Learning & Behavior最新文献

Are mice a bad model for successive negative contrast? 小鼠是连续负对比的坏模型吗？

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2025-10-07 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-025-00686-z

Alan M Daniel

引用次数: 0

Reversal learning and aging: Exploring simple discrimination learning, learning-set, and functional classes. 逆向学习与老化：探索简单辨别学习、学习集和功能类。

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-025-00690-3

Lucas C Manfredo, Armando Machado, Andréia Schmidt

{"title":"Reversal learning and aging: Exploring simple discrimination learning, learning-set, and functional classes.","authors":"Lucas C Manfredo, Armando Machado, Andréia Schmidt","doi":"10.3758/s13420-025-00690-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-025-00690-3","url":null,"abstract":"Cognitive (or behavioral) flexibility is considered an executive function characterized by patterns of behavioral adjustment in response to changes in environmental demands, which tends to decline with aging. The simple discrimination reversal task is a useful way to evaluate this function, as it directly measures processes related to performance change, such as sensitivity to consequences, learning set formation, and concept formation. Few studies on aging have employed this task, and those that have did not examine its component processes or include middle-aged adults. This study aimed to evaluate cognitive flexibility and its component processes through a simple discrimination reversal task, applied to 100 participants divided into four age groups: emerging adults, younger adults, middle-aged adults, and older adults. After learning three simple simultaneous visual discriminations, the function of the positive and negative stimuli was reversed three times, with participants needing to meet a performance criterion each time. Older participants were more likely to fail to meet the performance criterion in some of the reversals, a pattern consistent with reduced sensitivity to consequences and failure in class formation. Moreover, older individuals who succeeded in the task learned the new function assigned to stimuli more slowly during reversals and were less likely to form classes in the second reversal. However, all participants who met the criterion across the three reversals showed evidence of learning-set formation, regardless of age.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145226183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Anticipation of cyclical resource availability in the red-footed tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonaria): Implications for seed dispersal. 预测红足龟（Chelonoidis carbonaria）的周期性资源有效性：对种子传播的影响。

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2025-09-26 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-025-00689-w

Francesca Soldati, Oliver H P Burman, Elizabeth A John, Thomas W Pike, Anna Wilkinson

{"title":"Anticipation of cyclical resource availability in the red-footed tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonaria): Implications for seed dispersal.","authors":"Francesca Soldati, Oliver H P Burman, Elizabeth A John, Thomas W Pike, Anna Wilkinson","doi":"10.3758/s13420-025-00689-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-025-00689-w","url":null,"abstract":"Many plant populations are dependent on animal-mediated seed dispersal; however, in the study of mutualistic processes, animals are generally thought of as unselective consumers. This approach is problematic as it does not consider the decisions of the foraging animals, and little attention is given to the cognitive processes that underpin these behaviors. One such process is the ability to predict fruit availability, as this would allow animals to direct their foraging towards productive food sources and would ensure rapid seed removal when fruits are ready to be eaten. This is particularly important for species that cannot move rapidly between resources, such as tortoises. This study investigated temporal (24-h cycle) and visual cues use during food anticipation in captive red-footed tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonaria), an important seed disperser in its natural environment. A significant increase in activity was observed in the hour immediately preceding food delivery, suggesting that the tortoises learned to predict the availability of food. Test trials, in which the visual and temporal cues were put in conflict or removed, revealed that the tortoises used both sources of information to predict food availability. Moreover, extinction trials, in which the tortoises did not have reliable temporal or visual cues prior to feeding, resulted in a rapid loss of anticipatory behavior. These findings provide insights into the cognitive processes that control anticipatory foraging behavior and, as such, have important implications for both animal and plant fitness, furthering our knowledge of mutualistic services such as seed dispersal.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145180244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mechanisms of socially facilitated feeding in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). 斑马鱼社会促进进食机制（Danio rerio）。

