Learning & Behavior最新文献

Complex relationship between response rate and preference in pigeons: Williams (1992) revisited.

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-12-20 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-024-00660-1

Thomas R Zentall, Daniel N Peng, Laiba Rasul

{"title":"Complex relationship between response rate and preference in pigeons: Williams (1992) revisited.","authors":"Thomas R Zentall, Daniel N Peng, Laiba Rasul","doi":"10.3758/s13420-024-00660-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-024-00660-1","url":null,"abstract":"A decrease in the rate of reinforcement associated with one component of a multiple schedule is typically associated with a decrease in responding in that component as well as with an increase in responding in the unchanged component. This increase in responding, referred to as positive contrast, is thought to result from an increase in the subjective value associated with the unchanged component. Williams Animal Learning & Behavior, 19, 337-344, (1991) challenged this hypothesis in an experiment with pigeons in which Stimulus A, associated with a variable interval schedule, was always followed by Stimulus X, associated with extinction, while Stimulus B, associated with the same variable interval schedule, was always followed by Stimulus Y, also associated with a variable interval schedule. Although Williams found that most of the pigeons pecked more at Stimulus A than at Stimulus B (behavioral contrast), when the pigeons were given a choice between Stimulus A and B, they showed a preference for Stimulus B. In the present experiment (a slight modification from Williams's), we confirmed this finding. Although our pigeons pecked more at Stimulus A than at Stimulus B, they generally preferred Stimulus B, the stimulus that was not followed by extinction. This result suggests that positive contrast may not result from an increase in the subjective value of the unchanged component. Instead, it suggests that this version of positive contrast may result at least in part from the pigeons' attempt to get all of the reinforcers possible in the presence of Stimulus A before the extinction schedule begins.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142872953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Octopus toss-up: Is debris throwing driven by intent? 章鱼扔垃圾:扔垃圾是有目的的吗?

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-14 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00611-2

Alexandra K Schnell

引用次数: 0

Rats show up to 72 h of significant retention for spatial memory in the radial maze. 大鼠在径向迷宫中的空间记忆保持时间长达 72 小时。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-024-00633-4

Chiaki Tanaka, Tohru Taniuchi

{"title":"Rats show up to 72 h of significant retention for spatial memory in the radial maze.","authors":"Chiaki Tanaka, Tohru Taniuchi","doi":"10.3758/s13420-024-00633-4","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-024-00633-4","url":null,"abstract":"This study explored long-term retention of spatial memory in rats using an eight-arm radial maze. Crystal and Babb (Learning and motivation, 39(4), 278-284, 2008) previously demonstrated that rats could retain spatial memory for up to 25 h in the radial maze. Notably, they found performance improved with 48-h intertrial intervals compared with 24-h intervals. Our study investigated the effects of extending intertrial intervals on long-term retention of spatial memory by reducing the potential for proactive interference. Each trial comprised a learning phase, during which subjects were required to sequentially visit four randomly selected arms, followed by a free-choice test that included all eight arms, conducted after increasing the retention and intertrial intervals. The retention intervals were systematically increased from 1 h to 24, 48, and, ultimately, 72 h, with corresponding intertrial intervals expanding from 24 to 48, 120, and 144 h. Performance significantly surpassed chance levels across all conditions, demonstrating that rats are capable of retaining spatial memory for up to 72 h.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"330-338"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11628574/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141762114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Disentangling the evolution of cognition: Learning in Cnidaria. 解析认知的进化：蛇尾目动物的学习

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00621-0

Jose Prados

引用次数: 0

Serial pattern learning: The anticipation of worsening conditions by pigeons. 连续模式学习：鸽子对恶化条件的预期。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-19 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-024-00628-1

Thomas R Zentall, Daniel N Peng

{"title":"Serial pattern learning: The anticipation of worsening conditions by pigeons.","authors":"Thomas R Zentall, Daniel N Peng","doi":"10.3758/s13420-024-00628-1","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-024-00628-1","url":null,"abstract":"In general, animals are known to be sensitive to the immediacy of reinforcers. That is, they are generally impulsive and outcomes that occur in the future are generally heavily discounted. Furthermore, they should prefer alternatives that provide reinforcers that require less rather than greater effort to obtain. In the present research, pigeons were given a choice between (1) obtaining reinforcers on a progressively more difficult schedule of reinforcement; starting with four pecks, then eight pecks, then 16 pecks, then 32 pecks, and finally 64 pecks on each trial, and (2) a color signaling a number of pecks for a single reinforcer: red = six, green = 11, blue = 23, or yellow = 45. If pigeons choose optimally, most of the time they should choose the progressive schedule to obtain five reinforcers rather than switch to a color to receive only one. However, if they are sensitive primarily to the number of pecks to the next reinforcer, they should choose the progressive schedule once before switching to red, twice before switching to green, three times before switching to blue, and four times before switching to yellow. Instead, they systematically switched too early. Rather than choose based on the rate of reinforcement or even based on the time or effort to the next reinforcer, they appear to anticipate that the progressive schedule is going to get more difficult, and they base their choice suboptimally on the serial pattern of the worsening progressive schedule.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"296-301"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140177413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Differential effect of training impure tacts versus pure tacts plus intraverbal on the emergence of new verbal operants: A conceptual and methodological study. 训练不纯触觉与纯触觉加内部言语对出现新言语操作的不同影响：概念和方法研究。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-024-00636-1

