Soil & Tillage Research最新文献

{"title":"Spatial prediction and dynamic change of soil organic carbon using remote sensing variables as auxiliary information in wavy plain, Northeast China","authors":"Tianyi Shao ,&nbsp;Fengkui Qian ,&nbsp;Shuai Wang ,&nbsp;Zhuodong Jiang ,&nbsp;Hongbin Liu ,&nbsp;Rattan Lal ,&nbsp;Wei Han","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106759","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106759","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Remote sensing (RS) data, which provide rich spatial information, can effectively reflect soil physical and chemical properties. These data can complement environmental variables for soil organic carbon (SOC) prediction, reducing the influence of covariance between topographic variables in wavy landscapes areas and improving prediction accuracy. This study focuses on improving prediction accuracy and applying SOC content prediction models in wavy plains. We constructed three RS variables, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), land surface temperature (LST) and temperature vegetation drought index (TVDI), based on Landsat satellite images, and combined them with climate, topography, and soil property variables. We then used random forest (RF), residual regression kriging (RRK), and ordinary regression kriging (ORK) models to predict SOC content. The spatial distribution of SOC content in a typical wavy plain area of Northeast China was mapped for the first time at a resolution of 30 m, using data from 2708 soil sampling points and 18 environmental variables. The results indicated that: ① The best prediction model in this study area was the RF model (R² = 0.68, RMSE = 2.96, MAE = 2.38) with RS data as supporting information. ② Over the past three decades, SOC content had shown an upward trend, although its spatial distribution consistently displayed higher values in the east and lower values in the west. The area with rising SOC content was twice as large as the area with falling SOC content, accounting for 63.5 % of the total area. ③ Climate and elevation were the main factors influencing the spatial distribution of SOC content. In this study, new environmental variables based on RS inversion algorithms were introduced, compensating for the loss of prediction accuracy of topographic variables in spatial modeling. The spatial prediction accuracies of the RF, RRK, and ORK models were improved by 12 %, 30 %, and 3 %, respectively. This study can serve as a reference for high-precision SOC mapping in similar areas and assist relevant authorities in managing ecosystems and improving SOC content in these regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 106759"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144664955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Driving mechanisms of the soil aggregate breakdown-formation on soil organic carbon mineralization under splash erosion","authors":"Lulu Bai ,&nbsp;Peng Shi ,&nbsp;Jun Xiao ,&nbsp;Zhanbin Li ,&nbsp;Peng Li ,&nbsp;Xiaohuang Liu ,&nbsp;Duoxun Xu ,&nbsp;Bo Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106761","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106761","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Splash erosion initiates water erosion and significantly affects soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics by fragmenting soil particles and influencing SOC mineralization. However, the mechanisms linking soil aggregate turnover to SOC mineralization and CO₂ emissions remain unclear. To investigate the fate of soil aggregates and SOC under erosion conditions, raindrop splash erosion experiments were conducted at rainfall intensities of 60, 90, and 120 mm/h. Four types of rare earth oxides were used to label soil aggregates of various sizes: large (2–5 mm), medium (1–2 mm), small (0.25–1 mm), and micro (&lt;0.25 mm), followed by 56-day soil incubation. The results indicated that the breakdown and formation of soil aggregates were significantly influenced by rainfall intensity. The average cumulative breakdown rate of soil aggregates increased with higher rainfall intensities: 120 mm/h (12.02 %) &gt; 90 mm/h (9.49 %) &gt; 60 mm/h (8.19 %). In contrast, the average cumulative formation rate soil aggregates exhibited the opposite trend: 60 mm/h (12.25 %) &gt; 90 mm/h (10.90 %) &gt; 120 mm/h (8.32 %). The primary mode of soil aggregate breakdown was from medium to small, with the highest breakdown rate on day 0, which increased with rainfall intensity: 120 mm/h (58.49 %) &gt; 90 mm/h (48.07 %) &gt; 60 mm/h (43.61 %). Simultaneously, as rainfall intensity increased, the SOC mineralization rate and associated CO₂ emissions consistently rose, and the total CO₂ emissions were: 120 mm/h (23.853 mg·kg⁻¹) &gt; 90 mm/h (21.827 mg·kg⁻¹) &gt; 60 mm/h (19.522 mg·kg⁻¹). Furthermore, a structural equation model was developed to elucidate the relationship between soil aggregate turnover and SOC dynamics, highlighting that direct soil aggregate breakdown effects on SOC mineralization were significantly greater than its indirect effects via other pathways. This direct effect intensified with increasing rainfall intensity, and its path coefficients followed the order: 120 mm/h (0.625) &gt; 90 mm/h (0.545) &gt; 60 mm/h (0.533). These results underscore the significant role of soil aggregate turnover in driving SOC dynamics, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for soil carbon sequestration strategies and enhancing