Soil & Tillage Research最新文献

{"title":"Soil carbon, aggregation and crop residue dynamics under different tillage and nitrogen fertilization strategies in rainfed Mediterranean conditions","authors":"Jorge Álvaro-Fuentes ,&nbsp;Carlos Cantero-Martínez ,&nbsp;María Alonso-Ayuso ,&nbsp;Fernando Gómez ,&nbsp;María Concepción Ramos","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106650","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106650","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In rainfed Mediterranean croplands, the interactive effects of fertilization and tillage types on soil aggregation and soil organic carbon (SOC) have been rarely studied. The objective of this study was to assess the interactive effects of tillage and nitrogen (N) fertilization strategies on different soil and crop properties in a long-term rainfed experiment established in semiarid NE Spain in 2010. During two cropping seasons (2020–2021 and 2021–2022) the following variables were assessed: SOC, particulate organic matter C (POM-C) and mineral-associated organic matter C (Min-C) contents in the 0–5, 5–10 and 10–30 cm depths; soil aggregate stability in the topsoil (0–5 cm); crop yield; and crop residue dynamics (crop residue biomass and the percent residue cover). Two tillage treatments were compared: conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT), and five N fertilization strategies: unfertilized, medium and high N rates of mineral fertilizer, and medium and high N rates of organic fertilizer. In both cropping seasons, the crop yield, crop residue biomass and percent residue cover were greater in NT compared with CT (2148 and 1319 kg ha ⁻¹ crop residue biomass and 72.0 and 49.7 % residue cover for NT and CT, respectively). Regarding N fertilization, crop yields tended to be greater in the organic fertilizer than in the mineral fertilization treatments (1600 vs 1168 kg ha⁻¹, respectively). Differences between N fertilization treatments were more marked in the residue biomass parameter than in the percent residue cover. The SOC, POM-C and Min-C contents decreased in the next order across soil depths: 0–5 &gt; 5–10 &gt; 10–30. The greatest soil C values were observed in the treatments with the greatest N rate of organic fertilizer. The soil aggregate stability in the topsoil (0–5 cm) increased under NT and the application of organic fertilizers. This study has demonstrated that in rainfed semiarid conditions, long-term NT adoption and the use of organic fertilizers are promising strategies for enhancing SOC buildup and the formation of stable aggregates in the topsoil.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 106650"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of land use conversion patterns on vertical hydrological connectivity in intensive orchards","authors":"Yingni Du,&nbsp;Yujie Wei,&nbsp;Yundong Wang,&nbsp;Yuwei Chen,&nbsp;Tianwei Wang,&nbsp;Zhaoxia Li","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106631","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106631","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vertical hydrological connectivity (VHC), plays a crucial role in regulating soil water and nutrient cycles, thereby contributing to the sustainability of vegetation restoration. The impacts of anthropic factors, particularly land use changes, on vertical hydrology have gained increasing attention. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of land use conversion patterns on VHC remain insufficiently understood. To address this knowledge gap, this study investigated the VHC of orchard soils converted from paddy fields (P-O sites) and drylands (D-O sites) using dye-tracer experiments. VHC was quantified using key indicators, including dye coverage (DC), maximum dyed depth (MMD), length index (L_i), depth of diffusion area (U_niFr), and percentage of preferential pathways (P_F-fr). It showed that compared with P-O site, D-O sites exhibited significantly higher sand and gravel content, along with greater non-capillary porosity. Additionally, a relatively uniform and vertically distributed root system was observed at D-O sites. Thus, DC at D-O sites was 63.87 % higher than that at P-O sites, indicating stronger hydrological connectivity. Furthermore, U_niFr at D-O sites was 12 times higher than that at P-O sites, while P_F-fr exhibited the opposite trend, suggesting a more homogeneous infiltration pattern at D-O sites. However, no significant differences were observed in MMD and L_i. At P-O sites, dye coverage fluctuated with depth, peaking at 10–20 cm, whereas at D-O sites, a consistent decreasing trend was observed. The stratification ratio (SR) of soil properties were identified as the most critical factor influencing VHC, explaining 70 % of the variation. Specifically, soil porosity (r = -0.60) had a direct impact on VHC, while soil texture (r = 0.80) and root distribution (r = -0.39) primarily influenced VHC indirectly through their effects on soil porosity. These findings suggest that the presence of a