NMR Spectroscopy of Inorganic Earth Materials

1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences
J. Stebbins, X. Xue
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引用次数: 50

Abstract

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) methods are now widely used for studying the structure and dynamics of solid, inorganic materials, including those central to the Earth sciences, as well as silicate melts and aqueous solutions. Spectra of minerals (as conveniently large single crystals) were collected soon after NMR was developed in the late 1940’s, and were instrumental in early refinements of the theory of NMR interactions in solids (Pound 1950; Petch et al. 1953). NMR on single crystals also provided important insights into issues such as symmetry distortion and phase transitions in minerals (Brun and Hafner 1962; Ghose 1964; Ghose and Tsang 1973). The critical, resolution-enhancing method of “magic-angle sample spinning” (MAS) was invented in the late 1950’s and demonstrated on NaCl (Andrew et al. 1959). However, it was not until the development of relatively high-field (e.g., 4.7 Tesla and above) superconducting magnets, and pulsed, Fourier-transform methods (requiring fast micro-computers) in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s that high-resolution NMR spectroscopy on nuclides such as 29Si and 27Al routinely started providing new structural information on minerals and glasses (Lippmaa et al. 1980; Smith et al. 1983; Magi et al. 1984). Technological advances continue to push the development of new applications of high resolution, solid-state NMR, for example magnets with fields of 21 T and even higher, MAS probes with spinning rates above 100 kHz (6 million revolutions per minute), and capabilities to observe high-quality spectra of ever-smaller samples (e.g., <1 mg). Probably more than any other commonly-applied spectroscopic methodology, NMR includes a wide array of techniques that allow the complex, and time-dependent, manipulation of the system under observation, in this case the nuclear spins of isotopes of many different elements. A rich variety of information about short-range (first and second atom neighbor distributions) and …
无机地球材料的核磁共振波谱
核磁共振(NMR)方法现在广泛用于研究固体、无机材料的结构和动力学,包括那些对地球科学至关重要的材料,以及硅酸盐熔体和水溶液。在20世纪40年代末核磁共振发展起来后不久,矿物的光谱(作为方便的大单晶)就被收集起来,并在固体中核磁共振相互作用理论的早期完善中发挥了重要作用(Pound 1950;Petch et al. 1953)。单晶核磁共振也提供了重要的见解问题,如对称畸变和相变在矿物(Brun和Hafner 1962;Ghose用1964;Ghose and Tsang, 1973)。“魔角样品纺丝”(MAS)是提高分辨率的关键方法,发明于20世纪50年代末,并在NaCl上进行了演示(Andrew et al. 1959)。然而,直到20世纪70年代末和80年代初,相对高场(例如4.7特斯拉及以上)超导磁体和脉冲傅立叶变换方法(需要快速微型计算机)的发展,29Si和27Al等核素的高分辨率核磁共振波谱才开始常规地提供矿物和玻璃的新结构信息(Lippmaa et al. 1980;Smith et al. 1983;Magi et al. 1984)。技术进步继续推动高分辨率固态核磁共振新应用的发展,例如21 T甚至更高磁场的磁体,旋转速率超过100 kHz(每分钟600万转)的MAS探针,以及观察更小样品(例如<1 mg)的高质量光谱的能力。可能比任何其他普遍应用的光谱方法,核磁共振包括广泛的技术,允许复杂的,和时间相关的,操作系统的观察,在这种情况下,许多不同元素的同位素的核自旋。丰富多样的关于短程(第一和第二原子邻近分布)和…
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来源期刊
Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry
Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry 地学-地球化学与地球物理
CiteScore
8.30
自引率
0.00%
发文量
39
期刊介绍: RiMG is a series of multi-authored, soft-bound volumes containing concise reviews of the literature and advances in theoretical and/or applied mineralogy, crystallography, petrology, and geochemistry. The content of each volume consists of fully developed text which can be used for self-study, research, or as a text-book for graduate-level courses. RiMG volumes are typically produced in conjunction with a short course but can also be published without a short course. The series is jointly published by the Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) and the Geochemical Society.
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