spontaneous” Spoon tasks may better reflect Tulving’s original conception as they minimize environmental cues and verbal prompts. We identify challenges in designing such tasks, including removing the scaffolded intention to act and giving children permission and sufficient motivation to act. Drawing on the comparative literature, we propose methods to overcome these obstacles when designing spontaneous Spoon tasks. Furthermore, sampling from the work of Clayton and colleagues, we advocate for a multipronged approach including two or more of the following methods in order to capture spontaneous behavior: naturalistic observation, virtually administered tasks within the child’s home, laboratory experiments, and questionnaires. Our review highlights the importance of spontaneous episodic future thinking and establishes a foundation for future methodologies to study this complex cognitive process.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142261919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Goal-directed bodily signals in birds and frogs 鸟类和青蛙的目标定向身体信号

IF 1.8 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-024-00640-5

Kirsty E. Graham

引用次数: 0

No evidence of real-world equivalence in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) categorizing visually diverse images of natural stimuli presented on LCD monitors. 没有证据表明鸡（Gallus gallus domesticus）在对液晶显示器上呈现的自然刺激物的视觉多样性图像进行分类时具有真实世界等效性。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-024-00623-6

Jad Nasrini, Robert R Hampton

{"title":"No evidence of real-world equivalence in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) categorizing visually diverse images of natural stimuli presented on LCD monitors.","authors":"Jad Nasrini, Robert R Hampton","doi":"10.3758/s13420-024-00623-6","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-024-00623-6","url":null,"abstract":"Category learning is often tested with similar images that have no significance outside of the experiment for the subjects. By contrast, in nature animals often need to generalize a behavioral response like \"eat\" across visually distinct stimuli, such as spiders and seeds. Forming functional categories like \"food\" and \"predator\" may require conceptual rather than purely perceptual generalization. We trained free-range chickens to classify images assigned to one of four categories based on putative functional significance: inanimate objects, predators, food, and non-competing vertebrates. Images were visually diverse within each category, discouraging classification by perceptual similarity alone. In Experiment 1, chickens classified 80 images into four categories. Chickens then generalized to 80 new exemplars in each of three successive generalization tests. In Experiment 2, chickens saw new types of images to test whether their generalization was perceptual or functional. For example, chickens saw images of skunks for the predator category after training with images of hawks and snakes. Chickens used the \"predator\" response with these new images for both predators and non-threatening vertebrates, but not for objects or food, and did not successfully generalize any category other than predator. In Experiment 3, chickens categorized fractals as \"food,\" and three of four chickens categorized a range of vertebrates they had not previously encountered as \"predators,\" suggesting that chickens did not see the images as representing real world objects and animals. These results highlight constraints on the use of computer-generated images to assess categorization of natural stimuli in chickens.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"224-235"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11266530/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139547507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

"Cooooooommmmmmmeeeeeeeee heeeerrrrrreeeee . . . . Momma dolphin has something to say". "咕咚咕咚.......海豚妈妈有话要说"。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-05 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00602-3

Heather M Manitzas Hill

引用次数: 0

Place-cell coding in flying birds. 在飞行的鸟类中放置细胞编码。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-18 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00599-9

Mélanie F Guigueno

引用次数: 0

Mechanisms and rules of social learning in crickets. 蟋蟀社会学习的机制和规则

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-07 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00597-x

Yuan Lai, Isabelle Massou, Martin Giurfa

引用次数: 0

Extinction in multiple contexts reduces the return of extinguished responses: A multilevel meta-analysis. 多种情境下的消失减少了消失反应的回归:一项多层次荟萃分析。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00609-w

Javier Bustamante, Marcela Soto, Gonzalo Miguez, Vanetza E Quezada-Scholz, Rocío Angulo, Mario A Laborda

{"title":"Extinction in multiple contexts reduces the return of extinguished responses: A multilevel meta-analysis.","authors":"Javier Bustamante, Marcela Soto, Gonzalo Miguez, Vanetza E Quezada-Scholz, Rocío Angulo, Mario A Laborda","doi":"10.3758/s13420-023-00609-w","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-023-00609-w","url":null,"abstract":"Extinguished responses have been shown to reappear under several circumstances, and this reappearance is considered to model behaviors such as relapse after exposure therapy. Conducting extinction in multiple contexts has been explored as a technique to decrease the recovery of extinguished responses. The present meta-analysis aimed to examine whether extinction in multiple contexts can consistently reduce the recovery of extinguished responses. After searching in several databases, experiments were included in the analysis if they presented extinction in multiple contexts, an experimental design, and an adequate statistical report. Cohen's d was obtained for each critical comparison and weighted to obtain the sample's average weighted effect size. Analyses were then performed using a multilevel meta-analytic approach. Twenty-five studies were included, with a total sample of 37 experiments or critical comparisons. The analyses showed a large effect size for the sample, moderated by the length of conditioned stimulus exposure, type of experimental subject, and type of recovery. The robust effect of extinction in multiple contexts on relapse should encourage clinicians to consider extinction in multiple contexts as a useful technique in therapy and research.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"209-223"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138446797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Active and passive waiting in impulsive choice: Effects of fixed-interval and fixed-time delays. 冲动选择中的主动和被动等待：固定间隔和固定时间延迟的影响。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-12 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00622-z

