Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry最新文献_第10页

1区地球科学

Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.2138/RMG.2014.78.2

M. Newville

{"title":"Fundamentals of XAFS","authors":"M. Newville","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2014.78.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2014.78.2","url":null,"abstract":"The basic physical principles of X-ray Absorption Fine-Structure (XAFS) are presented. XAFS is an element-specific spectroscopy in which measurements are made by tuning the X-ray energy at and above a selected core-level binding energy of a specified element. Although XAFS is a well-established technique providing reliable and useful information about the chemical and physical environment of the probe atom, its requirement of an energy-tunable X-ray source means it is primarily done with synchrotron radiation sources and so is somewhat less common than other spectroscopic analytical methods. XAFS spectra are especially sensitive to the oxidation state and coordination chemistry of the selected element. In addition, the extended oscillations of the XAFS spectra are sensitive to the distances, coordination number and species of the atoms immediately surrounding the selected element. This Extended X-ray Absorption Fine-Structure (EXAFS) is the main focus of this chapter. As it is element-specific, XAFS places few restrictions on the form of the sample, and can be used in a variety of systems and bulk physical environments, including crystals, glasses, liquids, and heterogeneous mixtures. Additionally, XAFS can often be done on low-concentration elements (typically down to a few ppm), and so has applications in a wide range of scientific fields, including chemistry, biology, catalysis research, material science, environmental science, and geology. Special attention in this chapter is given to the basic concepts used in analysis and modeling of EXAFS spectra. X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) is the modulation of an atom’s X-ray absorption probability at energies near and above the binding energy of a core-level electron of the atom. The XAFS is due to the chemical and physical state of the absorbing atom. XAFS spectra are especially sensitive to the formal oxidation state, coordination chemistry, and the distances, coordination number and species of the atoms immediately surrounding the selected …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"4 1 1","pages":"33-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78284508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 292

The Environmental Geochemistry of Arsenic — An Overview — 砷的环境地球化学研究综述

1区地球科学

Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.2138/RMG.2014.79.1

R. Bowell, C. Alpers, H. Jamieson, D. Nordstrom, J. Majzlan

{"title":"The Environmental Geochemistry of Arsenic — An Overview —","authors":"R. Bowell, C. Alpers, H. Jamieson, D. Nordstrom, J. Majzlan","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2014.79.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2014.79.1","url":null,"abstract":"Arsenic is one of the most prevalent toxic elements in the environment. The toxicity, mobility, and fate of arsenic in the environment are determined by a complex series of controls dependent on mineralogy, chemical speciation, and biological processes. The element was first described by Theophrastus in 300 B.C. and named arsenikon (also arrhenicon; Caley and Richards 1956) referring to its “potent” nature, although it was originally considered an alternative form of sulfur (Boyle and Jonasson 1973). Arsenikon is believed to be derived from the earlier Persian, zarnik (online etymology dictionary, http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=arsenic ). It was not until the thirteenth century that an alchemist, Albertus Magnus, was able to isolate the element from orpiment, an arsenic sulfide (As2S3). The complex chemistry required to do this led to arsenic being considered a “bastard metal” or what we now call a “metalloid,” having properties of both metals and non-metals. As a chemical element, arsenic is widely distributed in nature and can be concentrated in many different ways. In the Earth’s crust, arsenic is concentrated by magmatic and hydrothermal processes and has been used as a “pathfinder” for metallic ore deposits, particularly gold, tin, copper, and tungsten (Boyle and Jonasson 1973; Cohen and Bowell 2014). It has for centuries been considered a potent toxin, is a common poison in actual and fictional crimes, and has led to significant impacts on human health in many areas of the world (Cullen 2008; Wharton 2010). The potential issues associated with elevated As concentrations in water supplies have led to a large body of published research in the last few years related to:","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"32 1","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78481994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 113

Advances in Raman Spectroscopy Applied to Earth and Material Sciences 拉曼光谱在地球与材料科学中的应用进展