hydrological barrier layer in orchards converted from paddy fields restricts hydrological connectivity. To mitigate this limitation, appropriate tillage practices, such as deep plowing, should be implemented to disrupt the impermeable layer and enhance VHC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 106631"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143935593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fungal and bacterial necromass: Opposite drivers of mineral-associated organic carbon gains and losses","authors":"Zihuan Fu ,&nbsp;Yuxuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Weiwen Qiu ,&nbsp;Waqas Mohy-Ud-Din ,&nbsp;Zhifeng Yan ,&nbsp;Yakov Kuzyakov","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microbial necromass is a major contributor to mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC), widely recognized as the primary and stable carbon (C) pool in soils. Nevertheless, long-term land use changes modify MAOC content and composition, including its fungal and bacterial contributions, which depend on soil types, particularly its hydraulic properties. Here, the impacts of over 30 years of land use, encompassing dryland pasture (DryPast), irrigated-pasture (IrrPast) and cropland (IrrCrop), on MAOC were evaluated across three representative soils with varying drainage characteristics: well-drained Lismore soil (LIS), moderately drained Templeton soil (TEM), and poorly drained Waterton/Temuka soil (WAT). Soil organic carbon (SOC) content and MAOC content decreased in order of IrrPast &gt; DryPast &gt; IrrCrop. MAOC determined the total SOC gains and losses after DryPast conversion to IrrPast and IrrCrop, respectively. Land use change had varying impacts on MAOC, which were influenced by the specific soil types. The well-drained LIS soil showed the highest MAOC increase, rising by 26 % following the conversion from DryPast to IrrPast. In contrast, the poorly drained WAT soil experienced the most significant MAOC reduction, decreasing by 22 % after the conversion to IrrCrop. Fungal necromass dominated MAOC gains, while bacterial necromass drove MAOC losses. Furthermore, the response of MAOC to land uses was primarily affected by labile C as the major source of microbial activity and binding agents. The stabilized fungal necromass is primarily protected within micropores of 0.2–3 µm. In contrast, bacterial necromass is largely constrained by the availability of labile nitrogen. Overall, the increase in fungal necromass and the decrease in bacterial necromass, driven by the interplay between specific management (e.g., irrigation or cultivation) and soil type (e.g., hydraulic properties), are important to interpret MAOC responses to changes in land use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 106634"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is soil respiration of a chernozem under shallow cultivation similar to moldboard plowing or no-tillage?","authors":"Márton Dencső ,&nbsp;Ágota Horel ,&nbsp;Zsófia Bakacsi ,&nbsp;Márta Birkás ,&nbsp;Tünde Takács ,&nbsp;Anna Füzy ,&nbsp;Tibor Szili-Kovács ,&nbsp;István Balla ,&nbsp;Eszter Tóth","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106644","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106644","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Herein, we report a 6–year–long investigation on the CO₂ emission (soil respiration) of a chernozem soil under conventional moldboard plowing (MP) and two conservation tillage techniques, namely shallow cultivation (SC) and no-tillage (NT). This study aims to compare soil respiration data among SC, and MP or NT treatments and investigate the underlying processes influencing the magnitude of soil-derived emissions. CO₂ fluxes were measured using static and dynamic chamber methods in seven replicates weekly during and biweekly to monthly outside growing seasons. We investigated postharvest yield and root biomass, post-tillage mulch thickness, soil water content (SWC) and temperature (Ts) via a monitoring system and portable instruments, soil chemical parameters via wet chemical analyses, and community-level physiological profiles of the soil microbial community using the MicroResp™ technique. The 6-year average soil respiration under SC (0.093 mgCO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹) was the same as the mean emission in NT. Both of these conservation treatments showed significantly elevated CO₂ emissions compared with the mean soil respiration under conventional MP (0.081 mgCO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹). We found that vegetation biomass via root respiration and denser straw residue cover could be major factors of higher CO₂ emission under SC. Additionally, the higher soil respiration in SC compared with MP could result from the high soil organic carbon (SOC) content. Similarly, elevated soil respiration in NT can occur because of the highest mean SOC and SWC as well as the densest straw residue layer among the three treatments. MicroResp™ measurements revealed