Nursing Ethics最新文献

{"title":"Health advocacy and moral distress among nurses in organ transplant units.","authors":"João Paulo Victorino, Emanuele Seicenti de Brito, Ursula Marcondes Westin, Mara Ambrosina de Oliveira Vargas, Karina Dal Sasso Mendes, Carla Aparecida Arena Ventura","doi":"10.1177/09697330241295368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09697330241295368","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Health advocacy is crucial for both patients and healthcare professionals. However, nurses who recognize the importance of health advocacy may experience heightened moral distress, particularly in complex donation and transplantation cases where patient autonomy, respect, and advocacy are paramount.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To identify the factors contributing to moral distress among nurses working in solid organ transplant units at a university hospital in São Paulo, with a focus on health advocacy.</p><p><strong>Research design: </strong>This descriptive, cross-sectional study employs both quantitative and qualitative methods. For this, the quantitative phase of the study was conducted utilizing the Moral Distress Scale, while the qualitative phase was executed through focus group discussions.</p><p><strong>Participants and research context: </strong>The quantitative phase involved 15 nurses using the Moral Distress Scale. The qualitative phase consisted of a focus group with 5 nurse managers/coordinators from the transplant units. Quantitative data were analyzed using R® software, while qualitative data were analyzed using Bardin's Content Analysis.</p><p><strong>Ethical considerations: </strong>The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of São Paulo. Participation was voluntary and confidentiality was ensured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant correlation was found between moral distress and the factors of \"disregard for patient autonomy\" (<i>p</i> = .0100) and \"therapeutic obstinacy\" (<i>p</i> = .0492).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The primary determinants associated with moral distress in the context of health advocacy were identified as \"disregard for patient autonomy\" and \"therapeutic obstinacy.\"</p>","PeriodicalId":49729,"journal":{"name":"Nursing Ethics","volume":" ","pages":"9697330241295368"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142511704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Educational needs of midwifery students in medical ethics: A qualitative study.","authors":"Roghieh Bayrami, Nazafarin Ghasemzadeh, Daniz Montakhabi Oskuii","doi":"10.1177/09697330241287836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09697330241287836","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Ethics education is a basic part of midwifery education program. However, there is no evidence to show that ethics education has been able to meet the educational needs of midwifery students. <b>Purpose:</b> This study aimed to explore the educational needs of students for ethics in midwifery program with a focus on the course of history, ethics, and rules of midwifery. <b>Research design and participants:</b> The present study is qualitative descriptive content analysis research, exploring midwifery students' needs of ethics education in bachelor's degrees. We conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews with 11 undergraduate midwifery students, seven midwives working in hospitals and health centers, and seven midwifery faculty members in Urmia University of Medical Sciences. The participants were selected using a purposeful sampling method and invited to join the study from December 2021 to June 2022. The sampling continued until data saturation. <b>Findings:</b> Content analysis identified four categories and associated subcategories: 1. \"The client's rights\": respecting the dignity of clients, confidentiality, the client's right to choose and make decisions; 2. \"Legal and ethical requirements of fertility\": abortion, alternative treatment for infertility, domestic violence; 3. \"Communication skills\": communication with the client, communication with clients' caregivers and communication with colleagues; and 4. \"ethical principles in research\": compliance with ethical principles in the research process and ethical principles in publishing research findings. <b>Ethical considerations:</b> The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Urmia University of Medical Sciences. Before filling the questionnaires, written informed consent was obtained from the participants. The participants were assured of the confidentiality of personal information. <b>Conclusion:</b> The educational needs of midwifery students can be met by providing theoretical and practical training on respecting the pregnant mother, communication skills, legal and ethical aspects of the reproductive period, and incorporating ethical principles in related courses.</p>","PeriodicalId":49729,"journal":{"name":"Nursing Ethics","volume":" ","pages":"9697330241287836"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142479127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethical aspects of staff responses when older people with dementia express false beliefs.","authors":"Feliciano Villar, Daniela Martínez","doi":"10.1177/09697330241295376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09697330241295376","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Challenging false beliefs are common situations among people living with dementia. They frequently imply time-shifts, that is, situations in which the person re-lives past experiences. Since they have emotional implications and important ethical implications, they are difficult to manage by caregivers, who are faced with the decision of telling or not telling the truth.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>The study aimed to explore professional staff's perceptions of common and best practices to manage a situation in which a person living with dementia is having a false belief, specifically a time-shift. The study compares technical staff's and assistant carers' responses.