1区地球科学

Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.2138/RMG.2013.78.13

D. Neuville, D. Ligny, G. Henderson

{"title":"Advances in Raman Spectroscopy Applied to Earth and Material Sciences","authors":"D. Neuville, D. Ligny, G. Henderson","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2013.78.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2013.78.13","url":null,"abstract":"When monochromatic radiation νo, is incident on a system (gas, solid, liquid, glass, whether colored or transparent) most of the radiation is transmitted through the system without change, but some scattering of this radiation can also occur (approximately 1 in 107 photons). The scattered radiation corresponds to ν′ = νo ± ν m . In molecular systems, the energy of the scattered light (in wavenumbers, ν m ) is found to lie principally in the range associated with transitions between vibrational, rotational and electronic energy levels. Furthermore, the scattered radiation is generally polarized differently from that of the incident radiation with both scattered intensity and polarization dependent upon the direction of observation. During the 1920’s different physics groups worked on this subject around the world: 1) an Indian group composed of Raman and Krishnan (1928), who made the first observations of the phenomenon in liquids in 1928 (Raman won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for this work); 2) Landsberg and Mandelstam (1928) in the USSR reported the observation of light scattering with change of frequency in quartz and finally 3) Cabannes and Rocard (1928) in France confirmed the Raman and Krishnan (1928) observations while Rocard (1928) published the first theoretical explanation. The principle of Raman spectroscopy is the illumination of a material with monochromatic light (laser) in the visible spectral range followed by the interaction of the incident photons with the molecular vibrations or crystal phonons which induces a slight shift in the wavelength of the scattered photons. Scattering can occur with a change in vibrational, rotational or electronic energy of a molecule. If the scattering is elastic and the incident photons have the same energy as the scattered photons, the process is called Rayleigh scattering and this is the dominant scattering interaction. If …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"24 1","pages":"509-541"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90710431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 136

Health Risks Associated with Chronic Exposures to Arsenic in the Environment 长期暴露于环境中的砷对健康的危害

1区地球科学

Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.2138/RMG.2014.79.8

V. Mitchell

{"title":"Health Risks Associated with Chronic Exposures to Arsenic in the Environment","authors":"V. Mitchell","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2014.79.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2014.79.8","url":null,"abstract":"Arsenic (As) is a naturally occurring toxic metalloid that is ubiquitous in the environment. It is found in water, soil, and air and as such is also found in the food supply. Millions of people are exposed to As at concentrations in their drinking water that exceed health-based standards worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) has listed As as one of its ten chemicals of major public health concern (WHO 2010). Inorganic As (iAs) is listed as the number one concern on the Priority List of Hazardous Substances by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR 2014). This list is prepared by ASTDR and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and ranks the substances that present the greatest risk to public health. The list is based on a number of factors including prevalence, toxicity, and the potential for human exposure. Chronic exposure to high levels of As has proven to cause a variety of cancers, cardiovascular disease, and neurologic impairments in exposed populations (ATSDR 2007). ### Water The natural background concentration of As in water is 1 to 2 μg L−1 (Hindmarsh and McCurdy 1986; NRC 1999), yet elevated levels of iAs are present in the groundwater worldwide (Fig. 1). Elevated levels of As in groundwater can occur due to dissolution and weathering of As-rich ore deposits (Welch et al. 1999, 2000). This process can be accelerated in geothermal waters (Lord et al. 2012; Bundschuh et al. 2013), leading to contamination of surface and groundwater. For example, in the geothermal springs of Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, As is known to exceed 1000 μg L−1 (Stauffer and Thompson 1984; Ball et al. 1998). These geothermal waters discharge into surface waters resulting in measured concentrations as high has 360 μg L−1 in …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"109 1","pages":"435-449"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80839588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 24

Modern X-ray Diffraction Methods in Mineralogy and Geosciences 矿物学和地球科学中的现代x射线衍射方法

