Science in Context最新文献_第6页

Crossing the doorsteps for social reform: The social crusades of Florence Kelley and Ellen Richards. 跨越社会改革的门槛:弗洛伦斯·凯利和艾伦·理查兹的社会十字军。

IF 0.3 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889723000091

Gabrielle Soudan, David Philippy, Harro Maas

{"title":"Crossing the doorsteps for social reform: The social crusades of Florence Kelley and Ellen Richards.","authors":"Gabrielle Soudan, David Philippy, Harro Maas","doi":"10.1017/S0269889723000091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889723000091","url":null,"abstract":"This paper contrasts the research strategies of two women reformers, Florence Kelley and Ellen Swallow Richards, which entailed different strategies of social reform. In the early 1890s, social activist Florence Kelley used the social survey as a weapon for legal reform of the working conditions of women and children in Chicago's sweatshop system. Kelley's case shows that her surveys were most effective as \"grounded\" knowledge, rooted in a local community with which she was well acquainted. Her social survey, re-enacted by lawmakers and the press, provided the evidence that moved her target audience to legal action. Chemist and propagator of the Home Economics Movement Ellen Richards situated the social problem, and hence its solution, not in exploitative working conditions, but in the inefficient and wasteful usage of available resources by the poor. Laboratory work, she argued, would enable the development of optimal standards, and educational programs should bring these standards to the household by means of models and exhibits. With this aim, she constructed public spaces that she ran as food laboratories and sanitary experiments. Kelley and Richards thus crossed the doorsteps of the household in very different ways. While Florence Kelley entered the household to change the living and working conditions of the poor by changing the law, Richards flipped the household inside out by bringing women into hybrid public laboratory spaces to change their behavior by experiment and instruction.","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"34 4","pages":"501-525"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10201731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Data at the doorstep. 数据就在门口。

IF 0.3 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889723000108

Laurens Schlicht, Sophie Ledebur, Anna Echterhölter

引用次数: 0

Formative encounters: Colonial data collection on land and law in German Micronesia. 形成的遭遇:德属密克罗尼西亚关于土地和法律的殖民数据收集。

IF 0.3 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889723000042

Anna Echterhölter

{"title":"Formative encounters: Colonial data collection on land and law in German Micronesia.","authors":"Anna Echterhölter","doi":"10.1017/S0269889723000042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889723000042","url":null,"abstract":"Argument Data collections are a hallmark of nineteenth-century administrative knowledge making, and they were by no means confined to Europe. All colonial empires transferred and translated these techniques of serialised and quantified information gathering to their dominions overseas. The colonial situation affected the encounters underlying vital statistics, enquête methods and land surveying. In this paper, two of those data collections will be investigated—a survey on land and a survey on indigenous law, both conducted around 1910 on the Micronesian island of Pohnpei, which had fallen under German colonial influence a decade earlier. Strikingly, there are no enumerators or envoys of the state visiting the doorsteps of Pohnpei. To facilitate the data collection on homesteads, the whole population of the island was called upon to measure their respective plots of land themselves, without resorting to certified land surveyors. The preserved cadastral lists and spreadsheets testify to a rather peculiar contact between the colonizing administration and the colonized peoples. I argue that the production of data made encounters necessary, which are best observed though a methodological focus on data practices. I argue, furthermore, that the Pohnpeians were prompted during the surveys to define their homestead in new terms. This did not only entail new two-dimensional plots but also a new regime of private property. The change in the legal concept can be seen as a continuation of colonial violence by other means, given that it happened in the aftermath of the defeated Pohnpei Rebellion. The argument of the paper is, therefore, that data collection can have formative effects on society, and that measurement and quantified information are often, as Witold Kula argued, a scene of conflict. At its core, the installation of these metric regimes signified a change in patterns of justification, resource management and the unwritten constitution of the Pacific island.","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"34 4","pages":"527-552"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10193346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Information, meaning and physics: The intellectual evolution of the English School of Information Theory during 1946-1956. 信息、意义和物理:1946-1956年间英国信息论学派的思想演变。