</p><p><strong>Participants and research context: </strong>Forty-two staff members working in four Spanish long-term care facilities were interviewed. 21 were assistant carers and 21 were technical staff.</p><p><strong>Research design: </strong>This study involved a qualitative design, content-analyzing participant's responses to semi-structured interviews. Participants read a vignette about a person living with dementia having a time-shift and were asked (1) how a situation like that is commonly managed and (2) how it should be managed.</p><p><strong>Ethical considerations: </strong>The principles of informed consent, confidentiality, and assessment of consequences for participants were observed throughout the entire study, which was approved by the University of Barcelona Ethics Committee (IRB 00003099). Written participant's consent was obtained prior to interviews.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>All the participants mentioned having experienced a situation similar to that described in the vignette. In the case of common practices, lying was the most frequently mentioned strategy. As for best practices, lying and telling the truth were mentioned as well as responses that lie in-between, such as distracting or relaxing. However, most assistant carers reported that they do not know how a challenging false belief should be managed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings stress the importance of organizational guidelines and staff development in the management of challenging false beliefs (and specifically time-shifts) in PLWD.</p>","PeriodicalId":49729,"journal":{"name":"Nursing Ethics","volume":" ","pages":"9697330241295376"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142511703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of ethical sensitivity in nursing students: Tools, trends, and implications.","authors":"Yaning Lyu, Xifeng Liang, Jing Li, Cheng Chi","doi":"10.1177/09697330241295375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09697330241295375","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rapid advances in medical technology, changing healthcare policies, and increasing patient diversity have exacerbated the ethical challenges. As nursing students are an integral part of the future nursing workforce, ethical sensitivity has a critical impact on their future careers.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aims to promote research in related fields by systematically reviewing the origin and development of the concept of ethical sensitivity in nursing students, comparing currently available tools for assessing ethical sensitivity in nursing students, and exploring their applicability and reliability.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature review method was used in this study. A literature search was conducted for assessment tools published between 1995 and 2024. A total of six articles focusing on assessment tools they developed to measure ethical or moral sensitivity were included and analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our analysis revealed significant variations in the reliability and applicability of these assessment tools, particularly when used in diverse cultural settings. The study also identified a need for localized modifications of these tools to ensure their accuracy and relevance in different regions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings provide valuable guidance for nursing educators in selecting appropriate assessment tools and offer a foundation for developing new tools that are more contextually relevant. This study contributes to the advancement of ethical sensitivity education for nursing students worldwide, ultimately enhancing patient care and professional development.</p>","PeriodicalId":49729,"journal":{"name":"Nursing Ethics","volume":" ","pages":"9697330241295375"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142511701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nurses' adherence to ethical principles - A qualitative study.","authors":"Valery Wong, Norasyikin Hassan, Yoke Ping Wong, Sophia Yen Nee Chua, Shaliza Abdul Rahman, Mas Linda Mohamad, Siriwan Lim","doi":"10.1177/09697330241291159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09697330241291159","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nursing is regulated by a set of professional standards. Whilst many forms of ethics apply to nursing, the biomedical ethical framework is common, involving autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice. In healthcare, nurses often encounter ethical dilemmas that require them to navigate conflicting ethical principles. However, how nurses adhere to these principles in such situations is unclear.</p><p><strong>Research aim: </strong>To explore how registered nurses adhere to ethical principles when dealing with ethical dilemmas at work.</p><p><strong>Research design: </strong>A qualitative descriptive study design.</p><p><strong>Participants and research context: </strong>Between August and December 2023, 21 registered nurses were recruited from a teaching hospital through purposive sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured in-person interviews or online video conferencing. Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis approach was employed to analyse the data.</p><p><strong>Ethical considerations: </strong>Interview participation was voluntary. Written consent was obtained before participation. Participants' real identities were replaced with pseudonyms. This study was approved by the SingHealth Centralised Institutional Review Board.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>The data analysis developed four major themes and 15 subthemes. The four major themes are \"Addressing the dilemma,\" \"Contemplating the principles and consequences,\" \"Coordinating for well-informed, ethical decision,\" and \"Self-reflecting and finding consolation.