1区地球科学

Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.2138/RMG.2014.78.1

B. Lavina, P. Dera, R. Downs

{"title":"Modern X-ray Diffraction Methods in Mineralogy and Geosciences","authors":"B. Lavina, P. Dera, R. Downs","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2014.78.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2014.78.1","url":null,"abstract":"A century has passed since the first X-ray diffraction experiment (Friedrich et al. 1912). During this time, X-ray diffraction has become a commonly used technique for the identification and characterization of materials and the field has seen continuous development. Advances in the theory of diffraction, in the generation of X-rays, in techniques and data analysis tools changed the ways X-ray diffraction is performed, the quality of the data analysis, and expanded the range of samples and problems that can be addressed. X-ray diffraction was first applied exclusively to crystalline structures idealized as perfect, rigid, space and time averaged arrangements of atoms, but now has been extended to virtually any material scattering X-rays. Materials of interest in geoscience vary greatly in size from giant crystals (meters in size) to nanoparticles (Hochella et al. 2008; Waychunas 2009), from nearly pure and perfect to heavily substituted and poorly ordered. As a consequence, a diverse range of modern diffraction capabilities is required to properly address the problems posed. The time and space resolution of X-ray diffraction now reaches to nanoseconds and tens of nanometers. Time resolved studies are used to unravel the mechanism and kinetics of mineral formation and transformations. Non-ambient conditions such as extreme pressure and temperature are created in the laboratory to investigate the structure and properties of the Earth’s deep interior and the processes that shape the planet. This chapter is not intended to be comprehensive or detailed, because diffraction is such a vast subject. We will, however, summarize the principles of diffraction theory under the assumption that the reader is familiar with basic concepts of the crystalline state. We will briefly review the basics of diffraction techniques, using laboratory and synchrotron X-ray sources and highlight some of their applications in geoscience. For briefness, we will omit the discussion of …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84621022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 47

Microbial Arsenic Metabolism and Reaction Energetics 微生物砷代谢与反应能量学

1区地球科学

Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.2138/RMG.2014.79.7

J. Amend, C. Saltikov, G. Lu, Jaime Hernández

{"title":"Microbial Arsenic Metabolism and Reaction Energetics","authors":"J. Amend, C. Saltikov, G. Lu, Jaime Hernández","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2014.79.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2014.79.7","url":null,"abstract":"Reviews on the geochemistry, biochemistry, or microbial ecology of arsenic—and there are many—commonly start with statements about the toxicity of this metalloid (Newman et al. 1998; Rosen 2002; Smedley and Kinniburgh 2002; Oremland and Stolz 2003; Oremland et al. 2004, 2009; Silver and Phung 2005; Lloyd and Oremland 2006; Stolz et al. 2006, 2010; Bhattacharjee and Rosen 2007; Paez-Espino et al. 2009; Tsai et al. 2009; Slyemi and Bonnefoy 2012; Cavalca et al. 2013b; Kruger et al. 2013; van Lis et al. 2013; Watanabe and Hirano 2013; Zhu et al. 2014). These introductions are sometimes followed by famous anecdotes of foul play (e.g., was Napoleon I poisoned by his British captors?) and reminders that arsenic was used as a popular medicine, tonic, and aphrodisiac since the 18th century. Recall that the 1908 Nobel Prize in medicine was awarded to Paul Ehrlich, in part, for the discovery of an organoarsenical (Salvarsan) as a treatment for syphilis—this was arguably also the first documented application of what would later become known as “chemotherapy.” Readers are then often reminded that arsenic is still used today in pesticides and herbicides, in animal feed, as a wood preservative, in electronic devices, and in specialized medical treatments. Arsenic is toxic in both of its common oxidation states, the oxidized arsenate, As(V), and the reduced arsenite, As(III). As a molecular analog of phosphate, arsenate uses a phosphate transport system to enter the cell and there inhibits the phosphorylation of ADP and thereby the synthesis of ATP. Arsenate can also substitute for phosphate in various biomolecules, thus disrupting key pathways, including glycolysis. Arsenite is even more toxic than arsenate and enters the cell much like glycerol molecules via aqua-glyceroporins (Cullen …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"446 1","pages":"391-433"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75807091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 36

High Resolution Core- and Valence-Level XPS Studies of the Properties (Structural, Chemical and Bonding) of Silicate Minerals and Glasses 硅酸盐矿物和玻璃性质(结构、化学和键合)的高分辨率核价级XPS研究

