Learning & Behavior最新文献_第10页

Contiguity and overshadowing interactions in the rapid-streaming procedure. 快速流程序中的连续性和阴影相互作用

IF 1.8 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-04-17 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00582-4

José A Alcalá, Ralph R Miller, Richard D Kirkden, Gonzalo P Urcelay

{"title":"Contiguity and overshadowing interactions in the rapid-streaming procedure.","authors":"José A Alcalá, Ralph R Miller, Richard D Kirkden, Gonzalo P Urcelay","doi":"10.3758/s13420-023-00582-4","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-023-00582-4","url":null,"abstract":"When multiple cues are associated with the same outcome, organisms tend to select between the cues, with one revealing greater behavioral control at the expense of the others (i.e., cue competition). However, non-human and human studies have not always observed this competition, creating a puzzling scenario in which the interaction between cues can result in competition, no interaction, or facilitation as a function of several learning parameters. In five experiments, we assessed whether temporal contiguity and overshadowing effects are reliably observed in the streamed-trial procedure, and whether there was an interaction between them. We anticipated that weakening temporal contiguity (ranging from 500 to 1,000 ms) should attenuate competition. Using within-subject designs, participants experienced independent series of rapid streams in which they had to learn the relationship between visual cues (presented either alone or with another cue) and an outcome, with the cue-outcome pairings being presented with either a delay or trace relationship. Across experiments, we observed overshadowing (Experiments 1, 2, 4, and 5) and temporal contiguity effects (Experiments 2, 3, and 4). Despite the frequent occurrence of both effects, we did not find that trace conditioning abolished competition between cues. Overall, these results suggest that the extent to which contiguity determines cue interactions depends on multiple variables, some of which we address in the General discussion.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"482-501"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10716097/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9311127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hippocampus and neocortex send and receive predictive information. 海马体和新皮层收发预测信息

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-12-21 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-022-00563-z

Eric A Thrailkill

引用次数: 0

Simple questions on simple associations: regularity extraction in non-human primates. 关于简单关联的简单问题：非人灵长类动物的规律性提取。

IF 1.8 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-07 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00579-z

Jeremy Yeaton, Laure Tosatto, Joël Fagot, Jonathan Grainger, Arnaud Rey

{"title":"Simple questions on simple associations: regularity extraction in non-human primates.","authors":"Jeremy Yeaton, Laure Tosatto, Joël Fagot, Jonathan Grainger, Arnaud Rey","doi":"10.3758/s13420-023-00579-z","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-023-00579-z","url":null,"abstract":"When human and non-human animals learn sequences, they manage to implicitly extract statistical regularities through associative learning mechanisms. In two experiments conducted with a non-human primate species (Guinea baboons, Papio papio), we addressed simple questions on the learning of simple AB associations appearing in longer noisy sequences. Using a serial reaction time task, we manipulated the position of AB within the sequence, such that it could be either fixed (by appearing always at the beginning, middle, or end of a four-element sequence; Experiment 1) or variable (Experiment 2). We also tested the effect of sequence length in Experiment 2 by comparing the performance on AB when it was presented at a variable position within a sequence of four or five elements. The slope of RTs from A to B was taken for each condition as a measurement of learning rate. While all conditions differed significantly from a no-regularity baseline, we found strong evidence that the learning rate did not differ between the conditions. These results indicate that regularity extraction is not impacted by the position of the regularity within a sequence and by the length of the sequence. These data provide novel general empirical constraints for modeling associative mechanisms in sequence learning.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"392-401"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10716064/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9587485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Correction to: Mutual facilitation between activity-based anorexia and schedule-induced polydipsia in rats. 更正：大鼠基于活动的厌食症和时间表诱导的多饮之间的相互促进作用。

IF 1.8 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00603-2

María José Labajos, Gianluca Calcagni, Ricardo Pellón

引用次数: 0

Mechanisms of impulsive choice: Experiments to explore and models to map the empirical terrain. 冲动选择的机制：实验探索和模型绘制实证地形图。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-13 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00577-1

