{"title":"Microbial Arsenic Metabolism and Reaction Energetics","authors":"J. Amend, C. Saltikov, G. Lu, Jaime Hernández","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2014.79.7","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Reviews on the geochemistry, biochemistry, or microbial ecology of arsenic—and there are many—commonly start with statements about the toxicity of this metalloid (Newman et al. 1998; Rosen 2002; Smedley and Kinniburgh 2002; Oremland and Stolz 2003; Oremland et al. 2004, 2009; Silver and Phung 2005; Lloyd and Oremland 2006; Stolz et al. 2006, 2010; Bhattacharjee and Rosen 2007; Paez-Espino et al. 2009; Tsai et al. 2009; Slyemi and Bonnefoy 2012; Cavalca et al. 2013b; Kruger et al. 2013; van Lis et al. 2013; Watanabe and Hirano 2013; Zhu et al. 2014). These introductions are sometimes followed by famous anecdotes of foul play (e.g., was Napoleon I poisoned by his British captors?) and reminders that arsenic was used as a popular medicine, tonic, and aphrodisiac since the 18th century. Recall that the 1908 Nobel Prize in medicine was awarded to Paul Ehrlich, in part, for the discovery of an organoarsenical (Salvarsan) as a treatment for syphilis—this was arguably also the first documented application of what would later become known as “chemotherapy.” Readers are then often reminded that arsenic is still used today in pesticides and herbicides, in animal feed, as a wood preservative, in electronic devices, and in specialized medical treatments. Arsenic is toxic in both of its common oxidation states, the oxidized arsenate, As(V), and the reduced arsenite, As(III). As a molecular analog of phosphate, arsenate uses a phosphate transport system to enter the cell and there inhibits the phosphorylation of ADP and thereby the synthesis of ATP. Arsenate can also substitute for phosphate in various biomolecules, thus disrupting key pathways, including glycolysis. Arsenite is even more toxic than arsenate and enters the cell much like glycerol molecules via aqua-glyceroporins (Cullen …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"446 1","pages":"391-433"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"36","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2014.79.7","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 36
Abstract
Reviews on the geochemistry, biochemistry, or microbial ecology of arsenic—and there are many—commonly start with statements about the toxicity of this metalloid (Newman et al. 1998; Rosen 2002; Smedley and Kinniburgh 2002; Oremland and Stolz 2003; Oremland et al. 2004, 2009; Silver and Phung 2005; Lloyd and Oremland 2006; Stolz et al. 2006, 2010; Bhattacharjee and Rosen 2007; Paez-Espino et al. 2009; Tsai et al. 2009; Slyemi and Bonnefoy 2012; Cavalca et al. 2013b; Kruger et al. 2013; van Lis et al. 2013; Watanabe and Hirano 2013; Zhu et al. 2014). These introductions are sometimes followed by famous anecdotes of foul play (e.g., was Napoleon I poisoned by his British captors?) and reminders that arsenic was used as a popular medicine, tonic, and aphrodisiac since the 18th century. Recall that the 1908 Nobel Prize in medicine was awarded to Paul Ehrlich, in part, for the discovery of an organoarsenical (Salvarsan) as a treatment for syphilis—this was arguably also the first documented application of what would later become known as “chemotherapy.” Readers are then often reminded that arsenic is still used today in pesticides and herbicides, in animal feed, as a wood preservative, in electronic devices, and in specialized medical treatments. Arsenic is toxic in both of its common oxidation states, the oxidized arsenate, As(V), and the reduced arsenite, As(III). As a molecular analog of phosphate, arsenate uses a phosphate transport system to enter the cell and there inhibits the phosphorylation of ADP and thereby the synthesis of ATP. Arsenate can also substitute for phosphate in various biomolecules, thus disrupting key pathways, including glycolysis. Arsenite is even more toxic than arsenate and enters the cell much like glycerol molecules via aqua-glyceroporins (Cullen …
对砷的地球化学、生物化学或微生物生态学的评论——有很多——通常以这种类金属的毒性陈述开始(Newman etal . 1998;Rosen 2002;Smedley and Kinniburgh 2002;Oremland and Stolz 2003;Oremland et al. 2004,2009;2005年;Lloyd and Oremland 2006;Stolz et al. 2006, 2010;Bhattacharjee and Rosen 2007;Paez-Espino et al. 2009;Tsai et al. 2009;Slyemi and Bonnefoy 2012;Cavalca et al. 2013b;Kruger et al. 2013;van Lis et al. 2013;Watanabe and Hirano 2013;Zhu et al. 2014)。这些介绍之后,有时还会有一些著名的谋杀轶事(例如,拿破仑一世是被俘获他的英国人毒死的吗?),并提醒人们,自18世纪以来,砷就被用作一种流行的药物、补品和壮阳药。回想一下,1908年诺贝尔医学奖被授予保罗·埃利希(Paul Ehrlich),部分原因是他发现了一种用于治疗梅毒的有机砷(Salvarsan)——这也可以说是后来被称为“化疗”的第一次有记录的应用。读者们常常会被提醒,砷今天仍然被用于杀虫剂和除草剂、动物饲料、木材防腐剂、电子设备和专门的医疗中。砷在两种常见的氧化状态下都是有毒的,即氧化砷酸盐As(V)和还原亚砷酸盐As(III)。作为磷酸盐的分子类似物,砷酸盐通过磷酸盐转运系统进入细胞,抑制ADP的磷酸化,从而抑制ATP的合成。砷酸盐还可以替代各种生物分子中的磷酸盐,从而破坏包括糖酵解在内的关键途径。亚砷酸盐甚至比砷酸盐毒性更大,它像甘油分子一样通过水-甘油孔蛋白进入细胞。
期刊介绍:
RiMG is a series of multi-authored, soft-bound volumes containing concise reviews of the literature and advances in theoretical and/or applied mineralogy, crystallography, petrology, and geochemistry. The content of each volume consists of fully developed text which can be used for self-study, research, or as a text-book for graduate-level courses. RiMG volumes are typically produced in conjunction with a short course but can also be published without a short course. The series is jointly published by the Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) and the Geochemical Society.