Neuropsychology Review最新文献

{"title":"Memory Test Performance of People with Subjective Cognitive Decline Recruited From Different Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Katie A Peterson, Adrian Leddy, Fiona Ellis, Richard Meiser-Stedman, Michael Hornberger","doi":"10.1007/s11065-025-09688-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-025-09688-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is defined as self-experienced cognitive decline without objective impairment on standardised tests. Research suggests SCD may show subtle impairment on detailed neuropsychological assessment and might therefore indicate the earliest stage of neurodegeneration. This review (PROSPERO: CRD42023382096) seeks to determine whether group differences in memory task performance between people with and without SCD exist. The review included studies since 2014 comparing episodic memory performance between people with and without SCD; where people with SCD were recruited exclusively from community or medical settings. Studies providing data for people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were included in a separate meta-analysis comparing SCD and MCI. A systematic search was conducted (PsycINFO, Web of Science, MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed on 11th August 2023). Risk of bias was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool. 1,815 records were identified, of which 45 met inclusion criteria and were included in a random-effects meta-analysis (SCD N = 5,948, Non-SCD N = 8,468). Twenty-one studies additionally provided data for an MCI group (SCD N = 1,034, MCI N = 2,119). Results indicated people with SCD performed significantly worse than people without SCD (Hedges' g = -0.19, 95% CI = -0.26, -0.11) and significantly better than MCI participants (Hedges' g = 1.20, 95% CI = 0.94, 1.46). For both meta-analyses there was significant between-study heterogeneity. There was a significant risk of publication bias for the meta-analysis comparing SCD to Non-SCD. These results suggest detailed memory assessment may be sensitive to reduced objective memory performance in SCD. However, it is unclear whether the small effect size has clinical significance. Higher quality and larger studies are needed to rule out the influence of moderating factors on memory performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":49754,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145846441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Comparative Efficacy of Antidepressant and Psychological Therapies on Cognition in Depression: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Sigurd Dølven, Marcin Moroń, Ida Eriksen, Jakob E G Toft, Maria Semkovska","doi":"10.1007/s11065-025-09686-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-025-09686-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A common hallmark of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is deficits in cognitive functions during an episode and in remission. These cognitive deficits interfere with daily living and are significant predictors of MDD relapse. To address the role cognitive functioning plays in MDD, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to estimate the comparative efficacy of psychological and pharmacological depression treatments on objective cognitive functioning. We conducted a systematic literature search in MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and Scopus. The review included commonly prescribed psychological and pharmacological therapies for depression, and our primary outcome was a pre-post change in cognition. We conducted a random-effects frequentist network meta-analysis to estimate the relative efficacy of included treatments. The review included 40 randomized trials, with 32 studies evaluating antidepressants, six psychotherapies and two, a combination of psychotherapies and antidepressants. Vortioxetine was the only antidepressant showing a small significant effect compared with placebo on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Trial Making Test Part B, Stroop test, Congruent condition and word list learning tests (g = -0.23 to -0.29). Common antidepressants, including escitalopram, citalopram, paroxetine and fluoxetine were not significantly different from placebo in improving cognition. The preliminary findings from psychotherapies indicate that cognitive behavioral therapy might improve recognition memory but not spontaneous recall. The findings suggest that, among antidepressants, vortioxetine is the sole treatment improving cognition in depression. The effects were however small, highlighting the need for the development of MDD interventions targeting cognition.</p>","PeriodicalId":49754,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145710231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain Functional and Structural Changes of Breast Cancer After Chemotherapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Ying Chen, Bin Wang, Xu Wang, Mei Wu, Zhuchen Yan, Xingna Xu, Shiyan Yan","doi":"10.1007/s11065-025-09681-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-025-09681-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chemotherapy, a standard treatment for breast cancer (BC), is known to exert neurotoxic effects on the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to identify consistent patterns of brain structural and functional alterations linked to chemotherapy in patients with BC and explore potential clinical correlates, such as age, education, and treatment characteristics. Data from 29 neuroimaging investigations, including structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging, and resting-state functional MRI, were analyzed using a coordinate-based meta-analysis. The results revealed