IF 0.3 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889722000230

Javier Anta

引用次数: 1

SIC volume 34 issue 3 Cover and Back matter SIC第34卷第3期封面和封底

IF 0.3 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0269889723000030

引用次数: 0

Belgium and probability in the nineteenth century: The case of Paul Mansion. 19世纪的比利时与概率:以保罗大厦为例。

IF 0.3 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889722000254

Laurent Mazliak

引用次数: 0

Medical decisions influenced by eugenics: Hungarian gynecological practices during the 1910s. 受优生学影响的医疗决定:1910年代匈牙利的妇科实践。

IF 0.3 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889723000017

Barna Szamosi

{"title":"Medical decisions influenced by eugenics: Hungarian gynecological practices during the 1910s.","authors":"Barna Szamosi","doi":"10.1017/S0269889723000017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889723000017","url":null,"abstract":"This study contributes to the discussion on the development of eugenics in Central-Eastern Europe by tracing the way that eugenic ideas entered into medical decision-making in Hungary. Through a case study that reviews the professional argumentation of the gynecological management of tuberculosis pregnancies, this paper shows that the subordination of individual reproductive rights to state interests was influenced by the ideas of eugenics, which had begun to enter into the professional public health discourse. A eugenically informed morality was envisioned, to guide decision-making in the interest of the Hungarian \"race.\" This biopolitically important morality can be viewed as an early influence on the formulation of biological citizenship. Leading figures were divided on how to ensure such morality: some scholars argued that education is the key, others thought that the state, and state actors, should act radically in the interest of the population and decide on behalf of the individual. Radical methods, such as the termination of pregnancies and sterilization of women, were among the practices of gynecologists. Although abortion and sterilization were not widespread and never became official therapeutic solutions for tuberculosis pregnancies, they were nonetheless part of a discourse that preceded the eugenic institutions of the interwar years.","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"34 3","pages":"341-355"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10860903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Theory-Practice Gap in the Evaluation of Agent-Based Social Simulations. 基于主体的社会模拟评价的理论与实践差距。

IF 0.3 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889722000242

David Anzola

引用次数: 3

The Bryson synthesis: The forging of climate change narratives during the World Food Crisis. 布莱森综合:世界粮食危机期间气候变化叙事的锻造。

IF 0.3 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0269889722000266

Robert L Naylor

{"title":"The Bryson synthesis: The forging of climate change narratives during the World Food Crisis.","authors":"Robert L Naylor","doi":"10.1017/S0269889722000266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889722000266","url":null,"abstract":"During the first half of the 1970s, climate research gained a new significance and began to be perceived within political and academic circles as being worthy of public support. Conventional explanations for this increased status include a series of climate anomalies that generated awareness and heightened concern over the potentially devastating effects of climate change. Controversial climatologist Reid Bryson was one of the first to publicly promote what he saw as a definitive link between these climate anomalies and unidirectional climate change in the fall of 1973, and rising food prices in the same year gave him a platform on which to air his views to receptive senior members of the US Congress. Bryson's testimony before a US Senate subcommittee offers a unique glimpse into how he was able to successfully resonate his agenda with that of senior politicians in a time of crisis, as well as the immediate responses of those senior US politicians upon first hearing climate change arguments. Bryson was one of the most prominent US climatologists to break a taboo against making bold climatological predictions and de-facto policy recommendations in public. As a result, although Bryson was criticized by many in the climatological community, his actions instigated the involvement of other scientists in the public arena, leading to an important elevation in US public climate discourse.","PeriodicalId":49562,"journal":{"name":"Science in Context","volume":"34 3","pages":"375-391"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9404178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

SIC volume 34 issue 3 Cover and Front matter SIC第34卷第3期封面和封面问题

IF 0.3 4区哲学

Science in Context Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0269889723000029

Yosef Schwartz, Reid A. Bryson, Robert L. Naylor

引用次数: 0