differences in the substrate use efficiency of the microbial community under the three treatments, therefore suggesting that the treatment effect on CO₂ emission is caused by differences in microbial communities. Following crop production and soil respiration together, the CO₂ emission to yield ratio was the lowest under SC, similar to MP, and highest under NT treatment. The CO₂ emissions of the treatments exhibited variability over the years. Therefore, longer experimental time is essential to find more established conclusions of different tillage techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 106644"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intercropping controls the response of phosphorus availability to fertilization","authors":"Dongxue Tao ,&nbsp;Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo ,&nbsp;Guiyao Zhou ,&nbsp;Tadeo Sáez-Sandino ,&nbsp;Xiaoqian Yu ,&nbsp;An Yan ,&nbsp;Yingzhi Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106633","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106633","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phosphorus (P) availability is fundamental for ensuring sustainable food production in global croplands. Intercropping is a sustainable way that promotes P availability, addressing the multiple challenges of scarcity of P rock and exacerbating pollution. Yet, how intercropping regulates the transformation of P availability from inorganic and organic P fractions in unfertilized cropland is poorly understood. Here, we conducted a 5-year field experiment to evaluate the effects of intercropping and P fertilization on the P fractions and to explore the mechanisms of these effects. Results showed that P fertilization increased inorganic and organic P fractions, on average, 1.64 and 2.30 times higher than those in unfertilized soil. Intercropping interacted with P fertilization to affect the content of P fractions. More specifically, soil labile inorganic P increased by unfertilized intercropping, while decreased by fertilized intercropping than monoculture. Unfertilized intercropping increased the ratio of labile inorganic P to moderately stable organic P, while decreasing soil moderately stable organic P. Furthermore, soil microbial diversity and biomass, as well as soil properties predicted changes in P fractions, especially microbial biomass carbon was positively correlated with labile inorganic P and the ratio of both P fractions, while negatively correlated with moderately stable organic P. Our findings suggest that intercropping increases P availability in unfertilized soil by transforming moderately stable organic P to labile inorganic P, and accumulation of microbial biomass mainly drive transformation process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 106633"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuously applying kitchen waste fertiliser more strongly promotes microbial-derived carbon accumulation in mineral-associated organic carbon than other fertilisers across the paddy soil profile in the Yangtze River Delta, China","authors":"Jiaqian Gao ,&nbsp;Jieming Li ,&nbsp;Fan Wang ,&nbsp;Ji Li","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106614","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106614","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Paddy soil plays a crucial role in terrestrial carbon turnover and climate change. The effects of the continuous application of various fertilisers on soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation and stabilisation across the paddy soil profile remain inadequately understood. This study systematically compared the impact of four consecutive-year application of kitchen waste fertiliser (KWF), chicken manure fertiliser (CMF) and conventional inorganic fertiliser (CF) on total carbon stock and SOC composition at surface (0–20 cm), subsurface (20–40 cm) and deep (40–60 cm) layers of paddy soil in the Yangtze River Delta, China. KWF enhanced surface SOC and soil inorganic carbon (SIC) by 25 % and 19 %, respectively, outperforming other fertilisers in surface SOC and SIC accumulation. KWF also increased SIC throughout the soil profile, thereby substantially improving soil fertility and carbon stock. Both organic fertilisers raised the proportion of particulate organic carbon (POC) but reduced the proportion of mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) at the surface layer, while increasing MAOC content at the surface layer, with the most significant increase observed in KWF treatment. Unlike CMF and CF, KWF induced a marked dominance of microbial-derived carbon in MAOC and in SOC (i.e. MAOC + POC) across the soil profile by more effectively increasing bacterial necromass carbon (BNC), which constituted 72 %, 98 % and 99 % of microbial-derived carbon in MAOC at the surface, subsurface and deep layer, respectively. Furthermore, KWF increased the MAOC proportion and caused microbial-derived carbon (primarily consisting of BNC) to dominate in MAOC and in SOC (i.e. MAOC + POC) at