The Environmental Geochemistry of Arsenic — An Overview —

1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences
R. Bowell, C. Alpers, H. Jamieson, D. Nordstrom, J. Majzlan
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引用次数: 113

Abstract

Arsenic is one of the most prevalent toxic elements in the environment. The toxicity, mobility, and fate of arsenic in the environment are determined by a complex series of controls dependent on mineralogy, chemical speciation, and biological processes. The element was first described by Theophrastus in 300 B.C. and named arsenikon (also arrhenicon; Caley and Richards 1956) referring to its “potent” nature, although it was originally considered an alternative form of sulfur (Boyle and Jonasson 1973). Arsenikon is believed to be derived from the earlier Persian, zarnik (online etymology dictionary, http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=arsenic ). It was not until the thirteenth century that an alchemist, Albertus Magnus, was able to isolate the element from orpiment, an arsenic sulfide (As2S3). The complex chemistry required to do this led to arsenic being considered a “bastard metal” or what we now call a “metalloid,” having properties of both metals and non-metals. As a chemical element, arsenic is widely distributed in nature and can be concentrated in many different ways. In the Earth’s crust, arsenic is concentrated by magmatic and hydrothermal processes and has been used as a “pathfinder” for metallic ore deposits, particularly gold, tin, copper, and tungsten (Boyle and Jonasson 1973; Cohen and Bowell 2014). It has for centuries been considered a potent toxin, is a common poison in actual and fictional crimes, and has led to significant impacts on human health in many areas of the world (Cullen 2008; Wharton 2010). The potential issues associated with elevated As concentrations in water supplies have led to a large body of published research in the last few years related to:
砷的环境地球化学研究综述
砷是环境中最常见的有毒元素之一。砷在环境中的毒性、流动性和命运是由一系列复杂的控制因素决定的,这些控制因素取决于矿物学、化学形态和生物过程。公元前300年,泰奥弗拉斯托斯首次描述了这种元素,并将其命名为arsenikon(也称arrhenicon;Caley和Richards 1956)提到它的“强效”性质,尽管它最初被认为是硫的一种替代形式(Boyle和Jonasson 1973)。Arsenikon被认为来源于早期的波斯语zarnik(在线词源词典,http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=arsenic)。直到13世纪,炼金术士阿尔伯图斯·马格努斯才从矿石中分离出一种硫化砷(As2S3)。这一过程需要复杂的化学反应,因此砷被认为是一种“私生子金属”,也就是我们现在所说的“类金属”,它同时具有金属和非金属的特性。砷作为一种化学元素,在自然界中分布广泛,可以通过多种不同的方式进行浓缩。在地壳中,砷通过岩浆和热液过程被浓缩,并被用作金属矿床,特别是金、锡、铜和钨的“探路者”(Boyle和Jonasson 1973;Cohen and Bowell 2014)。几个世纪以来,它一直被认为是一种强效毒素,是现实和虚构犯罪中的常见毒药,并在世界许多地区对人类健康产生了重大影响(Cullen 2008;沃顿商学院2010)。与供水中砷浓度升高有关的潜在问题在过去几年中导致了大量已发表的研究,这些研究涉及:
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来源期刊
Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry
Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry 地学-地球化学与地球物理
CiteScore
8.30
自引率
0.00%
发文量
39
期刊介绍: RiMG is a series of multi-authored, soft-bound volumes containing concise reviews of the literature and advances in theoretical and/or applied mineralogy, crystallography, petrology, and geochemistry. The content of each volume consists of fully developed text which can be used for self-study, research, or as a text-book for graduate-level courses. RiMG volumes are typically produced in conjunction with a short course but can also be published without a short course. The series is jointly published by the Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) and the Geochemical Society.
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