significant gray matter reductions in regions including the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insula, cerebellum, and rolandic operculum, alongside functional hypoactivation in the rolandic operculum and insula, when comparing chemotherapy-treated patients to chemotherapy-naive controls. These findings suggest that chemotherapy primarily affects regions involved in cognitive and emotional regulation. A higher education level may serve as a protective factor, possibly reflecting greater gray matter structural integrity, that mitigates chemotherapy-related neurotoxic effects. This study may offer insights into the underlying neural mechanisms of chemotherapy-related cognitive changes. Further research should investigate treatment-specific effects and long-term outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":49754,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145716482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Neural Correlates of Direct vs. Generative Retrieval of Episodic Autobiographical Memory.","authors":"Sarah Daviddi, Gülara Yaya, Marco Sperduti, Valerio Santangelo","doi":"10.1007/s11065-024-09653-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11065-024-09653-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a widespread view that episodic autobiographical memories (EAMs) can be retrieved \"directly\" or \"generatively.\" However, the neural mechanisms underlying these retrieval modes have been overlooked in the literature, likely due to the difficulty of operationalizing the two notions. Here, we propose to operationalize direct vs. generative retrieval based on memory cue specificity, in terms of EAMs elicited by specific/personalized vs. generic memory cues, respectively. After completing a literature search in four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science) in 2023, we performed a multilevel kernel density analysis (MKDA) to directly compare activations from 32 neuroimaging studies investigating these two EAM retrieval modalities with the above memory cue distinction. Both direct and generative retrieval showed common activations of the left hippocampus, bilateral angular gyrus, and posterior cingulate cortex. The direct vs. generative comparison revealed the activation of a brain circuit comprising the anterior and posterior cortical midline, the left angular gyrus, and the right cerebellum. Previous literature suggests that these regions play a role in self-referential processes, indicating that direct access to EAMs may be supported by the recruitment of self-related neural resources that facilitate the retrieval of personal memories. Conversely, generative vs. direct MKDA revealed the activation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. As this region has been previously associated with schematic memory, its involvement may emphasize the \"constructive\" nature of generative EAM retrieval. Overall, the current findings extend the previous literature by providing the neurobiological foundation of direct and generative EAM retrieval.</p>","PeriodicalId":49754,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology Review","volume":" ","pages":"710-730"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142802865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Item-Level Analysis of Category Fluency Test Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies of Normal and Neurologically Abnormal Ageing.","authors":"Matteo De Marco, Laura M Wright, Elena Makovac","doi":"10.1007/s11065-024-09657-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11065-024-09657-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While Category Fluency (CF) is widely used to help profile semantic memory, item-level scoring (ILS) approaches to this test have been proposed to obtain indices that are less influenced by non-semantic supportive functions. We systematically reviewed the literature to test the hypotheses that (1) compared with healthy adults, individuals with a clinical diagnosis suggestive of neurodegeneration generate words of lower semantic complexity; (2) compared with young adults, older adults generate words of higher semantic complexity. We searched six databases (date of search: 8 December 2023) for studies that relied on CF and ILS methods, in normal ageing and in age-associated neurodegeneration. Thirty-four studies were shortlisted: 27 on neurodegenerative conditions; 7 on normal ageing. Risk of bias was evaluated via a published checklist. Data were presented via qualitative synthesis. Most studies reported words of lower semantic complexity in relation to at least one item-level feature in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer's dementia (AD), and other neurodegenerative diseases. Post-hoc meta-analyses focussing on the MCI/AD continuum confirmed an effect on words' frequency (385 MCI/AD individuals and 350 controls; Hedges's G = 0.59) and age-of-acquisition (193 MCI/AD individuals and 161 controls; Hedges's G =  - 1.51). Studies on normal ageing, conversely, failed to demonstrate any overall effect. Most studies on MCI and AD have not relied on neurobiological diagnostic criteria. Moreover, only a small number of studies analysed ILS controlling for quantitative CF performance. Despite these two limitations, this study suggests that ILS can contribute to an in-depth characterisation of semantic memory in neurological ageing.