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-025-00691-2

Britney Sekulovski, Liat Soref, Noam Miller

{"title":"Mechanisms of socially facilitated feeding in Zebrafish (Danio rerio).","authors":"Britney Sekulovski, Liat Soref, Noam Miller","doi":"10.3758/s13420-025-00691-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-025-00691-2","url":null,"abstract":"The social facilitation of feeding, where individuals increase their feeding behavior in the presence of conspecifics, is widely documented, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, particularly regarding passive versus active facilitation and the role of individual differences, such as sex and personality. We investigated how visual exposure to non-feeding conspecifics influenced feeding behavior in zebrafish (Danio rerio), examining food consumption and other feeding related behaviors, while also assessing individual variation in boldness and sociability. Zebrafish consumed significantly more food pellets and manipulated food differently when conspecifics were present, indicating that passive social facilitation due to the mere presence of conspecifics was sufficient to increase feeding behavior. Males exhibited stronger socially facilitated feeding responses, consuming more pellets, spitting pellets more frequently, and orienting food spitting away from stimulus fish, suggesting competitive motivations. Females showed more cautious feeding behavior, holding pellets in their mouths for longer. Contrary to predictions, neither boldness nor sociability predicted individual differences in feeding behavior or responses to social context. Our findings demonstrate that social facilitation due to a passive audience and sex-specific competitive strategies influence the feeding behaviors of zebrafish.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Spatial representation of magnitude in rhesus macaques: Investigating SNARC effects in quantity and size dimensions. 恒河猴大小的空间表征：研究SNARC对数量和大小维度的影响。

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-025-00685-0

Brooke N Jackson, Regina Paxton Gazes, Robert R Hampton

{"title":"Spatial representation of magnitude in rhesus macaques: Investigating SNARC effects in quantity and size dimensions.","authors":"Brooke N Jackson, Regina Paxton Gazes, Robert R Hampton","doi":"10.3758/s13420-025-00685-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-025-00685-0","url":null,"abstract":"The Spatial Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC) effect reflects an association of magnitude with space. For example, humans typically map small numbers to one side of space and large numbers to the other. Research with a variety of animal species has revealed similar spatial-magnitude associations in species without relevant cultural practices, suggesting ancient origins. Human spatial-numeric associations are known to be modified by cultural practices, such as reading direction. Some studies of nonhumans have suggested that spatial-numeric associations are fixed, with small quantities represented to the left, while others suggest this relationship is not preprogrammed. Here, we report variable and flexible spatial-numeric associations in rhesus monkeys. Monkeys were required to pick both the smaller and the larger array of dots across counterbalanced conditions. We found clear spatial-numeric associations that varied among individuals and reversed between the Pick Small and Pick Large quantity conditions-indicating flexible rather than fixed associations. We found similar but nonsignificant patterns in subsequent tests using size rather than quantity. These results, like those from adult birds and apes, suggest that while the cognitive architecture for spatial-magnitude mapping is evolutionarily conserved, the specific spatial associations shown by individuals likely result from experience.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145139176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The influence of pure tacts and intraverbals on the transfer of verbal learning to new stimuli: An experimental study in children. 纯委婉语和言语内语对儿童言语学习向新刺激转移的影响：一项实验研究。

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2025-09-10 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-025-00684-1

Miguel A Maldonado, Juan Miguel Alcaide, Francisco J Alós

{"title":"The influence of pure tacts and intraverbals on the transfer of verbal learning to new stimuli: An experimental study in children.","authors":"Miguel A Maldonado, Juan Miguel Alcaide, Francisco J Alós","doi":"10.3758/s13420-025-00684-1","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-025-00684-1","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates learning transfer processes in the teaching of pure tacts and intraverbals within the context of verbal behavior. The objectives were: to assess whether training pure tacts and intraverbals, through the inclusion of different stimuli, facilitates learning transfer to new impure tacts, and to determine whether one of these verbal operants (pure tact or intraverbal) better promotes learning transfer. The sample included 54 children aged 11-12 years, using a within-subjects experimental design with pre-post measures. The research was divided into 17 phases and six cycles, with two levels of the independent variable: (1) different stimuli in pure tacts and same in intraverbals, and (2) same stimuli in pure tacts and different in intraverbals. The presentation order was counterbalanced to control for order effects in training. Analyses using repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed that while participants could learn with either type of training, the training of pure tacts facilitated a greater learning transfer toward new impure tacts. In fact, training with pure tacts significantly increased the accuracy of responses in impure tact tests compared to intraverbal training, promoting greater generalization of learning (Pure tacts: M = 80.25%; SD = 4.04; F(1,26) = 5.44, p = .028, ηp2 = .173; Intraverbals: M = 51.54%; SD = 3.65; F(1,26) = 8.33, p = .008, ηp2 = .243). This finding suggests that pure tacts play a key role in promoting generative behavior, allowing the acquisition of new behavioral repertoires without explicit instruction. Theoretically, this study contributes to isolating the effect of pure tacts in learning transfer, while, practically, it offers relevant educational strategies to improve learning in populations with verbal and cognitive developmental limitations.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145034616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The impact of an extinction reminder on AAB renewal is sensitive to the level of association with extinction. 灭绝提醒对AAB更新的影响对与灭绝相关的程度很敏感。

