{"title":"Modern X-ray Diffraction Methods in Mineralogy and Geosciences","authors":"B. Lavina, P. Dera, R. Downs","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2014.78.1","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"A century has passed since the first X-ray diffraction experiment (Friedrich et al. 1912). During this time, X-ray diffraction has become a commonly used technique for the identification and characterization of materials and the field has seen continuous development. Advances in the theory of diffraction, in the generation of X-rays, in techniques and data analysis tools changed the ways X-ray diffraction is performed, the quality of the data analysis, and expanded the range of samples and problems that can be addressed. X-ray diffraction was first applied exclusively to crystalline structures idealized as perfect, rigid, space and time averaged arrangements of atoms, but now has been extended to virtually any material scattering X-rays. Materials of interest in geoscience vary greatly in size from giant crystals (meters in size) to nanoparticles (Hochella et al. 2008; Waychunas 2009), from nearly pure and perfect to heavily substituted and poorly ordered. As a consequence, a diverse range of modern diffraction capabilities is required to properly address the problems posed. The time and space resolution of X-ray diffraction now reaches to nanoseconds and tens of nanometers. Time resolved studies are used to unravel the mechanism and kinetics of mineral formation and transformations. Non-ambient conditions such as extreme pressure and temperature are created in the laboratory to investigate the structure and properties of the Earth’s deep interior and the processes that shape the planet. This chapter is not intended to be comprehensive or detailed, because diffraction is such a vast subject. We will, however, summarize the principles of diffraction theory under the assumption that the reader is familiar with basic concepts of the crystalline state. We will briefly review the basics of diffraction techniques, using laboratory and synchrotron X-ray sources and highlight some of their applications in geoscience. For briefness, we will omit the discussion of …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"47","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2014.78.1","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 47
Abstract
A century has passed since the first X-ray diffraction experiment (Friedrich et al. 1912). During this time, X-ray diffraction has become a commonly used technique for the identification and characterization of materials and the field has seen continuous development. Advances in the theory of diffraction, in the generation of X-rays, in techniques and data analysis tools changed the ways X-ray diffraction is performed, the quality of the data analysis, and expanded the range of samples and problems that can be addressed. X-ray diffraction was first applied exclusively to crystalline structures idealized as perfect, rigid, space and time averaged arrangements of atoms, but now has been extended to virtually any material scattering X-rays. Materials of interest in geoscience vary greatly in size from giant crystals (meters in size) to nanoparticles (Hochella et al. 2008; Waychunas 2009), from nearly pure and perfect to heavily substituted and poorly ordered. As a consequence, a diverse range of modern diffraction capabilities is required to properly address the problems posed. The time and space resolution of X-ray diffraction now reaches to nanoseconds and tens of nanometers. Time resolved studies are used to unravel the mechanism and kinetics of mineral formation and transformations. Non-ambient conditions such as extreme pressure and temperature are created in the laboratory to investigate the structure and properties of the Earth’s deep interior and the processes that shape the planet. This chapter is not intended to be comprehensive or detailed, because diffraction is such a vast subject. We will, however, summarize the principles of diffraction theory under the assumption that the reader is familiar with basic concepts of the crystalline state. We will briefly review the basics of diffraction techniques, using laboratory and synchrotron X-ray sources and highlight some of their applications in geoscience. For briefness, we will omit the discussion of …
自第一次x射线衍射实验以来,已经过去了一个世纪(Friedrich et al. 1912)。在此期间,x射线衍射已成为一种常用的材料鉴定和表征技术,该领域得到了不断的发展。衍射理论、x射线的产生、技术和数据分析工具的进步改变了x射线衍射的进行方式、数据分析的质量,扩大了样品的范围和可以解决的问题。x射线衍射最初只应用于理想化的晶体结构,即完美的、刚性的、空间和时间平均的原子排列,但现在已经扩展到几乎任何散射x射线的材料。地球科学中感兴趣的材料在大小上差别很大,从巨大的晶体(米大小)到纳米颗粒(Hochella et al. 2008;Waychunas 2009),从近乎纯粹和完美到被大量替代和无序。因此,需要各种各样的现代衍射能力来适当地解决所提出的问题。x射线衍射的时间和空间分辨率现已达到纳秒级和几十纳米级。时间分辨研究用于揭示矿物形成和转化的机制和动力学。非环境条件,如极端压力和温度,是在实验室中创造的,以研究地球深处的结构和性质,以及塑造地球的过程。本章并不打算全面或详细,因为衍射是一个如此庞大的主题。然而,我们将在假设读者熟悉晶态的基本概念的情况下,总结衍射理论的原理。我们将简要回顾衍射技术的基础知识,使用实验室和同步加速器x射线源,并重点介绍它们在地球科学中的一些应用。为简短起见,我们将省略对……的讨论。
期刊介绍:
RiMG is a series of multi-authored, soft-bound volumes containing concise reviews of the literature and advances in theoretical and/or applied mineralogy, crystallography, petrology, and geochemistry. The content of each volume consists of fully developed text which can be used for self-study, research, or as a text-book for graduate-level courses. RiMG volumes are typically produced in conjunction with a short course but can also be published without a short course. The series is jointly published by the Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) and the Geochemical Society.