Learning & Behavior最新文献_第3页

Place-cell coding in flying birds. 在飞行的鸟类中放置细胞编码。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-18 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00599-9

Mélanie F Guigueno

引用次数: 0

Mechanisms and rules of social learning in crickets. 蟋蟀社会学习的机制和规则

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-07 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00597-x

Yuan Lai, Isabelle Massou, Martin Giurfa

引用次数: 0

Active and passive waiting in impulsive choice: Effects of fixed-interval and fixed-time delays. 冲动选择中的主动和被动等待：固定间隔和固定时间延迟的影响。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-12 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00622-z

Travis Smith, Anderson Fitch, Aubrey Deavours, Kimberly Kirkpatrick

{"title":"Active and passive waiting in impulsive choice: Effects of fixed-interval and fixed-time delays.","authors":"Travis Smith, Anderson Fitch, Aubrey Deavours, Kimberly Kirkpatrick","doi":"10.3758/s13420-023-00622-z","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-023-00622-z","url":null,"abstract":"Behavioral interventions to improve self-control, preference for a larger-later (LL) reward over a smaller-sooner (SS) reward, involve experience with delayed rewards. Whether they involve timing processes remains controversial. In rats, there have been inconsistent results on whether timing processes may be involved in intervention-induced improvements in self-control. Interventions that improved self-control with corresponding timing improvements used fixed-interval (FI) delays, whereas interventions that failed to find corresponding timing improvements used fixed-time (FT) delays. The FI schedule includes a response contingency (active waiting), whereas the FT schedule delivers reward automatically (passive waiting). The present study compared the effects of FI and FT schedules in interventions and impulsive choice tasks to evaluate effects on self-control and timing behavior. The impulsive choice task evaluated preference for an SS option (one pellet after 10-, 15-, 20-, 25-, and 30-s delays) versus an LL option (two pellets after a 30-s delay). The intervention task included forced-choice SS (one pellet after 10 s) and LL (two pellets after 30 s) sessions under FI or FT schedules. FI schedules produced greater sensitivity to SS delay in the impulsive choice task. Both FI and FT interventions increased LL choices. Following choice testing, temporal bisection and peak interval tasks revealed better timing precision for rats with an FI delay experience. Overall, the FI choice contingency was associated with improved temporal attention and timing precision.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11239795/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139433062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Far from the threatening crowd: Generalisation of conditioned threat expectancy and fear in COVID-19 lockdown. 远离威胁人群：COVID-19 封锁中条件性威胁预期和恐惧的泛化。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-29 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-024-00625-4

Simon Dymond, Gemma Cameron, Daniel V Zuj, Martyn Quigley

{"title":"Far from the threatening crowd: Generalisation of conditioned threat expectancy and fear in COVID-19 lockdown.","authors":"Simon Dymond, Gemma Cameron, Daniel V Zuj, Martyn Quigley","doi":"10.3758/s13420-024-00625-4","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-024-00625-4","url":null,"abstract":"Fear and anxiety are rarely confined to specific stimuli or situations. In fear generalisation, there is a spread of fear responses elicited by physically dissimilar generalisation stimuli (GS) along a continuum between danger and safety. The current study investigated fear generalisation with a novel online task using COVID-19-relevant stimuli (i.e., busy or quiet shopping street/mall scenes) during pandemic lockdown restrictions in the United Kingdom. Participants (N = 50) first completed clinically relevant trait measures before commencing a habituation phase, where two conditioned stimuli (CSs; i.e., a busy or quiet high street/mall scene) were presented. Participants then underwent fear conditioning where one conditioned stimulus (CS+) was followed by an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US; a loud female scream accompanied by a facial photograph of a female displaying a fearful emotion) and another (CS-) was not. In a test phase, six generalisation stimuli were presented where the US was withheld, and participants provided threat expectancy and fear ratings for all stimuli. Following successful conditioning, fear generalization was observed for both threat expectancy and fear ratings. Trait worry partially predicted generalised threat expectancy and COVID-19 fear strongly predicted generalised fear. In conclusion, a generalisation gradient was evident using an online remote generalisation task with images of busy/quiet streets during the pandemic. Worry and fear of COVID-19 predicted fear generalisation.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11408548/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139576675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Extinction in multiple contexts reduces the return of extinguished responses: A multilevel meta-analysis. 多种情境下的消失减少了消失反应的回归:一项多层次荟萃分析。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00609-w

