Learning & Behavior最新文献

Learning in plants: A conceptual and experimental primer. 植物学习：概念与实验入门。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2026-09-30 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-026-00727-1

Aditya Ponkshe, Charles I Abramson, Paco Calvo

{"title":"Learning in plants: A conceptual and experimental primer.","authors":"Aditya Ponkshe, Charles I Abramson, Paco Calvo","doi":"10.3758/s13420-026-00727-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-026-00727-1","url":null,"abstract":"Whether plants are capable of associative learning remains a contested question, often complicated by conceptual ambiguity and methodological limitations. This article provides a critical and constructive primer on how to investigate associative learning in plants within a rigorous experimental framework. We begin by clarifying the concept of associative learning and distinguishing it from related phenomena such as habituation, sensitisation, and pseudo-conditioning. We then identify a set of minimal behavioural prerequisites that any system must satisfy to support associative processes. Evidence from plant biology indicates that plants possess these prerequisite capacities across multiple temporal and organisational scales. We further review historical and recent experimental attempts to demonstrate associative learning in plants, highlighting recurring methodological limitations. Building on principles from the experimental analysis of behaviour, we outline key design requirements for plant-conditioning studies, including identifying appropriate unconditioned stimulus-response (US-UR) complexes, operationalising conditioned stimuli, and implementing controls to rule out non-associative explanations. As we argue, adequately controlled experiments have not yet provided robust evidence for associative learning in plants, leaving open whether these capacities are integrated in ways that enable plants to form learned associations. By integrating behavioural theory with advances in plant physiology and imaging, future research can move beyond suggestive findings toward decisive tests. More broadly, this work contributes to a functionally grounded understanding of learning that does not presuppose a nervous system, thereby expanding the comparative scope of cognition across living systems.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149117485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of reward magnitude on rats' long-term spatial memory retention in the radial-arm maze. 奖励大小对桡臂迷宫大鼠长期空间记忆保持的影响。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2026-09-29 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-026-00726-2

Kanji Hayashida, Tohru Taniuchi

{"title":"Effects of reward magnitude on rats' long-term spatial memory retention in the radial-arm maze.","authors":"Kanji Hayashida, Tohru Taniuchi","doi":"10.3758/s13420-026-00726-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-026-00726-2","url":null,"abstract":"Our study examined whether reward magnitude affects long-term spatial memory retention in rats performing a radial-arm maze task. Previous studies, using a forced-choice learning phase followed by a free-choice test, have reported retention of up to 72 hours, but they typically used a large reward (10 pellets per arm; 45 mg each) rather than the standard reward (one pellet per arm), leaving open a reward-based explanation. In Experiment 1, we conducted a between-subjects comparison of two reward conditions: a standard-reward group (one pellet per arm) and a large-reward group (10 pellets per arm). The delay interval was progressively extended from 1 min to 1 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr, and 72 hr. Both groups performed significantly above chance at all delays, including 72 hr, and performance did not differ significantly between reward conditions. In Experiment 2, we tested whether relative changes in reward magnitude modulate retention. Within each reward group, reward magnitude was increased or decreased for only one arm during the learning phase, followed by a 24-hr retention test. Accuracy for the arm with the changed reward did not differ significantly from that of the unchanged arms. Together, these findings show that 72-hr retention can be obtained, even with the standard small reward (one pellet), and that radial-arm maze performance is robust to both absolute reward magnitude and relative changes in reward.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149082601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The choose-short and choose-long effects may depend on interval consistency and similarity. 选择短和选择长的效果可能取决于区间的一致性和相似性。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2026-09-25 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-026-00725-3

René Rincón-Reyes, Claudio Antonio Carpio Ramírez

{"title":"The choose-short and choose-long effects may depend on interval consistency and similarity.","authors":"René Rincón-Reyes, Claudio Antonio Carpio Ramírez","doi":"10.3758/s13420-026-00725-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-026-00725-3","url":null,"abstract":"The present study examined the effects of varying the events occurring during the delay interval (DI) and the intertrial interval (ITI) on asymmetries in temporal discrimination in pigeons. Four groups were exposed to combinations of equal or different events during DIs and ITIs and consistent or inconsistent arrangements between short-sample and long-sample trials. Results showed that differentiating short from long samples shortened acquisition time and eliminated asymmetries in performance. The specific form of performance depended on the interaction between interval similarity and task arrangement: Equal intervals with consistent arrangements produced a choose-short effect, whereas different intervals with consistent arrangements produced a choose-long effect. Inconsistent arrangements led to symmetrical performance, either stable or decreasing as the DI increased. These findings indicate that asymmetries in temporal discrimination under delayed matching-to-sample procedures depend not on memory mechanisms such as code loss or subjective shortening, but on how the organization of task events within the delay and intertrial intervals enhances or reduces stimulus control. The study thus supports interpreting temporal discrimination in this class of procedures as a problem of stimulus control shaped by the task's event structure rather than by memory decay.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149065796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

When "why" meets "how" in episodic memory: Towards a computational model of Boyle and Brown's functional analysis. 当“为什么”与“如何”在情景记忆中相遇：走向Boyle和Brown功能分析的计算模型。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2026-09-15 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-026-00724-4