\"</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study explains how nurses navigate and uphold ethical principles when caring for patients to the best of their ability. Fully adhering to ethical principles can be challenging for caring for actively dying patients. Further research can expound on nurses' experiences and adherence to ethical principles in complex clinical cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":49729,"journal":{"name":"Nursing Ethics","volume":" ","pages":"9697330241291159"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142511719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interventions for the promotion of the ethical environment among health professionals: Scoping review.","authors":"Taís Carpes Lanes, Graziele de Lima Dalmolin, Camila Antunez Villagran, Sabrina Azevedo Wagner Benetti, Flávia Regina Souza Ramos","doi":"10.1177/09697330241279061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09697330241279061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Education is a tool for the promotion of ethical skills that ensure the principles of conduct and the quality of care provided. The literature is still incipient in this theme; however, some studies point to education and ethical consultations as strategies to promote an ethical environment.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To map the interventions that aim to prospect the ethical environment in health services.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Scoping review to answer the question \"What interventions are being used by health professionals to prospect an ethical environment in health services?\" It occurred in the Medline (PubMed), CINAHL with Full Text (EBSCO), Scopus, Embase (Elsevier), and Web of Science databases in January 2023 by two reviewers, via the Rayyan platform. Articles with health professionals addressing interventions to prospect the ethical environment in any health service were included, without time frame. A form was used for data extraction and analysis occurred via Bardin content analysis. The review protocol was registered in the Open Science Framework.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>2429 records were found; however, only 12 articles were included for analysis, these being randomized, cross-sectional, descriptive, and qualitative studies. Among the interventions, it was noticed that 58.3% (<i>n</i> = 7) is about ethical education, 16.7% (<i>n</i> = 2) about ethical guidelines and codes, 16.7% (<i>n</i> = 2) about ethical reflection and leadership, and 8.3% (<i>n</i> = 1) of ethical consultations. A theoretical map was elaborated, and four types of interventions were identified, based on ethical consultation, ethical education, guidelines and codes of ethics, reflection, and ethical leadership.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The interventions were considered effective to prospect the ethical environment in health services, and their effectiveness was evaluated by validated instruments, as well as through interviews and focus groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":49729,"journal":{"name":"Nursing Ethics","volume":" ","pages":"9697330241279061"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142479128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stimulating ambulance specialist nurse students' ethical reflections by high-fidelity simulation.","authors":"Jonas Wihlborg, Ulf Andersson, Anders Sterner, Lars Sandman, Anna Kängström, Gabriella N Boysen","doi":"10.1177/09697330241291162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09697330241291162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> Ethical competence in professional practice can be considered essential among nurses and nurses in ambulance care encounter ethical dilemmas frequently. To enhance ethical competence among students in the ambulance specialist nursing program, high-fidelity simulation scenarios including ethical dilemmas were introduced as a learning activity. <b>Research aim:</b> The research aim was to investigate the usefulness of high-fidelity simulation in ambulance specialist nurse education to teach ethical reasoning when caring for children. <b>Research design:</b> This study was conducted as a qualitative interview study, complemented with observations and using field notes and qualitative interviews for data collection. Data was analysed using deductive qualitative content analysis based on a care ethical model. <b>Participants and research context:</b> Participants (<i>n</i> = 35) were recruited from an ambulance nurse educational program at a Swedish university. Data was collected after the students took part in two high-fidelity simulations involving children in an ambulance care setting. <b>Ethical considerations:</b> The study has been vetted and approved by the ethical council at the University of Borås, Sweden. The study follows the Helsinki Declaration's advice on ethical principles. <b>Results:</b> The results showed that most of the students expressed some form of ethical reasoning during the simulation sessions, which were elaborated and reflected upon during the debriefing part of the sessions. The simulation design seemed to have a great impact on the outcome of the student's ethical reasoning, where increased immersion led to deeper emotional engagement among the students which increased awareness of their personal preconceptions. <b>Conclusions:</b> This study aimed to investigate whether high-fidelity simulations could be useful to stimulate ethical reflections and contribute to increased ethical competence among students. In conclusion, a well-designed high-fidelity simulation can be useful as an educational tool to learn and enhance ethical competence among specialist ambulance nursing students.