Learning & Behavior最新文献_第6页

Far from the threatening crowd: Generalisation of conditioned threat expectancy and fear in COVID-19 lockdown. 远离威胁人群：COVID-19 封锁中条件性威胁预期和恐惧的泛化。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-29 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-024-00625-4

Simon Dymond, Gemma Cameron, Daniel V Zuj, Martyn Quigley

{"title":"Far from the threatening crowd: Generalisation of conditioned threat expectancy and fear in COVID-19 lockdown.","authors":"Simon Dymond, Gemma Cameron, Daniel V Zuj, Martyn Quigley","doi":"10.3758/s13420-024-00625-4","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-024-00625-4","url":null,"abstract":"Fear and anxiety are rarely confined to specific stimuli or situations. In fear generalisation, there is a spread of fear responses elicited by physically dissimilar generalisation stimuli (GS) along a continuum between danger and safety. The current study investigated fear generalisation with a novel online task using COVID-19-relevant stimuli (i.e., busy or quiet shopping street/mall scenes) during pandemic lockdown restrictions in the United Kingdom. Participants (N = 50) first completed clinically relevant trait measures before commencing a habituation phase, where two conditioned stimuli (CSs; i.e., a busy or quiet high street/mall scene) were presented. Participants then underwent fear conditioning where one conditioned stimulus (CS+) was followed by an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US; a loud female scream accompanied by a facial photograph of a female displaying a fearful emotion) and another (CS-) was not. In a test phase, six generalisation stimuli were presented where the US was withheld, and participants provided threat expectancy and fear ratings for all stimuli. Following successful conditioning, fear generalization was observed for both threat expectancy and fear ratings. Trait worry partially predicted generalised threat expectancy and COVID-19 fear strongly predicted generalised fear. In conclusion, a generalisation gradient was evident using an online remote generalisation task with images of busy/quiet streets during the pandemic. Worry and fear of COVID-19 predicted fear generalisation.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"262-271"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11408548/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139576675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Taste aversion learning during successive negative contrast. 连续负对比中的味觉厌恶学习

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-024-00626-3

Robert A Boakes, Connie Badolato, Simone Rehn

{"title":"Taste aversion learning during successive negative contrast.","authors":"Robert A Boakes, Connie Badolato, Simone Rehn","doi":"10.3758/s13420-024-00626-3","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-024-00626-3","url":null,"abstract":"Previous experiments found that acceptance of saccharin by rats was reduced if they had prior experience of sucrose or some other highly palatable solution. This study tested whether such successive negative contrast (SNC) effects involve acquisition of an aversion to the new taste. In three experiments, rats were switched from sucrose exposure in Stage 1 to a less palatable solution containing a new taste in Stage 2. In Experiments 1 and 2, a novel flavor was added to a saccharin solution at the start of Stage 2. In Experiment 1, preference tests revealed a weak aversion to the added vanilla flavor in the Suc-Sacch group, while in Experiment 2 an aversion was found in the Suc-Sacch group to the salty flavor that was used, compared with controls given access either saccharin or water in Stage 1. In Experiment 3, the Suc-Quin group, given quinine solution in Stage 2, displayed a greater aversion to quinine than a Water-Quin control group. These results support the suggestion that taste aversion learning plays a role in the initial suppression of intakes in a qualitative consummatory SNC effect. However, in the light of other evidence, it seems that the unusual persistence of successive negative contrast when rats are switched from sucrose to saccharin is not due to a long-lasting reduction in the value of saccharin.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"272-284"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11408539/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139708386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Crows make optimal choices based on relative probabilities. 乌鸦根据相对概率做出最佳选择。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00612-1

Amalia P M Bastos

引用次数: 0

Giving time a chance in the midsession reversal task. 在盘中反转任务中给时间一个机会。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-20 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00606-z

Catarina Soares, Carlos Pinto, Armando Machado

{"title":"Giving time a chance in the midsession reversal task.","authors":"Catarina Soares, Carlos Pinto, Armando Machado","doi":"10.3758/s13420-023-00606-z","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-023-00606-z","url":null,"abstract":"The midsession reversal task involves a simultaneous discrimination between stimuli S1 and S2. Choice of S1 but not S2 is reinforced during the first 40 trials, and choice of S2 but not S1 is reinforced during the last 40 trials. Trials are separated by a constant intertrial interval (ITI). Pigeons learn the task seemingly by timing the moment of the reversal trial. Hence, most of their errors occur around trial 40 (S2 choices before trial 41 and S1 choices after trial 40). It has been found that when the ITI is doubled on a test session, the reversal trial is halved, a result consistent with timing. However, inconsistent with timing, halving the ITI on a test session did not double the reversal trial. The asymmetry of ITI effects could be due to the intrusion of novel cues during testing, cues that preempt the timing cue. To test this hypothesis, we ran two types of tests after the regular training in the midsession reversal task, one with S1 and S2 choices always reinforced, and another with S1 always reinforced but S2 reinforced only after 20 trials when the ITI doubled or 40 trials when the ITI halved. For most pigeons, performance was consistent with timing both when the ITI doubled and when it was halved, but some pigeons appeared to follow strategies based on counting or on reinforcement contingencies.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"236-248"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11408557/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138177731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessing preferences for adult versus juvenile features in young animals: Newly hatched chicks spontaneously approach red and large stimuli. 评估幼年动物对成年特征和幼年特征的偏好：刚出壳的雏鸟自发地接近红色和大型刺激物