the deep layer, thus facilitating deep-layer SOC stability despite no significant increase in deep-layer SOC content. These findings underscore the unique potential of KWF as a carbon-sequestering fertiliser for SOC accumulation and stabilisation across the paddy soil profile, by enriching recalcitrant microbial-derived carbon in MAOC and SOC, primarily through bacterial turnover pathways. This study has significant implications for optimising fertilisation practices for carbon sequestration to enhance paddy soil fertility and mitigate climate warming in urbanising regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 106614"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micro/nanobubble-oxygenated drip irrigation under excessive irrigation conditions improves tomato yield in mildly saline soils by regulating rhizosphere and root endophytic bacterial communities","authors":"Jingwei Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaolong Zhang ,&nbsp;Shiwei Gong ,&nbsp;Ying Yang ,&nbsp;Yawen Yang ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Yang ,&nbsp;Wenquan Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106635","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106635","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The purpose of this study was to explore the microecological mechanism by which micro/nanobubble-oxygenated drip irrigation promotes the growth of crops in saline soil under excessive quantities of irrigation water. This study focused on investigating the response of root bacterial communities to the cumulative effects of excessive irrigation water at different dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations and analyzing the changes in the root–soil interdomain bacterial community network and their relationships with the soil microenvironment in the root zone and tomato yield. Compared with the noncultivated treatment in saline soil (CK), the high-DO concentration treatment (30 mg·L⁻¹, i.e., DO₃₀) led to a 94.51 % reduction in the soil electrical conductivity (EC) in the root zone, and the Shannon index of the rhizosphere soil bacterial communities increased by 3.94 %. DO₃₀ significantly increased the relative abundance of Bdellovibrionota, which are nitrate metabolism-related root endophytic bacteria, and <em>Sphingomonas</em>, which are root endophytic bacteria with a nitrogen fixation function. Additionally, the average root diameter and root volume of the tomato root system increased by 51.93 % and 151.36 %, respectively, compared with those under the low-oxygen (5 mg·L⁻¹, i.e., DO₅) treatment. These changes enhanced the influence of root–soil bacterial communities on tomato growth; therefore, the tomato yield increased by 87.20 % and 13.22 % compared with that under the DO₅ and moderate-DO concentration (15 mg·L⁻¹, i.e., DO₁₅) treatments, respectively. Compared with that under the CK treatment, the Shannon index of the rhizosphere soil bacterial community under the DO₁₅ treatment increased by 4.34 %, and the relative abundances of the beneficial root endophytic bacteria Nitrospirota, Myxococcota, Acidobacteriota, and Gemmatimonadota significantly increased. However, the effects on average root diameter, root volume, and soil EC reduction in the root zone were inferior to those under DO₃₀, limiting nutrient uptake by the roots. As a result, the yield was lower than that under DO₃₀ but 36.82 % higher than that under DO₅. Therefore, when micro/nanobubble-oxygenated drip irrigation under excessive irrigation conditions was used to promote tomato production in saline soils, DO₃₀ was preferentially recommended, followed by DO₁₅.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 106635"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143916448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of two types of flotation bogie tracks on the distribution of static vertical soil stress","authors":"Lorenz Breinig,&nbsp;Henrik Brokmeier,&nbsp;Dirk Jaeger","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flotation bogie tracks are widely used to mitigate soil deformation when operating wheeled forest machines on soils with low bearing capacity. While all of these tracks have flat and wide cross members in common, there is considerable variety in cross-member shape. For two common types of flotation bogie tracks with similar basic dimensions but different geometry of the cross members, the distribution of static vertical soil stress was measured using foil sensors installed under a homogenous sand layer. Vertical stress distributions were captured for both track types and for bare tires as a reference, with three levels of static wheel loads tested in combination with three levels of tire inflation pressure. Both track types significantly reduced mean vertical stress by significantly increasing the stress-transferring area. The track type with completely flat cross members had a greater effect than the type having cross members with recessed lateral ends, and it was also more effective in reducing peak stress. While