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-025-00683-2

A Matías Gámez, Fátima Rojas-Iturria, Rodolfo Bernal-Gamboa

引用次数: 0

Chasing solutions: A response to Bastos et al. (2024). 追逐解决方案：对巴斯托斯等人（2024）的回应。

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-21 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-025-00672-5

Anamarie C Johnson, Clive D L Wynne

引用次数: 0

Complex relationship between response rate and preference in pigeons: Williams (1992) revisited. 鸽子的反应率和偏好之间的复杂关系：Williams（1992）。

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-20 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-024-00660-1

Thomas R Zentall, Daniel N Peng, Laiba Rasul

{"title":"Complex relationship between response rate and preference in pigeons: Williams (1992) revisited.","authors":"Thomas R Zentall, Daniel N Peng, Laiba Rasul","doi":"10.3758/s13420-024-00660-1","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-024-00660-1","url":null,"abstract":"A decrease in the rate of reinforcement associated with one component of a multiple schedule is typically associated with a decrease in responding in that component as well as with an increase in responding in the unchanged component. This increase in responding, referred to as positive contrast, is thought to result from an increase in the subjective value associated with the unchanged component. Williams Animal Learning & Behavior, 19, 337-344, (1991) challenged this hypothesis in an experiment with pigeons in which Stimulus A, associated with a variable interval schedule, was always followed by Stimulus X, associated with extinction, while Stimulus B, associated with the same variable interval schedule, was always followed by Stimulus Y, also associated with a variable interval schedule. Although Williams found that most of the pigeons pecked more at Stimulus A than at Stimulus B (behavioral contrast), when the pigeons were given a choice between Stimulus A and B, they showed a preference for Stimulus B. In the present experiment (a slight modification from Williams's), we confirmed this finding. Although our pigeons pecked more at Stimulus A than at Stimulus B, they generally preferred Stimulus B, the stimulus that was not followed by extinction. This result suggests that positive contrast may not result from an increase in the subjective value of the unchanged component. Instead, it suggests that this version of positive contrast may result at least in part from the pigeons' attempt to get all of the reinforcers possible in the presence of Stimulus A before the extinction schedule begins.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"248-253"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142872953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Differential modulation of freezing and 22-kHz USVs by shock intensity, tone-duration matching, and anxiety levels in rodent fear-conditioning paradigms. 在啮齿动物的恐惧条件反射范例中，电击强度、音长匹配和焦虑水平对冻结和22 khz usv的差异调制。

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-09 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-025-00671-6

Benhuiyuan Zheng, Jiaojiao Rao, Lili Bao, Delin Yu, Bin Yin

{"title":"Differential modulation of freezing and 22-kHz USVs by shock intensity, tone-duration matching, and anxiety levels in rodent fear-conditioning paradigms.","authors":"Benhuiyuan Zheng, Jiaojiao Rao, Lili Bao, Delin Yu, Bin Yin","doi":"10.3758/s13420-025-00671-6","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-025-00671-6","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of fear in animals, particularly its manifestation and measurement, remains a focal point in psychological research. This study builds on the systematic review and meta-analysis work of Bao et al. (Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 157: 105537, 2024), which posits that freezing behavior and 22-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) may represent objective and subjective fear states in rodents, respectively. We further investigated how these responses are modulated by shock intensity, tone-duration matching, and individual anxiety levels in rodent fear-conditioning paradigms. Experiment 1 manipulated shock intensity during fear learning and tone-duration matching between learning and cue tests, revealing that while freezing behavior was consistent across conditions, 22-kHz USVs varied significantly and appeared later than freezing. This divergence was more pronounced in fear generalization tests. Experiment 2 explored the response differences in rodents with high and low anxiety, demonstrating that highly anxious individuals exhibited more 22-kHz USVs but not increased freezing during cue tests. These findings suggest that while freezing may reflect automatic defensive reactions, 22-kHz USVs are more indicative of rodents' cognitive appraisal and their subjective experience of fear. This distinction provides valuable insights that could improve the translation of animal fear models to human psychiatric conditions related to fear and anxiety.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"288-310"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143992393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0