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-024-00638-z

Laura V Freeland, Michael G Emmerson, Vera Vasas, Josephine Gomes, Elisabetta Versace

{"title":"Assessing preferences for adult versus juvenile features in young animals: Newly hatched chicks spontaneously approach red and large stimuli.","authors":"Laura V Freeland, Michael G Emmerson, Vera Vasas, Josephine Gomes, Elisabetta Versace","doi":"10.3758/s13420-024-00638-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-024-00638-z","url":null,"abstract":"Young precocial birds benefit from staying close to both their mother and their siblings, while prioritising adults, which provide better care. Which features of the stimuli are used by young birds to prioritise approach and eventually attachment to adults over siblings is unknown. We started to address this question in newly hatched domestic chicks (Gallus gallus), focusing on their spontaneous preferences for visual features that systematically vary between adult and juvenile chickens, and that had previously been identified as attractive: size (larger in adults than in juveniles) and colour (darker and redder in adults than in juveniles). Overall, chicks at their first visual experience, that had never seen a conspecific beforehand, were most attracted to the red and large stimuli (two adult features) and spent more time in close proximity with red stimuli than with yellow stimuli. When tested with red large versus small objects (Exp. 1), chicks preferred the large shape. When tested with yellow large and small objects (Exp. 2), chicks did not show a preference. Chicks had a stronger preference for large red stimuli (vs. small yellow objects) than for small red stimuli (vs. a large yellow object) (Exp. 3). These results suggest that the combination of size and colour form the predisposition that helps chicks to spontaneously discriminate between adult and juvenile features from the first stages of life, in the absence of previous experience, exhibiting a preference to approach stimuli with features associated with the presence of adult conspecifics.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141989378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fellowship of the fin: Fish empathy and oxytocin. 鳍的友谊：鱼的移情作用和催产素。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-05 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00593-1

Adam R Reddon, William T Swaney

引用次数: 0

Some like it "local": A review of hierarchical processing in non-human animals. 有些人喜欢它是“局部的”：对非人类动物的分级处理的回顾。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-06 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00605-0

Maria Santacà

{"title":"Some like it \"local\": A review of hierarchical processing in non-human animals.","authors":"Maria Santacà","doi":"10.3758/s13420-023-00605-0","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-023-00605-0","url":null,"abstract":"When seeing a visual image, humans prioritize the perception of global features, which is followed by the assessment of the local ones. This global precedence has been investigated using hierarchical stimuli that consist of a large, global shape formed by the spatial arrangement of small local shapes. Comparing non-human animals to humans, research on global and local processing has revealed a heterogeneous pattern of results with some species exhibiting a local precedence and others a global one. Many factors have been proposed to influence the global and local processing: internal factors (e.g., age, sex) and external elements or perceptual field variables (e.g., stimulus size, visual angle, eccentricity, sparsity). In this review, studies showing that different non-human species process hierarchical stimuli in the same (global precedence) or reverse (local precedence) direction as humans are first collated. Different ecological, perceptual, and anatomical features that may influence global and local processing are subsequently proposed based on a detailed analysis of these studies. This information is likely to improve our understanding of the mechanisms behind the perceptual organization and visual processing, and could explain the observed differences in hierarchical processing between species.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"143-161"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71488050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ants on featureless saltpans build tall nest mounds. 蚂蚁在毫无特色的盐盘上筑起高高的巢丘。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-07 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00596-y

Ken Cheng

引用次数: 0

Learning in the honey bee waggle dance. 在蜜蜂摇摆舞中学习。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-22 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00590-4

Aimee S Dunlap

引用次数: 0

Memory for where and when: pigeons use single-code/default strategy. 何时何地记忆：鸽子使用单一代码/默认策略。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-06 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00607-y

Thomas R Zentall, Daniel N Peng

{"title":"Memory for where and when: pigeons use single-code/default strategy.","authors":"Thomas R Zentall, Daniel N Peng","doi":"10.3758/s13420-023-00607-y","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-023-00607-y","url":null,"abstract":"Memory for what, where, and when an event took place has been interpreted as playing a critical role in episodic memory. Moreover, such memory is likely to be important to an animal's ability to efficiently forage for food. In Experiment 1 of the present study, pigeons were trained on a task in which on each trial, one lit stimulus color and location was presented and then another. A cue presented after the last stimulus location signaled that the pigeon was to choose either the first location presented, or the last location presented, to receive a reinforcer. After learning this task, in Experiment 2, the color cue was removed, requiring the pigeons to choose based on location and order alone. In Experiment 3, when a delay was inserted between presentation of the two locations, it had little effect on task accuracy. Results suggested that the pigeons had acquired the task using a single-code/default rule. When presented with the cue indicating that the last location was correct, pigeons selected the location just presented. When presented with the cue indicating that the first location was correct, pigeons chose the other location, by default. In support of this hypothesis, in Experiment 4, when a delay was inserted, prior to receiving the instructional cue, it had a disruptive effect on task accuracy proportional to the delay. Although the present results do not provide evidence for episodic memory, they do suggest that the pigeons have developed a single-code/default strategy that appears to be an efficient means of performing this task.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"191-199"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71488049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0