these observations under standardized and static conditions cannot be directly transferred to the conditions of real forest operations, they suggest that the efficacy of bogie tracks to reduce soil deformation largely depends on the proper choice of track type with regard to cross-member design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 106632"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation of interaction between soil and rotary tiller to predict the power consumption and investigation of surface soil mixing","authors":"Mojtaba Mohammadi ,&nbsp;Seyed Hossein Karparvarfard ,&nbsp;Naser Razavizadeh ,&nbsp;Mehari Tekeste ,&nbsp;Aghil Moazeni_kalat ,&nbsp;Mohammad Amin Nematollahi ,&nbsp;Moslem Namjoo ,&nbsp;Mohammad Ali Rostami","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106626","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106626","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Simulation methods are essential for understanding the intricate interactions between soil and tillage implements. Using these methods, the impacts of three forward speeds (3, 5, and 7 km.h⁻¹), two tillage depth (100 and 150 mm), and two rotational speed (180 and 230 rpm) on the rotary tiller power consumption were examined, along with an investigation of surface soil mixing in the field. Analysis of variance on the field data indicated that all treatments and their two-way interactions, except for the three-way interaction, had significant effects on power consumption at the 5 % probability level. The simulation successfully predicted power consumption and surface soil mixing, with an average mean relative percentage error of 6.65 % and 9.32 %, respectively. To develop a model for predicting power consumption, tillage operations under 12 additional conditions of soil density and moisture content were simulated utilizing EDEM 2022 software. The mean relative percentage error between the predicted power consumption results by the regression model and the simulation and field data was calculated to be 7.68 % and 7.31 %, respectively, which are within the acceptable range. In this study, the highest level of mixing occurred at 1/3–1/2 of the tillage depth, with the ratio of rotor linear speed to forward speed values between 2 and 5. The findings indicate that the discrete element method (DEM) is a powerful method capable of optimizing and designing rotary tillers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 106626"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-term emissions effect of rainfall erosion on soil CO2 in red soil sloped farmland in southern China","authors":"Keyu Yan ,&nbsp;Xiaohan Mei ,&nbsp;Chuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanmei Hu ,&nbsp;Daoxiang Wang ,&nbsp;Zhengfa Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Yang ,&nbsp;Yanrui Shao ,&nbsp;Yanjun Mao","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106627","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change alters rainfall patterns, increasing soil erosion and carbon emissions from agricultural fields, threatening agricultural ecosystems and soil carbon cycling. However, rainfall-induced erosion′s impact on soil CO₂ emissions in sloped farmlands remains unclear. This study used experimental plots to simulate four tillage practices: plastic mulching (PM), cross-slope ridge tillage (RT), downslope ridge tillage (DT), and conventional flat-tillage (CT). Controlled indoor rainfall simulations were conducted to investigate the effects of rainfall erosion on soil CO₂ emissions from red soil sloping farmland under these tillage practices. Results showed that surface runoff was the primary runoff form for PM and DT during rainfall, while interflow was the dominant runoff form in RT. The effectiveness of the four tillage practices in controlling organic carbon (OC) loss was RT&gt;PM&gt;CT&gt;DT. Surface runoff was the main pathway of OC loss, accounting for 58 % of the total. After rainfall, soil temperature decreased, while soil moisture initially sharply increased before its later decline. Soil CO₂ emission fluxes during the growing season ranged from 60.53 to 818.90 mg·m⁻²·h⁻¹ . Compared to PM, emissions from RT, DT, and CT were reduced by 22.1 %, 1.8 %, and 15.2 %, respectively. Rainfall erosion significantly induced a \"Birch effect\", increasing soil CO₂ emissions by 19.42 %-259.72 %, returning to pre-rainfall levels within three days. Increasing rainfall intensity amplified this stimulating effect. Structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that total OC loss is a key factor affecting soil CO₂ emissions, reducing soil temperature and humidity sensitivity. Comprehensive analysis indicates RT effectively prevents OC loss and reduces soil CO₂ emissions, suggesting its potential for red soil sloping farmland. RT′s demonstrated effectiveness warrants its prioritization in managing red soil sloped farmland.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 106627"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}