Travis Smith, Anderson Fitch, Aubrey Deavours, Kimberly Kirkpatrick

{"title":"Active and passive waiting in impulsive choice: Effects of fixed-interval and fixed-time delays.","authors":"Travis Smith, Anderson Fitch, Aubrey Deavours, Kimberly Kirkpatrick","doi":"10.3758/s13420-023-00622-z","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-023-00622-z","url":null,"abstract":"Behavioral interventions to improve self-control, preference for a larger-later (LL) reward over a smaller-sooner (SS) reward, involve experience with delayed rewards. Whether they involve timing processes remains controversial. In rats, there have been inconsistent results on whether timing processes may be involved in intervention-induced improvements in self-control. Interventions that improved self-control with corresponding timing improvements used fixed-interval (FI) delays, whereas interventions that failed to find corresponding timing improvements used fixed-time (FT) delays. The FI schedule includes a response contingency (active waiting), whereas the FT schedule delivers reward automatically (passive waiting). The present study compared the effects of FI and FT schedules in interventions and impulsive choice tasks to evaluate effects on self-control and timing behavior. The impulsive choice task evaluated preference for an SS option (one pellet after 10-, 15-, 20-, 25-, and 30-s delays) versus an LL option (two pellets after a 30-s delay). The intervention task included forced-choice SS (one pellet after 10 s) and LL (two pellets after 30 s) sessions under FI or FT schedules. FI schedules produced greater sensitivity to SS delay in the impulsive choice task. Both FI and FT interventions increased LL choices. Following choice testing, temporal bisection and peak interval tasks revealed better timing precision for rats with an FI delay experience. Overall, the FI choice contingency was associated with improved temporal attention and timing precision.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"249-261"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11239795/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139433062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Far from the threatening crowd: Generalisation of conditioned threat expectancy and fear in COVID-19 lockdown. 远离威胁人群：COVID-19 封锁中条件性威胁预期和恐惧的泛化。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-29 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-024-00625-4

Simon Dymond, Gemma Cameron, Daniel V Zuj, Martyn Quigley

{"title":"Far from the threatening crowd: Generalisation of conditioned threat expectancy and fear in COVID-19 lockdown.","authors":"Simon Dymond, Gemma Cameron, Daniel V Zuj, Martyn Quigley","doi":"10.3758/s13420-024-00625-4","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-024-00625-4","url":null,"abstract":"Fear and anxiety are rarely confined to specific stimuli or situations. In fear generalisation, there is a spread of fear responses elicited by physically dissimilar generalisation stimuli (GS) along a continuum between danger and safety. The current study investigated fear generalisation with a novel online task using COVID-19-relevant stimuli (i.e., busy or quiet shopping street/mall scenes) during pandemic lockdown restrictions in the United Kingdom. Participants (N = 50) first completed clinically relevant trait measures before commencing a habituation phase, where two conditioned stimuli (CSs; i.e., a busy or quiet high street/mall scene) were presented. Participants then underwent fear conditioning where one conditioned stimulus (CS+) was followed by an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US; a loud female scream accompanied by a facial photograph of a female displaying a fearful emotion) and another (CS-) was not. In a test phase, six generalisation stimuli were presented where the US was withheld, and participants provided threat expectancy and fear ratings for all stimuli. Following successful conditioning, fear generalization was observed for both threat expectancy and fear ratings. Trait worry partially predicted generalised threat expectancy and COVID-19 fear strongly predicted generalised fear. In conclusion, a generalisation gradient was evident using an online remote generalisation task with images of busy/quiet streets during the pandemic. Worry and fear of COVID-19 predicted fear generalisation.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"262-271"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11408548/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139576675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Taste aversion learning during successive negative contrast. 连续负对比中的味觉厌恶学习

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-024-00626-3

Robert A Boakes, Connie Badolato, Simone Rehn

{"title":"Taste aversion learning during successive negative contrast.","authors":"Robert A Boakes, Connie Badolato, Simone Rehn","doi":"10.3758/s13420-024-00626-3","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-024-00626-3","url":null,"abstract":"Previous experiments found that acceptance of saccharin by rats was reduced if they had prior experience of sucrose or some other highly palatable solution. This study tested whether such successive negative contrast (SNC) effects involve acquisition of an aversion to the new taste. In three experiments, rats were switched from sucrose exposure in Stage 1 to a less palatable solution containing a new taste in Stage 2. In Experiments 1 and 2, a novel flavor was added to a saccharin solution at the start of Stage 2. In Experiment 1, preference tests revealed a weak aversion to the added vanilla flavor in the Suc-Sacch group, while in Experiment 2 an aversion was found in the Suc-Sacch group to the salty flavor that was used, compared with controls given access either saccharin or water in Stage 1. In Experiment 3, the Suc-Quin group, given quinine solution in Stage 2, displayed a greater aversion to quinine than a Water-Quin control group. These results support the suggestion that taste aversion learning plays a role in the initial suppression of intakes in a qualitative consummatory SNC effect. However, in the light of other evidence, it seems that the unusual persistence of successive negative contrast when rats are switched from sucrose to saccharin is not due to a long-lasting reduction in the value of saccharin.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"272-284"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11408539/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139708386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0