1区地球科学

Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.2138/RMG.2014.78.7

H. Nesbitt, G. Bancroft

{"title":"High Resolution Core- and Valence-Level XPS Studies of the Properties (Structural, Chemical and Bonding) of Silicate Minerals and Glasses","authors":"H. Nesbitt, G. Bancroft","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2014.78.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2014.78.7","url":null,"abstract":"Core-level and valence-level X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), developed in the late 1950’s and 1960’s by Siegbahn and coworkers (Siegbahn et al. 1969; Carlson 1975; Barr 1993; Fadley 2010) has become an invaluable tool over the last 40 years for studying mainly the surface properties and reactivity of a wide range of minerals, predominantly oxides (for reviews, see: Heinrich and Cox 1994; Chambers 2000; Salmeron and Schlogl 2008, and references in Bancroft et al. 2009; Newburg et al. 2011), sulfides (for reviews, see Hochella 1988; Bancroft and Hyland 1990; Nesbitt 2002; Murphy and Strongin 2009) and silicates (for a review see Hochella 1988; references in Biino and Groning 1998; Oelkers 2001; Zakaznova-Herzog et al. 2008). The large majority of these studies have focused on the first few surface monolayers of the minerals because of the surface sensitivity of the technique (~2–20 monolayers for photon energies of ≤ 1486 eV (Hochella 1988; Nesbitt 2002), and in many such cases, XPS has become the technique of choice for surface studies. Silicate XPS studies generally have focused on three surface applications outlined by Hochella (1988): (1) studies of the oxidation state of near surface atoms (e.g., Fe); (2) studies of sorption reactions on mineral surfaces; and (3) studies of the alteration and weathering of mineral surfaces. Fewer reports have focused on the fourth application of Hochella (1988), the study of the bulk atomic structure and chemical state properties of minerals and glasses. This is surprising perhaps, because the large majority (usually >90 %) of XPS line intensities comes from the bulk mineral in XPS studies using the typical laboratory Al K α X-ray sources (1486.6 eV). To emphasize this point, the surface S 2 p peaks from the …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"95 1 1","pages":"271-329"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86179376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 39

X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy x射线吸收近边结构(XANES)光谱

1区地球科学

Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.2138/RMG.2014.78.3

G. Henderson, F. Groot, B. Moulton

{"title":"X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy","authors":"G. Henderson, F. Groot, B. Moulton","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2014.78.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2014.78.3","url":null,"abstract":"The previous Reviews in Mineralogy volume on spectroscopic methods (Vol. 18 Spectroscopic Methods in Mineralogy and Geology , Frank C. Hawthorne, ed. 1988), contained a single chapter on X-ray absorption spectroscopy which reviewed aspects of both EXAFS (Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure) and XANES (X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure) (Brown et al. 1988, Chapter 11) However, since publication of that review there have been considerable advances in our understanding of XANES theory and applications. Hence EXAFS and XANES have been separated into their own individual chapters in the current volume. In this chapter we endeavor to bring the reader up to date with regard to current XANES theories, as well as, introducing them to the common applications of the technique in mineralogy, geochemistry and materials science. There have been several reviews of XANES (cf., Brown et al. 1988, Brown and Parks 1989, Manceau et al. 2002, Brown and Sturchio 2002, Mottana 2004, Rehr and Ankudinov 2005, de Groot 2001, 2005, and papers therein). In this chapter on XANES it is not our intention to provide a comprehensive review of all the XANES studies since 1988 but to summarize what X-ray edges are commonly investigated and what one can expect to be able to extract from the data. The reader is also advised to read the chapters in this volume on analytical transmission electron microscopy by Brydson et al. (2014, this volume) where (core level) electron energy loss (EELS) spectroscopy is discussed, and by Lee et al. (2014, this volume) on X-ray Raman spectroscopy (XRS), as these techniques provide element specific information similar to XANES. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation is a well-established technique providing information on the electronic, structural and magnetic properties of matter. In XANES, …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"158 1","pages":"75-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76493691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 215

The Legacy of Arsenic Contamination from Mining and Processing Refractory Gold Ore at Giant Mine, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada 加拿大西北地区耶洛奈夫巨型金矿难处理金矿石开采和加工中砷污染的遗留问题