</p>","PeriodicalId":49754,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology Review","volume":" ","pages":"644-687"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12920347/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143014729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Noninvasive Brain Stimulation in Primary Progressive Aphasia with and Without Concomitant Speech and Language Therapy: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Francesco Lomi, Ilaria Simonelli, Stefano Cappa, Patrizio Pasqualetti, Simone Rossi","doi":"10.1007/s11065-025-09659-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11065-025-09659-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Primary progressive aphasias (PPA) represent a group of neurodegenerative conditions affecting verbal communication abilities for which no effective medication is currently available. Noninvasive brain stimulation (NiBS) has been mainly explored as adjunctive therapy to conventional speech and language therapy (SLT) with promising results. The present meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) aims to evaluate the efficacy of NiBS in PPA patients on a range of linguistic tasks (naming, phonemic fluency, semantic fluency). A literature search was carried out using EMBASE and PUBMED, searching for multi-session RCTs administering NiBS on PPA patients as stand-alone or with SLT. The results were not significant overall, indicating a null difference between the active and the sham condition on language functions; pooled effects tended to be higher in parallel than in crossover studies and for follow-ups than post-treatment. In the naming analyses, the combined effects for the studies that coupled NiBS with SLT were slightly higher than the overall effect at each time point, although not significant. These results need to be considered with caution given the low number of included studies and small sample sizes, but offer relevant indications for future research in terms of optimal treatment protocols and personalization of therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":49754,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology Review","volume":" ","pages":"617-643"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12920721/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143076077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dopaminergic Treatment and Episodic Memory in Parkinson's Disease: A Meta-analysis of the Literature.","authors":"Agostino Stanzione, Francesco Maria Melchiori, Alberto Costa, Carla Leonardi, Francesco Scalici, Carlo Caltagirone, Giovanni Augusto Carlesimo","doi":"10.1007/s11065-024-09656-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11065-024-09656-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To date, few studies have focused on the benefits of dopaminergic treatment on episodic memory functions in patients affected by Parkinson's disease (PD). We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the effects of pharmacological therapy with dopamine in alleviating episodic memory deficits in Parkinson's patients. A secondary aim was to evaluate the role of dopamine in episodic memory circuits and thus in different memory systems. We conducted a comprehensive literature search in PubMed (1971-2022) to find studies that met specific inclusion criteria. The studies had to provide sufficient data (means and standard deviations) to evaluate performance on neuropsychological tests of episodic memory. A total of k = 36 measures were included in the analysis. A statistically significant difference suggested better performance following dopaminergic therapy assumption (ON condition) than following dopaminergic withdrawal (OFF condition), specifically the estimated pooled effect calculated through a random-effects restricted maximum likelihood model was log ratio of means (RoM) = 0.047 (p = 0.011). The back-transformed RoM, indicating a 4.8% improvement, provides an interpretable measure of the effect size, as it reflects the multiplicative change in performance associated with the ON condition. A meta-regression analysis was also performed to assess the influence of specific memory tasks and relevant covariates/factors on the overall meta-analytic effect: four memory contrasts (verbal/visual, immediate/delayed, recall/recognition, word-list/short-story), age of participants, years of education, severity of illness, duration of illness in years, country of study, proportion of women in the sample, type of medication, counterbalancing. Word list/short story and proportion of women in the sample were the only two statistically significant predictors in the model, both associated with a positive higher pooled effect size. The present study revealed a significant overall difference between the results obtained in the ON and OFF conditions. We also found a significantly greater pharmacological effect in the recall of short stories than word lists, which supports the hypothesis of a beneficial effect of dopamine on the hippocampal circuit rather than on prefrontal cortical areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":49754,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology Review","volume":" ","pages":"688-709"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142873317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive Intra-individual Variability in Cognitively Healthy APOE ε4 Carriers, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer's Disease: a Meta-analysis.","authors":"Stephen L Aita, Victor A Del Bene, Donald L Knapp, Claire E Demming, Vasilios C Ikonomou, Tyler Owen, Ivan A Campbell, Bailey N Wagaman, Nicholas C Borgogna, Joshua E Caron, Robert M Roth, Benjamin D Hill","doi":"10.1007/s11065-024-09654-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11065-024-09654-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intra-individual variability (IIV) quantifies an individual's scatter in performances across a test battery (dispersion) or across reaction times within a single task (consistency). No studies have meta-analyzed the cross-sectional IIV literature in those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's