Health Risks Associated with Chronic Exposures to Arsenic in the Environment

1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences
V. Mitchell
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引用次数: 24

Abstract

Arsenic (As) is a naturally occurring toxic metalloid that is ubiquitous in the environment. It is found in water, soil, and air and as such is also found in the food supply. Millions of people are exposed to As at concentrations in their drinking water that exceed health-based standards worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) has listed As as one of its ten chemicals of major public health concern (WHO 2010). Inorganic As (iAs) is listed as the number one concern on the Priority List of Hazardous Substances by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR 2014). This list is prepared by ASTDR and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and ranks the substances that present the greatest risk to public health. The list is based on a number of factors including prevalence, toxicity, and the potential for human exposure. Chronic exposure to high levels of As has proven to cause a variety of cancers, cardiovascular disease, and neurologic impairments in exposed populations (ATSDR 2007). ### Water The natural background concentration of As in water is 1 to 2 μg L−1 (Hindmarsh and McCurdy 1986; NRC 1999), yet elevated levels of iAs are present in the groundwater worldwide (Fig. 1). Elevated levels of As in groundwater can occur due to dissolution and weathering of As-rich ore deposits (Welch et al. 1999, 2000). This process can be accelerated in geothermal waters (Lord et al. 2012; Bundschuh et al. 2013), leading to contamination of surface and groundwater. For example, in the geothermal springs of Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, As is known to exceed 1000 μg L−1 (Stauffer and Thompson 1984; Ball et al. 1998). These geothermal waters discharge into surface waters resulting in measured concentrations as high has 360 μg L−1 in …
长期暴露于环境中的砷对健康的危害
砷(As)是一种天然存在的有毒类金属,在环境中无处不在。它存在于水、土壤和空气中,因此也存在于食物供应中。数百万人的饮用水中砷的浓度超过了世界范围内的健康标准。世界卫生组织(世卫组织)已将As列为引起重大公共卫生关注的十种化学品之一(世卫组织,2010年)。无机砷(iAs)被有毒物质和疾病登记处(ATSDR 2014)列为危险物质优先清单上的头号关注点。这份清单由ASTDR和美国环境保护署(USEPA)编制,对对公众健康构成最大风险的物质进行了排名。该清单是基于许多因素,包括流行程度、毒性和人类接触的可能性。长期暴露于高水平砷已被证明可在暴露人群中引起多种癌症、心血管疾病和神经系统损伤(ATSDR, 2007年)。水中砷的自然本底浓度为1 ~ 2 μg L−1 (Hindmarsh and McCurdy 1986;NRC 1999),然而全球地下水中砷含量升高(图1)。地下水中砷含量升高可能是由于富砷矿床的溶解和风化造成的(Welch et al. 1999,2000)。这一过程在地热水中可以加速(Lord et al. 2012;Bundschuh et al. 2013),导致地表水和地下水受到污染。例如,在怀俄明州黄石国家公园的地热泉中,已知As超过1000 μg L−1 (Stauffer和Thompson 1984;Ball et al. 1998)。这些地热水排放到地表水中,导致测量到的浓度高达360 μg L−1。
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来源期刊
Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry
Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry 地学-地球化学与地球物理
CiteScore
8.30
自引率
0.00%
发文量
39
期刊介绍: RiMG is a series of multi-authored, soft-bound volumes containing concise reviews of the literature and advances in theoretical and/or applied mineralogy, crystallography, petrology, and geochemistry. The content of each volume consists of fully developed text which can be used for self-study, research, or as a text-book for graduate-level courses. RiMG volumes are typically produced in conjunction with a short course but can also be published without a short course. The series is jointly published by the Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) and the Geochemical Society.
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