{"title":"Deep learning for EEG-based sleep stage classification: a review.","authors":"Ke Yang, Haixian Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11517-026-03583-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-026-03583-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Deep learning architectures are now widely applied in sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis. These developments have significantly advanced EEG-based sleep stage classification. This progress offers considerable benefits for sleep research and the diagnosis of neurological disorders. This work provides a systematic review of deep learning models for sleep staging. It analyzes the evolution of their architectures and input representation strategies. Additionally, it summarizes the current usage of preprocessing strategies, public datasets, and evaluation metrics. The cross-dataset accuracy comparison and stage-wise F<sub>1</sub> distribution analysis indicate that the performance of existing models is highly dependent on the dataset, and that the evaluation system overly relies on overall accuracy. As a result, it fails to reveal performance weaknesses on minority stages and pathological data. Furthermore, this review discusses the core challenges current models face in generalization, interpretability, and clinical applicability. To address these challenges, the construction of diverse datasets, optimization of architecture design, enhancement of interpretability mechanisms, and promotion of clinical validation are also proposed as future directions. This review aims to guide the transition from algorithmic innovation to clinically reliable sleep staging research.</p>","PeriodicalId":49840,"journal":{"name":"Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147822721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mustafa Erkam Özates, Firooz Salami, Sebastian Immanuel Wolf, Yunus Ziya Arslan
{"title":"Comparison of deep and conventional machine learning methods in predicting joint moments in patients with cerebral palsy.","authors":"Mustafa Erkam Özates, Firooz Salami, Sebastian Immanuel Wolf, Yunus Ziya Arslan","doi":"10.1007/s11517-026-03548-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11517-026-03548-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49840,"journal":{"name":"Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing","volume":" ","pages":"1793-1809"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13132965/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147476071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Md Abdullah Al Imran, Chandan Karmakar, Farnad Nasirzadeh
{"title":"Simultaneous detection of physical and mental fatigue using limited-channel EEG for practical workplace monitoring.","authors":"Md Abdullah Al Imran, Chandan Karmakar, Farnad Nasirzadeh","doi":"10.1007/s11517-026-03562-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11517-026-03562-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49840,"journal":{"name":"Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing","volume":" ","pages":"1811-1826"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13132898/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147487528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna De Cet, Martina Colombo, Luca D'Andrea, Ilaria Rota, Luigi La Barbera, Pasquale Vena, Dario Gastaldi
{"title":"Design of 3D-printed hydroxyapatite intervertebral fusion cages in a patient specific framework.","authors":"Anna De Cet, Martina Colombo, Luca D'Andrea, Ilaria Rota, Luigi La Barbera, Pasquale Vena, Dario Gastaldi","doi":"10.1007/s11517-026-03546-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11517-026-03546-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49840,"journal":{"name":"Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing","volume":" ","pages":"1775-1791"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13133197/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147469803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jacob T Treanor, Justin M Cole, Jason S Rudinsky, Andrea Chobrutskiy, Boris I Chobrutskiy, George Blanck
{"title":"High-throughput, quantitative approach to peptide epitope discovery.","authors":"Jacob T Treanor, Justin M Cole, Jason S Rudinsky, Andrea Chobrutskiy, Boris I Chobrutskiy, George Blanck","doi":"10.1007/s11517-026-03552-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11517-026-03552-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49840,"journal":{"name":"Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing","volume":" ","pages":"1713-1726"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147460682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}