</p>","PeriodicalId":49729,"journal":{"name":"Nursing Ethics","volume":" ","pages":"9697330241291162"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142479130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A descriptive and interpretive theory of ethical responsibility in public health nursing.","authors":"Anne Clancy, Julia Thuve Hovden, Hilde Laholt","doi":"10.1177/09697330241291161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09697330241291161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article presents a descriptive, interpretive theory of ethical responsibility in public health nursing. The theory is based on qualitative empirical studies, a purposeful literature review and meta-ethnography of public health nurses' experiences of ethical responsibility, interpreted within a philosophical framework. Levianasian philosophy provides the main direction for the authors' interpretations. The path for theory development consists of three phases: <i>an inspirational phase</i>, <i>an explorative phase and the third phase</i> '<i>joining the dots</i>'. The theory illustrates that ethical responsibility in public health nursing is related to the life existentials of temporality and human relationships. Due to blurred boundaries in these essential life structures, public health nurses can experience a sense of satisfaction but also worries, uncertainties and loneliness. The study reveals paradoxical connections between fear and courage, and between freedom, autonomy and a sense of entrapment in responsible relationships. The authors purport that the results of this study are relevant for education and practice and can provide direction for further studies on developing theories of ethical responsibility in other nursing specialities.</p>","PeriodicalId":49729,"journal":{"name":"Nursing Ethics","volume":" ","pages":"9697330241291161"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142479126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moral distress among undergraduate nursing students in clinical practice: A scoping review.","authors":"Sara Soares Dos Santos, Simone de Godoy, Agostinho Ac Araújo, Diego Santiago Montandon, Ítalo Rodolfo Silva, Chris Gastmans, Isabel Amélia Costa Mendes","doi":"10.1177/09697330241287856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09697330241287856","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The ethical challenges faced by undergraduate nursing students and nurses may lead to moral distress, negatively affecting learning capacity and self-confidence and potentially influencing the quality of patient care. <b>Objective:</b> To examine the state of knowledge regarding the moral distress among undergraduate nursing students during clinical practice. <b>Methods:</b> This scoping review followed JBI guidelines. First, the LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, and ProQuest databases were consulted. Next, the reference lists of the studies included in the sample were checked. Studies exploring moral distress among undergraduate nursing students during clinical practice were included regardless of language or date of publication. Two independent reviewers simultaneously selected the studies. <b>Results:</b> The sample included 12 articles with different research designs. Three conditions that trigger moral distress among undergraduate nursing students emerged: Interpersonal relationships between students and preceptors/supervisors and multidisciplinary teams; interpersonal relationships between students and patients; and the relationship between students and health services. <b>Conclusions:</b> This review identified the various circumstances that lead to moral distress among undergraduate nursing students. Therefore, these results highlight the importance of preventing moral distress in this group through teaching, especially before students begin their clinical practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":49729,"journal":{"name":"Nursing Ethics","volume":" ","pages":"9697330241287856"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142479129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of role play prepared with video support on ethical decision-making and motivation levels of nursing students: A quasi-experimental study.","authors":"Burcu Demircan, Yasemin Kıyak, Türkinaz Aştı","doi":"10.1177/09697330241287866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09697330241287866","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Since the increasingly complex structure of health care services brings many ethical problems, it is important to use different instructional technologies in the ethical education of future nurses.<b>Aim:</b> The aim of this study was to determine the effect of role play prepared with video support on ethical decision-making and motivation levels of nursing students.<b>Research design:</b> A quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design.<b>Participants and research context:</b> The research was conducted in the Nursing Department of a University located in Istanbul, Turkey between October 15 and November 15, 2024. The sample of the research consisted of 3rd year nursing students. Data were collected using the Descriptive Characteristics Form, the Nursing Dilemma Test, and the Instructional Material Motivation Scale for Single-Use.<b>Ethical considerations:</b> Permission was obtained from Bezmialem Vakif University Non-Interventional Ethical Research Committee and the institution where the study was conducted for the implementation of the research. Written and verbal consent was obtained from all participants in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration.<b>Findings:</b> While there was no difference between the students' Ethical Dilemma Test Principled Thinking pre-test and post-test scores, their Practical Consideration (<i>p</i> = .005) and motivation levels (<i>p</i> = .037) post-test scores were found to be higher. There was a weak but significant negative correlation between academic achievement and pre-test teaching material motivation levels (r = -0.375, <i>p</i> = .041).<b>Discussion:</b> The use of different teaching methods and techniques in ethics education in nursing is important for future nurses to find more practical solutions to the ethical problems they will encounter during patient care.<b>Conclusion:</b> The results of the study indicate that the use of video-supported role play can be effective in teaching ethics courses in nursing education.</p>","PeriodicalId":49729,"journal":{"name":"Nursing Ethics","volume":" ","pages":"9697330241287866"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142479131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}