1区地球科学

Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.2138/RMG.2014.79.12

H. Jamieson

{"title":"The Legacy of Arsenic Contamination from Mining and Processing Refractory Gold Ore at Giant Mine, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada","authors":"H. Jamieson","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2014.79.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2014.79.12","url":null,"abstract":"The case of the Giant mine illustrates how a large, long-lived Au mine has resulted in a complex regional legacy of As contamination and an estimated remediation cost of almost one billion Canadian dollars (AANDC 2012). The mine, located a few km north of the city of Yellowknife on the shore of Great Slave Lake (Figs. 1, 2) produced more than 7 million troy ounces of Au (approximately 220 tonnes) from a largely underground operation. Giant mine was the largest producer in the Yellowknife greenstone belt, which produced more than12 million troy ounces (~370 tonnes) in total (Bullen and Robb 2006). Arsenopyrite-bearing Au ore was roasted from 1949 to 1999 as a pretreatment for cyanidation (Fig. 3a). Poor or nonexistent emission controls in the early years resulted in the release of an estimated 20,000 tonnes of roaster-generated As2O3 to the surrounding environment through stack emissions (CPHA 1977; Wrye 2008). Over the lifetime of the mine, however, most of the As2O3 (237,000 tonnes) was stored in underground chambers (Fig. 3b) and is a now an ongoing source of As to groundwater and surface water (INAC 2007; Jamieson et al. 2013). Other roaster products include As-bearing maghemite and hematite (calcine) were deposited with tailings and re-mobilized into creek and lake sediments. Under reducing conditions, post-depositional remobilization of As associated with roaster-generated Fe oxides results in release of As to sediment pore water and reprecipitation of some As as a sulfide phase (Fawcett and Jamieson 2011). However, As(III) in maghemite and As2O3 persists in the oxidizing conditions of near-surface tailings and soils (Walker et al. 2005; Jamieson et al. 2013). Ore roasting increases the solubility, toxicity, and bioaccessibility of As by converting sulfide-hosted As to oxide-hosted As. At Giant, …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"3 1","pages":"533-551"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85123494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 78

NMR Spectroscopy of Inorganic Earth Materials 无机地球材料的核磁共振波谱

1区地球科学

Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.2138/RMG.2014.78.15

J. Stebbins, X. Xue

{"title":"NMR Spectroscopy of Inorganic Earth Materials","authors":"J. Stebbins, X. Xue","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2014.78.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2014.78.15","url":null,"abstract":"Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) methods are now widely used for studying the structure and dynamics of solid, inorganic materials, including those central to the Earth sciences, as well as silicate melts and aqueous solutions. Spectra of minerals (as conveniently large single crystals) were collected soon after NMR was developed in the late 1940’s, and were instrumental in early refinements of the theory of NMR interactions in solids (Pound 1950; Petch et al. 1953). NMR on single crystals also provided important insights into issues such as symmetry distortion and phase transitions in minerals (Brun and Hafner 1962; Ghose 1964; Ghose and Tsang 1973). The critical, resolution-enhancing method of “magic-angle sample spinning” (MAS) was invented in the late 1950’s and demonstrated on NaCl (Andrew et al. 1959). However, it was not until the development of relatively high-field (e.g., 4.7 Tesla and above) superconducting magnets, and pulsed, Fourier-transform methods (requiring fast micro-computers) in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s that high-resolution NMR spectroscopy on nuclides such as 29Si and 27Al routinely started providing new structural information on minerals and glasses (Lippmaa et al. 1980; Smith et al. 1983; Magi et al. 1984). Technological advances continue to push the development of new applications of high resolution, solid-state NMR, for example magnets with fields of 21 T and even higher, MAS probes with spinning rates above 100 kHz (6 million revolutions per minute), and capabilities to observe high-quality spectra of ever-smaller samples (e.g., <1 mg). Probably more than any other commonly-applied spectroscopic methodology, NMR includes a wide array of techniques that allow the complex, and time-dependent, manipulation of the system under observation, in this case the nuclear spins of isotopes of many different elements. A rich variety of information about short-range (first and second atom neighbor distributions) and …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"60 1","pages":"605-653"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80527351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 50