Travis R Smith, Robert Southern, Kimberly Kirkpatrick

{"title":"Mechanisms of impulsive choice: Experiments to explore and models to map the empirical terrain.","authors":"Travis R Smith, Robert Southern, Kimberly Kirkpatrick","doi":"10.3758/s13420-023-00577-1","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-023-00577-1","url":null,"abstract":"Impulsive choice is preference for a smaller-sooner (SS) outcome over a larger-later (LL) outcome when LL choices result in greater reinforcement maximization. Delay discounting is a model of impulsive choice that describes the decaying value of a reinforcer over time, with impulsive choice evident when the empirical choice-delay function is steep. Steep discounting is correlated with multiple diseases and disorders. Thus, understanding the processes underlying impulsive choice is a popular topic for investigation. Experimental research has explored the conditions that moderate impulsive choice, and quantitative models of impulsive choice have been developed that elegantly represent the underlying processes. This review spotlights experimental research in impulsive choice covering human and nonhuman animals across the domains of learning, motivation, and cognition. Contemporary models of delay discounting designed to explain the underlying mechanisms of impulsive choice are discussed. These models focus on potential candidate mechanisms, which include perception, delay and/or reinforcer sensitivity, reinforcement maximization, motivation, and cognitive systems. Although the models collectively explain multiple mechanistic phenomena, there are several cognitive processes, such as attention and working memory, that are overlooked. Future research and model development should focus on bridging the gap between quantitative models and empirical phenomena.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"355-391"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10497727/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10289920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Inhibition and paradoxical choice. 抑制与矛盾选择

IF 1.8 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-05 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00584-2

Valeria V González, Aaron P Blaisdell

{"title":"Inhibition and paradoxical choice.","authors":"Valeria V González, Aaron P Blaisdell","doi":"10.3758/s13420-023-00584-2","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-023-00584-2","url":null,"abstract":"The present study evaluated the role of inhibition in paradoxical choice in pigeons. In a paradoxical choice procedure, pigeons receive a choice between two alternatives. Choosing the \"suboptimal\" alternative is followed 20% of the time by one cue (the S+) that is always reinforced, and 80% of the time by another cue (S-) that is never reinforced. Thus, this alternative leads to an overall reinforcement rate of 20%. Choosing the \"optimal\" alternative, however, is followed by one of two cues (S3 or S4), each reinforced 50% of the time. Thus, this alternative leads to an overall reinforcement rate of 50%. González and Blaisdell (2021) reported that development of paradoxical choice was positively correlated to the development of inhibition to the S- (signal that no food will be delivered on that trial) post-choice stimulus. The current experiment tested the hypothesis that inhibition to a post-choice stimulus is causally related to suboptimal preference. Following acquisition of suboptimal preference, pigeons received two manipulations: in one condition one of the cues in the optimal alternative (S4) was extinguished and, in another condition, the S- cue was partially reinforced. When tested on the choice task afterward, both manipulations resulted in a decrement in suboptimal preference. This result is paradoxical given that both manipulations made the suboptimal alternative the richer option. We discuss the implications of our results, arguing that inhibition of a post-choice cue increases attraction to or value of that choice.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"458-467"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10716068/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9403181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mutual facilitation between activity-based anorexia and schedule-induced polydipsia in rats. 基于活动的厌食症和时间表诱导的大鼠多饮之间的相互促进作用。

IF 1.8 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-01-05 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-022-00560-2