carbon capture capacity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 106761"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144662489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-scale analysis of soil property variability in Northeast China's black soils using advanced geospatial models","authors":"Yong Yu ,&nbsp;Jing Geng ,&nbsp;Guoxu Li ,&nbsp;Huajun Fang ,&nbsp;Shulan Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106762","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106762","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Black soils are critical to global agriculture but are increasingly threatened by fertility decline due to intensive land use, particularly in Northeast China. Accurately mapping and understanding the spatial variability of soil properties in these spatially heterogeneous landscapes is vital for sustainable soil management. However, existing models often fail to capture the intricate multi-scale environmental drivers that influence soil dynamics. This study aimed to assess whether geographically weighted artificial neural networks (GWANN) as a localized nonlinear model can more effectively capture the spatial variability of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) than global models such as artificial neural networks (ANN) and random forest (RF). Additionally, two-dimensional empirical mode decomposition (2D-EMD) and semivariogram analysis were applied to identify scale-dependent variation patterns, alongside variation partitioning analysis to quantify the contributions of climatic, topographic, and biological soil-forming factors. Results showed that GWANN outperformed RF and ANN, achieving reductions in RMSE by 0.063 g/kg and 0.362 g/kg for SOC, 0.013 g/kg and 0.028 g/kg for TN, and 0.005 g/kg and 0.006 g/kg for TP, providing more accurate predictions across all three soil properties. The 2D-EMD analysis revealed that meteorological factors predominantly drive large-scale variability (374–483 km) across all three soil properties. At medium (62–118 km) and small (14–28 km) scales, biological soil factors emerged as the main contributors for SOC and TN, while TP was influenced by meteorological factors at medium scale and by biological soil factors at small scale. Although topographic factors did not dominate at any particular scale, their relative contribution increased at medium and large scales compared to the small scale. This study provides valuable insights for optimizing soil fertility management and promoting sustainable land use practices in black soil regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 106762"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the effects of no-tillage with rye and mixed cover crops on soil water and nitrogen dynamics and soil carbon sequestration in semi-arid irrigated cotton production systems","authors":"Rene Francis Simbi Mvuyekure ,&nbsp;Jasdeep Singh ,&nbsp;Srinivasulu Ale ,&nbsp;Joseph A. Burke ,&nbsp;Katie L. Lewis ,&nbsp;Christopher J. Cobos ,&nbsp;Rabi H. Mohtar","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106746","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106746","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amarillo fine sandy loam is a benchmark soil series in the Southern High Plains (SHP) of Texas, a region known for extensive cotton (<em>Gossypium hirsutum</em> L.) production. Its coarse texture affects the soil’s ability to maintain soil organic carbon (SOC) and water storage, which is compounded by the semi-arid climatic conditions and lack of mulch cover to protect the soil from wind erosion. Soil conservation practices such as reduced/no-tillage (NT) and cover cropping are therefore recommended to sequester SOC, increase water storage, and reduce susceptibility to wind erosion. The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term (1991–2020) effects of NT with cover crops on SHP cotton production systems using the DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC) model. Field data (2014–2020) from an experimental site near Lamesa, TX, USA, in the SHP region was used for model calibration and validation. The field experiment included three treatments: conventional tillage without a cover crop (CT, as control), no-till with rye (<em>Secale cereale</em> L.) cover (R-NT), and no-till with mixed cover (M-NT) including rye, hairy vetch (<em>Vicia villosa</em> Roth), radish (<em>Raphanus sativus</em> L.), and winter pea (<em>Pisum sativum</em> L.). The average percent error (PE) between the simulated and measured seed cotton yield was 2.1 % and −4.4 %, and 4.5 % and −8.8 % between the simulated and measured aboveground rye biomass during the calibration and validation, respectively. The 30-year long-term simulations showed that, on average, R-NT and M-NT increased SOC by 40.2 % and 59.2 %, and total nitrogen (TN) by 22.6 % and 25.8 %, respectively, compared to CT. Greater variability in yield and soil water was found under cover crop treatments compared to CT. Overall, the results from this study highlight the potential benefits of cover crops and NT on soil carbon sequestration and TN in semi-arid cotton production systems of the SHP without negatively affecting seed cotton yield.