Javier Bustamante, Marcela Soto, Gonzalo Miguez, Vanetza E Quezada-Scholz, Rocío Angulo, Mario A Laborda

{"title":"Extinction in multiple contexts reduces the return of extinguished responses: A multilevel meta-analysis.","authors":"Javier Bustamante, Marcela Soto, Gonzalo Miguez, Vanetza E Quezada-Scholz, Rocío Angulo, Mario A Laborda","doi":"10.3758/s13420-023-00609-w","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-023-00609-w","url":null,"abstract":"Extinguished responses have been shown to reappear under several circumstances, and this reappearance is considered to model behaviors such as relapse after exposure therapy. Conducting extinction in multiple contexts has been explored as a technique to decrease the recovery of extinguished responses. The present meta-analysis aimed to examine whether extinction in multiple contexts can consistently reduce the recovery of extinguished responses. After searching in several databases, experiments were included in the analysis if they presented extinction in multiple contexts, an experimental design, and an adequate statistical report. Cohen's d was obtained for each critical comparison and weighted to obtain the sample's average weighted effect size. Analyses were then performed using a multilevel meta-analytic approach. Twenty-five studies were included, with a total sample of 37 experiments or critical comparisons. The analyses showed a large effect size for the sample, moderated by the length of conditioned stimulus exposure, type of experimental subject, and type of recovery. The robust effect of extinction in multiple contexts on relapse should encourage clinicians to consider extinction in multiple contexts as a useful technique in therapy and research.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138446797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Taste aversion learning during successive negative contrast. 连续负对比中的味觉厌恶学习

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-024-00626-3

Robert A Boakes, Connie Badolato, Simone Rehn

{"title":"Taste aversion learning during successive negative contrast.","authors":"Robert A Boakes, Connie Badolato, Simone Rehn","doi":"10.3758/s13420-024-00626-3","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-024-00626-3","url":null,"abstract":"Previous experiments found that acceptance of saccharin by rats was reduced if they had prior experience of sucrose or some other highly palatable solution. This study tested whether such successive negative contrast (SNC) effects involve acquisition of an aversion to the new taste. In three experiments, rats were switched from sucrose exposure in Stage 1 to a less palatable solution containing a new taste in Stage 2. In Experiments 1 and 2, a novel flavor was added to a saccharin solution at the start of Stage 2. In Experiment 1, preference tests revealed a weak aversion to the added vanilla flavor in the Suc-Sacch group, while in Experiment 2 an aversion was found in the Suc-Sacch group to the salty flavor that was used, compared with controls given access either saccharin or water in Stage 1. In Experiment 3, the Suc-Quin group, given quinine solution in Stage 2, displayed a greater aversion to quinine than a Water-Quin control group. These results support the suggestion that taste aversion learning plays a role in the initial suppression of intakes in a qualitative consummatory SNC effect. However, in the light of other evidence, it seems that the unusual persistence of successive negative contrast when rats are switched from sucrose to saccharin is not due to a long-lasting reduction in the value of saccharin.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11408539/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139708386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Crows make optimal choices based on relative probabilities. 乌鸦根据相对概率做出最佳选择。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00612-1

Amalia P M Bastos

引用次数: 0

Giving time a chance in the midsession reversal task. 在盘中反转任务中给时间一个机会。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-20 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00606-z

Catarina Soares, Carlos Pinto, Armando Machado

{"title":"Giving time a chance in the midsession reversal task.","authors":"Catarina Soares, Carlos Pinto, Armando Machado","doi":"10.3758/s13420-023-00606-z","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-023-00606-z","url":null,"abstract":"The midsession reversal task involves a simultaneous discrimination between stimuli S1 and S2. Choice of S1 but not S2 is reinforced during the first 40 trials, and choice of S2 but not S1 is reinforced during the last 40 trials. Trials are separated by a constant intertrial interval (ITI). Pigeons learn the task seemingly by timing the moment of the reversal trial. Hence, most of their errors occur around trial 40 (S2 choices before trial 41 and S1 choices after trial 40). It has been found that when the ITI is doubled on a test session, the reversal trial is halved, a result consistent with timing. However, inconsistent with timing, halving the ITI on a test session did not double the reversal trial. The asymmetry of ITI effects could be due to the intrusion of novel cues during testing, cues that preempt the timing cue. To test this hypothesis, we ran two types of tests after the regular training in the midsession reversal task, one with S1 and S2 choices always reinforced, and another with S1 always reinforced but S2 reinforced only after 20 trials when the ITI doubled or 40 trials when the ITI halved. For most pigeons, performance was consistent with timing both when the ITI doubled and when it was halved, but some pigeons appeared to follow strategies based on counting or on reinforcement contingencies.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11408557/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138177731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessing preferences for adult versus juvenile features in young animals: Newly hatched chicks spontaneously approach red and large stimuli. 评估幼年动物对成年特征和幼年特征的偏好：刚出壳的雏鸟自发地接近红色和大型刺激物