María José Labajos, Gianluca Calcagni, Ricardo Pellón

{"title":"Mutual facilitation between activity-based anorexia and schedule-induced polydipsia in rats.","authors":"María José Labajos, Gianluca Calcagni, Ricardo Pellón","doi":"10.3758/s13420-022-00560-2","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-022-00560-2","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible relationship between drinking (licks) in the schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) phenomenon and running (turns in the wheel) in the activity-based anorexia (ABA) one. Within-subjects counterbalanced experiments were designed with male Wistar rats which underwent both behavioral procedures; half of them performed the ABA procedure first and the other half the SIP procedure first. In Experiment 1, the initial development of ABA facilitated the subsequent acquisition of SIP, whereas the first acquisition of SIP retarded the subsequent development of ABA. Given that SIP exposure implied food restriction, it could be that adaptation to the food regime contributed to lowering ABA manifestation. Thus, Experiment 2 was carried out in exactly the same way as Experiment 1, with the exception that animals which first went through SIP prior to undergoing the ABA procedure had no food restriction. In this case, both ABA and SIP as first experiences facilitated the further development of SIP and ABA, respectively. This suggests that running in ABA may be functionally similar to drinking in SIP; therefore, both behaviors can be thought of as induced by the schedule/regime of intermittent food availability.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"502-520"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10546592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

State-transition-free reinforcement learning in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). 黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）的无状态转换强化学习。

IF 1.8 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00591-3

Yutaro Sato, Yutaka Sakai, Satoshi Hirata

{"title":"State-transition-free reinforcement learning in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).","authors":"Yutaro Sato, Yutaka Sakai, Satoshi Hirata","doi":"10.3758/s13420-023-00591-3","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-023-00591-3","url":null,"abstract":"The outcome of an action often occurs after a delay. One solution for learning appropriate actions from delayed outcomes is to rely on a chain of state transitions. Another solution, which does not rest on state transitions, is to use an eligibility trace (ET) that directly bridges a current outcome and multiple past actions via transient memories. Previous studies revealed that humans (Homo sapiens) learned appropriate actions in a behavioral task in which solutions based on the ET were effective but transition-based solutions were ineffective. This suggests that ET may be used in human learning systems. However, no studies have examined nonhuman animals with an equivalent behavioral task. We designed a task for nonhuman animals following a previous human study. In each trial, participants chose one of two stimuli that were randomly selected from three stimulus types: a stimulus associated with a food reward delivered immediately, a stimulus associated with a reward delivered after a few trials, and a stimulus associated with no reward. The presented stimuli did not vary according to the participants' choices. To maximize the total reward, participants had to learn the value of the stimulus associated with a delayed reward. Five chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) performed the task using a touchscreen. Two chimpanzees were able to learn successfully, indicating that learning mechanisms that do not depend on state transitions were involved in the learning processes. The current study extends previous ET research by proposing a behavioral task and providing empirical data from chimpanzees.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"413-427"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9690724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The effect of age on delay performance and associative learning tasks in pigeons. 年龄对鸽子延迟表现和联想学习任务的影响。

IF 1.8 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-01-09 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-022-00565-x

Mary Flaim, Aaron P Blaisdell

{"title":"The effect of age on delay performance and associative learning tasks in pigeons.","authors":"Mary Flaim, Aaron P Blaisdell","doi":"10.3758/s13420-022-00565-x","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-022-00565-x","url":null,"abstract":"Pigeons are commonly utilized in psychological research, and their cognitive abilities have been thoroughly investigated. Yet very little is known about how these abilities change with age. In contrast, age-related changes in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents are well documented. Mammalian research consistently shows that older subjects show deficits in a variety of learning and memory processes, particularly those that rely on the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. This research expands the avian aging literature by administering a memory task, the delayed match to sample procedure, and an associative learning task, a conditional or symbolic match to sample procedure, to nine young and 11 old pigeons. Previous research has indicated that these tasks rely on the avian equivalent to the mammalian prefrontal cortex, and we predicted that performance on both tasks would decline with age. In contrast to our predictions, only the associative learning task was sensitive to age-related decline. Performance on the memory task was maintained in older subjects. These results highlight further potential differences in avian versus mammalian aging, particularly when it comes to the prefrontal cortex.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":"51 3","pages":"281-294"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10506936/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10295245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Larger on the right: Honeybees represent quantities spatially. 右侧较大：蜜蜂在空间上代表数量。

IF 1.8 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2022-12-20 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-022-00561-1

Regina Paxton Gazes

引用次数: 0