Elif Kaşgöz, Jordan Gunn, Deborah Talmi

{"title":"When \"why\" meets \"how\" in episodic memory: Towards a computational model of Boyle and Brown's functional analysis.","authors":"Elif Kaşgöz, Jordan Gunn, Deborah Talmi","doi":"10.3758/s13420-026-00724-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-026-00724-4","url":null,"abstract":"Boyle and Brown's (2025) functional account and the Temporal Context Model-Successor Representation (TCM-SR; Zhou et al., Psychological Review, 132(1), 18-49, 2025) approach episodic memory from different angles, yet they converge on a similar claim: episodic memory supports adaptive behaviour by flexibly using past experience. In this commentary, we highlight this convergence and build on Boyle and Brown's framework by focusing on how this function can be mechanistically specified and empirically tested. Boyle and Brown outline why episodic memory may have evolved to support learning from sparse, non-repeating experiences, whereas TCM-SR formalises how contextual reinstatement can supply predictive information about what typically follows, allowing past experience to guide evaluation. We propose that the probed recall task offers a direct way to test these shared claims, that episodic retrieval makes related experiences accessible, and this process can support learning beyond simple associative mechanisms. The contiguity effects seen in this task, in which retrieval is cued by a studied item, reflect contextual reinstatement rather than simple associations, capturing both the integrative processes emphasised by Boyle and Brown and the retrieval dynamics central to TCM-SR. By linking function, mechanism, and behavioural signature within a single paradigm, we outline a path toward a more unified understanding of episodic memory that explains how it accomplishes one of its main functional goals.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148978386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Epistemic rationality in chimpanzees. 黑猩猩的认知理性。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2026-09-08 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-026-00712-8

Kristin Andrews

引用次数: 0

When time matters: generalization gradients in delay and trace conditioning procedures. 当时间重要时：延迟和跟踪条件作用过程中的概化梯度。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2026-09-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-02 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-026-00708-4

José A Alcalá, Jessica C Lee, Gonzalo P Urcelay

{"title":"When time matters: generalization gradients in delay and trace conditioning procedures.","authors":"José A Alcalá, Jessica C Lee, Gonzalo P Urcelay","doi":"10.3758/s13420-026-00708-4","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-026-00708-4","url":null,"abstract":"Two online experiments investigated whether the weakening of cue-outcome temporal contiguity impacts generalization gradients. Participants experienced strong temporal contiguity (the offset of a cue coincides with the onset an outcome) or weak temporal contiguity (there is a temporal gap between the offset of a cue and the onset of an outcome) in a continuous predictive learning task. Initial training involved a double negative discrimination, in which there was one reinforced cue (aqua-color rectangle) and two non-reinforced cues (one greener and one bluer than the reinforced cue), and participants had to make a response whenever they predicted the outcome. After training, in the generalization test phase, outcome expectancy in the presence of several stimuli along the full green-blue dimension was tested. Outcome expectancy was assessed with discrete ratings in Experiment 1 (n = 252) and a behavioral dependent measure (button presses, similar to the training phase) in Experiment 2 (n = 250). Regardless of the type of measure, when participants experienced weak cue-outcome temporal contiguity they showed a broader generalization response, although differences were more prominent in the green side of the color dimension. Furthermore, no significant differences emerged between the two groups experiencing strong temporal contiguity but differing in cue duration (controlling stimulus onset asynchrony, SOA), suggesting that cue-outcome temporal contiguity plays a more critical role than cue duration in shaping generalization. Overall, this result advances our understanding of the role of temporal contiguity at a basic level, while opening the possibility to study it as a critical factor in more applied settings.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"342-360"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13538199/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146108139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Focused and distributed: Diverse attentional profiles in pigeon category learning. 集中和分布：鸽子类别学习中的不同注意概况。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2026-09-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-026-00706-6

Leyre Castro, Ananya Albrecht-Buehler, Edward A Wasserman

引用次数: 0

Correction: Simultaneous learning of directional and non-directional stimulus relations in baboons (Papio papio). 纠正：狒狒（Papio Papio）同时学习定向和非定向刺激关系。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-026-00718-2

Thomas F Chartier, Joël Fagot

引用次数: 0

Additivity of resurgence and spontaneous recovery. 复苏和自发恢复的可加性。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2026-09-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-25 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-026-00711-9

Rodolfo Bernal-Gamboa, A Matías Gámez, Christopher A Podlesnik

{"title":"Additivity of resurgence and spontaneous recovery.","authors":"Rodolfo Bernal-Gamboa, A Matías Gámez, Christopher A Podlesnik","doi":"10.3758/s13420-026-00711-9","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-026-00711-9","url":null,"abstract":"Resurgence and spontaneous recovery are two extensively studied behavioral phenomena in which previously extinguished operant behavior increases or reemerges. These findings are relevant to understanding flexibility in behavior but also relapse. Resurgence is the re-return of an extinguished target response (R1) when reinforcement conditions worsen for a more recently reinforced alternative response (R2), such as with extinction. Spontaneous recovery is the return of an eliminated R1 following time off from experiencing extinction conditions, such as with a retention interval. The present experiment examined whether combining tests for resurgence (removing R2 reinforcement) and spontaneous recovery (retention interval) produced greater increases in R1 than either test in isolation. University students played a computer video game and learned to perform R1 during Phase 1. During Phase 2, R1 was placed on extinction while simultaneously performing R2 was reinforced (Ext + DRA). Finally, the four groups of participants were tested for (1) neither resurgence or spontaneous recovery, (2) only resurgence, (3) only spontaneous recovery, or (4) both resurgence and spontaneous recovery. Increases in R1 were additive, with combined testing producing significantly greater responding that either of the two tests in isolation. We discuss theoretical issues as well as the implications of our findings for the treatment and relapse of challenging behavior.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"319-328"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13538178/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147312139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Correction: Quantifying nonmnemonic strategies in two-alternative forced-choice delayed matching and nonmatching-to-position tasks in mice (Mus musculus) using automated video tracking technologies. 修正：使用自动视频跟踪技术量化小鼠（小家鼠）在两种选择强制选择延迟匹配和非匹配位置任务中的非助记策略。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-026-00719-1

Kazuhiro Goto, Shoko Yuki

引用次数: 0