Miguel A Maldonado, José Andrés Lorca-Marín, María Sheila Velo-Ramírez, Francisco J Alós

{"title":"Differential effect of training impure tacts versus pure tacts plus intraverbal on the emergence of new verbal operants: A conceptual and methodological study.","authors":"Miguel A Maldonado, José Andrés Lorca-Marín, María Sheila Velo-Ramírez, Francisco J Alós","doi":"10.3758/s13420-024-00636-1","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-024-00636-1","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this research was to test the effect of training impure tact versus pure tact and intraverbals on the emergence of new verbal operants (impure tacts), thus establishing a conceptual and methodological differentiation on these operants. This was done by varying the training order of intraverbal or impure tact to analyze and confirm whether or not impure tact is the mere sum of pure tact plus intraverbal and therefore has different functions and consequences in learning. An experiment was conducted with 30 participants randomly assigned to three groups. In Group 1, pure tact plus intraverbal and then impure tact were trained. In Group 3 the training order of these operants was counterbalanced. Group 2 was the control group, training only pure tact plus intraverbal. After the training phases, the emergence of impure tacts was tested. The results of this research indicate that the training of impure tacts favors the emergence of new impure tacts to a greater extent than the training of pure tact plus intraverbal and that they therefore have different functions. It is also shown that variation in the order of presentation of the type of training influences the subsequent emergence of new operants (impure tacts), so that creating a previous history of learning in impure tacts favors emergence even when the intraverbal alone is subsequently trained. This has important implications at both conceptual and methodological levels as it would contribute to the development of more effective language training technologies.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"339-351"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11628571/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141894741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Multiple cache recovery task cannot determine memory mechanisms. 多个缓存恢复任务无法确定内存机制。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-29 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00616-x

Vladimir V Pravosudov

引用次数: 0

Going back to "basics": Harlow's learning set task with wolves and dogs. 回到 "基础"：哈洛与狼和狗的学习任务。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-23 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-024-00631-6

Dániel Rivas-Blanco, Tiago Monteiro, Zsófia Virányi, Friederike Range

{"title":"Going back to \"basics\": Harlow's learning set task with wolves and dogs.","authors":"Dániel Rivas-Blanco, Tiago Monteiro, Zsófia Virányi, Friederike Range","doi":"10.3758/s13420-024-00631-6","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-024-00631-6","url":null,"abstract":"To survive and reproduce, animals need to behave adaptively by adjusting their behavior to their environment, with learning facilitating some of these processes. Dogs have become a go-to model species in comparative cognition studies, making our understanding of their learning skills paramount at multiple levels, not only with regards to basic research on their cognitive skills and the effects of domestication, but also with applied purposes such as training. In order to tackle these issues, we tested similarly raised wolves and dogs in a serial learning task inspired by Harlow's \"learning set.\" In Phase 1, different pairs of objects were presented to the animals, one of which was baited while the other was not. Both species' performance gradually improved with each new set of objects, showing that they \"learnt to learn,\" but no differences were found between the species in their learning speed. In Phase 2, once subjects had learned the association between one of the objects and the food reward, the contingencies were reversed and the previously unrewarded object of the same pair was now rewarded. Dogs' performance in this task seemed to be better than wolves', albeit only when considering just the first session of each reversal, suggesting that the dogs might be more flexible than wolves. Further research (possibly with the aid of refined methods such as computer-based tasks) would help ascertain whether these differences between wolves and dogs are persistent across different learning tasks.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"315-329"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11628440/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141081440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of methamphetamine on delay discounting in rats using concurrent chains. 甲基苯丙胺对使用并发链大鼠延迟折现的影响

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-11-27 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-024-00657-w

Rebecca Rose Hazel Bodeker, Randolph C Grace

{"title":"Effects of methamphetamine on delay discounting in rats using concurrent chains.","authors":"Rebecca Rose Hazel Bodeker, Randolph C Grace","doi":"10.3758/s13420-024-00657-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-024-00657-w","url":null,"abstract":"Research has examined how stimulants affect impulsive choice in delay-discounting tasks, but little is known about whether such drugs influence how discounting varies with reward magnitude. This study sought to investigate the effects of acute and chronic methamphetamine administration on rats' responding in a rapid acquisition choice task in which reward delays were changed unpredictably across sessions. In each group of four sessions, delays were unequal (1 s/8 s, or 8 s/1 s) or equal (1 s/1 s, or 8 s/8 s) while reward magnitudes were constant and unequal (one dipper cycle/four dipper cycles). This enabled us to obtain both estimates of delay discounting (i.e., sensitivity to delay) and the magnitude effect (in which larger rewards are discounted at a lower rate). Methamphetamine was administered in increasing doses acutely and chronically. Baseline results showed that rats reliably preferred the alternative with a shorter delay and that choice for the larger reward was greater when the delays were long, consistent with the magnitude effect. Acute methamphetamine dose dependently reduced both sensitivity to delay and the magnitude effect, but not sensitivity to magnitude. Chronic administration had no systematic effect on choice. This study is the first to report a magnitude effect with rats in a rapid acquisition choice procedure similar to that found in delay discounting research with humans, and suggests that acute methamphetamine administration reduces control by contingencies that change across sessions.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142739666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

What evidence can validate a dog training method? 哪些证据可以验证训犬方法？

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-024-00658-9

Amalia P M Bastos, Elizabeth Warren, Christopher Krupenye

引用次数: 0