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-024-00638-z

Laura V Freeland, Michael G Emmerson, Vera Vasas, Josephine Gomes, Elisabetta Versace

{"title":"Assessing preferences for adult versus juvenile features in young animals: Newly hatched chicks spontaneously approach red and large stimuli.","authors":"Laura V Freeland, Michael G Emmerson, Vera Vasas, Josephine Gomes, Elisabetta Versace","doi":"10.3758/s13420-024-00638-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-024-00638-z","url":null,"abstract":"Young precocial birds benefit from staying close to both their mother and their siblings, while prioritising adults, which provide better care. Which features of the stimuli are used by young birds to prioritise approach and eventually attachment to adults over siblings is unknown. We started to address this question in newly hatched domestic chicks (Gallus gallus), focusing on their spontaneous preferences for visual features that systematically vary between adult and juvenile chickens, and that had previously been identified as attractive: size (larger in adults than in juveniles) and colour (darker and redder in adults than in juveniles). Overall, chicks at their first visual experience, that had never seen a conspecific beforehand, were most attracted to the red and large stimuli (two adult features) and spent more time in close proximity with red stimuli than with yellow stimuli. When tested with red large versus small objects (Exp. 1), chicks preferred the large shape. When tested with yellow large and small objects (Exp. 2), chicks did not show a preference. Chicks had a stronger preference for large red stimuli (vs. small yellow objects) than for small red stimuli (vs. a large yellow object) (Exp. 3). These results suggest that the combination of size and colour form the predisposition that helps chicks to spontaneously discriminate between adult and juvenile features from the first stages of life, in the absence of previous experience, exhibiting a preference to approach stimuli with features associated with the presence of adult conspecifics.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141989378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Differential effect of training impure tacts versus pure tacts plus intraverbal on the emergence of new verbal operants: A conceptual and methodological study. 训练不纯触觉与纯触觉加内部言语对出现新言语操作的不同影响：概念和方法研究。

IF 1.9 4区心理学

Learning & Behavior Pub Date : 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-024-00636-1

Miguel A Maldonado, José Andrés Lorca-Marín, María Sheila Velo-Ramírez, Francisco J Alós

{"title":"Differential effect of training impure tacts versus pure tacts plus intraverbal on the emergence of new verbal operants: A conceptual and methodological study.","authors":"Miguel A Maldonado, José Andrés Lorca-Marín, María Sheila Velo-Ramírez, Francisco J Alós","doi":"10.3758/s13420-024-00636-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-024-00636-1","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this research was to test the effect of training impure tact versus pure tact and intraverbals on the emergence of new verbal operants (impure tacts), thus establishing a conceptual and methodological differentiation on these operants. This was done by varying the training order of intraverbal or impure tact to analyze and confirm whether or not impure tact is the mere sum of pure tact plus intraverbal and therefore has different functions and consequences in learning. An experiment was conducted with 30 participants randomly assigned to three groups. In Group 1, pure tact plus intraverbal and then impure tact were trained. In Group 3 the training order of these operants was counterbalanced. Group 2 was the control group, training only pure tact plus intraverbal. After the training phases, the emergence of impure tacts was tested. The results of this research indicate that the training of impure tacts favors the emergence of new impure tacts to a greater extent than the training of pure tact plus intraverbal and that they therefore have different functions. It is also shown that variation in the order of presentation of the type of training influences the subsequent emergence of new operants (impure tacts), so that creating a previous history of learning in impure tacts favors emergence even when the intraverbal alone is subsequently trained. This has important implications at both conceptual and methodological levels as it would contribute to the development of more effective language training technologies.","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141894741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0