dementia (AD). An additional aim of this meta-analysis was to examine IIV in APOE ε4 + healthy control (HC) samples. A systematic search strategy was applied to six databases (Academic Search Complete, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, CINAHL Complete, ERIC, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses) to identify studies comparing the extent of dispersion- and consistency-based cognitive IIV between clinical (MCI, AD) and HC samples. Thirty-five studies met the inclusion criteria for our random-effects cross-sectional meta-analysis. Hedges' g was used to aggregate between-group effect sizes, with higher positive values indicating clinical > HC IIV. Meta-regression and subgroup-analyses were conducted to evaluate continuous and categorical moderator variables, respectively. Omnibus models yielded analogous moderate-strength, albeit heterogeneous, effects for dispersion and consistency (g = 0.65). Clinical severity was a robust moderator of dispersion (MCI = 0.47, AD = 1.16) and consistency (MCI = 0.51, AD = 1.31) effects. Supplemental analysis of APOE ε4 status in HCs revealed a nonsignificant trend of elevated overall (i.e., dispersion + consistency) IIV in APOE ε4 + vs. APOE ε4 - HC samples (g = 0.24). Cognitive IIV is sensitive to the presence of AD-related genetic risk as well as neurocognitive impairment across the neurocognitive disorder severity spectrum, with a graded-pattern of HC < MCI < AD samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":49754,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology Review","volume":" ","pages":"745-765"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142683471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement Error and Methodologic Issues in Analyses of the Proportion of Variance Explained in Cognition.","authors":"Emma Nichols, Vahan Aslanyan, Tamare V Adrien, Ryan M Andrews, David W Fardo, Brandon E Gavett, Theone S E Paterson, Indira C Turney, Christina B Young, James O Uanhoro, Alden L Gross, For The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","doi":"10.1007/s11065-024-09655-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11065-024-09655-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Existing studies examining the predictive ability of biomarkers for cognitive outcomes do not account for variance due to measurement error, which could lead to under-estimates of the proportion of variance explained. We used data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) (N = 1084) to estimate the proportion of variance explained by Alzheimer's disease (AD) imaging biomarkers in four cognitive outcomes: memory, executive functioning, language, and visuospatial functioning. We compared estimates from standard models that do not account for measurement error, and multilevel models that do account for measurement error. We also examined estimates across diagnostic subgroups (normal, MCI, AD). Estimates of the proportion of variance explained from multilevel models accounting for measurement error were larger (e.g., for language, 9-47% vs. 7-34% under standard modeling), with relatively greater differences between standard and multilevel measurement models for cognitive outcomes that have larger measurement error variance. Heterogeneity across subgroups also emphasized the importance of sample composition. Future studies should evaluate measurement error adjustments when considerable measurement error in cognitive outcomes is suspected.</p>","PeriodicalId":49754,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology Review","volume":" ","pages":"731-744"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12089424/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142683499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Academic Achievement of Children and Adolescents with Neurofibromatosis Type 1: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Liyan Yu, Dan Liu, Jonathan M Payne, Xian Wu, Heather L Thompson, Julia Moreira, Lauren Morey, Benjamin Felipe Mujica, Yang Hou","doi":"10.1007/s11065-025-09684-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-025-09684-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This meta-analysis estimated academic achievement differences between children and adolescents with and without Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and explored potential moderators. Systematic literature searches from inception to March 2025 identified 2,531 unique articles, with 39 studies (146 effect sizes) met inclusion criteria. These studies encompassed data from 3,681 individuals with NF1 (43.95% female; M_age = 10.50 years, SD = 2.53) and 15,153 without NF1 (48.92% female; M_age = 9.85 years, SD = 3.03). Group differences in academic achievement (Hedges' g) were synthesized using robust standard error estimation and random effect models. Individuals with NF1 exhibited lower achievement in reading (g = -0.79, 95% CI [-0.95, -0.64]), writing (g = -0.82, 95% CI [-0.95, -0.68]), and math (g = -0.77, 95% CI [-0.90, -0.65]). Group disparities were present across reading subskills with greater differences in pseudoword reading (g = -1.43, 95% CI [-1.98, -0.89]) and word reading (g = -0.96, 95% CI [-1.26, -0.67]) than reading fluency (g = -0.62, 95% CI [-1.00, -0.23]). Lower full-scale IQ and verbal IQ were linked to greater group disparities in writing, but not in reading or math. Disparities were greater when unaffected siblings were used as controls (vs. normative data) in reading and writing. These findings underscore the need for targeted support and educational interventions for individuals with NF1.</p>","PeriodicalId":49754,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145642220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}