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 106746"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual impact of single acidified biochar application on saline-alkaline soil: short-term salinization risks and persistent nutrient benefits","authors":"Ronghao Guan ,&nbsp;Yi Li ,&nbsp;Yonglin Jia ,&nbsp;Fuchang Jiang ,&nbsp;Liwei Li ,&nbsp;Asim Biswas ,&nbsp;Kadambot H.M. Siddique","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106745","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106745","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil salinization is a major constraint on agricultural sustainability. While acidified biochar shows promise for ameliorating saline-alkali soils, its long-term efficacy under different water management regimes is not well understood. This study assessed the feasibility of a single application of acidified biochar in a saline-alkali soil in Xinjiang through a three-year field experiment (2021–2023). We assessed the short-term and persistent effects of four biochar rates (0, 10, 20, and 30 t ha^–1) under four irrigation quotas (60 %, 80 %, 100 %, and 120 % <em>ET</em>_c) on soil salinity, alkalinity, and nutrients. An entropy weight-TOPSIS model was employed to identify optimal management strategies. Results showed that while acidified biochar consistently enhanced soil nutrient availability, it caused a transient increase in surface soil (0–40 cm) total salt content (18.3 %–34.0 %) and pH (0.6 %–2.1 %) in the first year. This initial effect was temporary and reversed over time; by 2023, significant reductions in soil salinity (15.7 %–60.1 %) and alkalinity (18.5 %–28.5 %) were observed relative to the control. Higher irrigation quotas effectively mitigated the initial salinization risk through dilution and leaching but could also increase nutrient loss. The multi-objective decision-making analysis identified a dynamic optimal strategy: an optimal combination of 20 t ha^–1 biochar and 120 % <em>ET</em>_c irrigation in the first year, followed by a reduction to 100 % <em>ET</em>_c in subsequent years to minimize nutrient loss. Our findings demonstrate that a single application of acidified biochar, coupled with dynamically adjusted irrigation, is a sustainable and effective strategy for the long-term amelioration of saline-alkali soils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 106745"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep banding of controlled-release potassium chloride increases soybean productivity by regulating microbial communities and improving potassium uptake","authors":"Zhaoming Qu ,&nbsp;Qin Wang ,&nbsp;Hao Deng ,&nbsp;Qianhui Chen ,&nbsp;Hui Dong ,&nbsp;Shuihong Yao ,&nbsp;Chengliang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106757","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106757","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While deep banding fertilization and controlled-release potassium chloride (CRK) application improve crop yields by optimizing potassium (K) spatial distribution and reducing its fixation by 2:1 clay minerals, there is still limited information on K fertilization strategies suitable for sustainable soybean production. In this study, a two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate how soybean growth, soil microbial communities, and K availability are affected by different fertilization methods (broadcast incorporation versus deep banding) and K fertilizer types (conventional potassium chloride (KCl) versus CRK). The results showed that deep banding led to 3.4 %–4.1 % and 3.3 %–4.5 % higher soybean yield and 3.0–5.7 and 2.7–6.9 percentage points higher K use efficiency (KUE) than broadcast incorporation in 2023 and 2024, respectively. Compared to conventional KCl, CRK significantly improved soybean yield and KUE by 7.4 %–8.1 % and 10.9–11.9 percentage points in 2023, and 9.7 %–11.0 % and 8.9–13.1 percentage points in 2024, respectively. Meanwhile, CRK promoted soil microbial diversity, soil K availability, and soybean physiological traits. Of all treatments, deep banding of CRK resulted in the highest microbial diversity and relative abundances of beneficial microorganisms such as Lysobacter and Sphingomonas, thereby promoting nutrient cycling, increasing soybean antioxidant enzyme activities and endogenous hormone contents, and ultimately improving soybean productivity. In conclusion, deep banding of CRK can significantly improve soybean yield and KUE. This study provides an important scientific basis for the management and optimization of K fertilization in soybean production in China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 106757"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chitin-enriched compost to increase soil moisture retention and resilience against drought","authors":"Lotte Baert ,&nbsp;Steven Sleutel ,&nbsp;Edwin Tapiwa Toreveyi ,&nbsp;Leen Bastiaens ,&nbsp;Wim Cornelis","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106754","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106754","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intensified droughts under future climate are threatening agricultural production in Western Europe. As a consequence, there is a growing interest in soil amendments that have the capability to enhance the water storage capacity of soils, increasing their resilience against drought. Chitin is a natural biopolymer known to hold potential to improve soil moisture retention. Considering the variable success of compost on soil hydrological properties documented in literature, enriching compost with a soil amendment such as chitin could potentially improve the functioning of the compost. An eight-week pot experiment with lettuce as test crop was set up under greenhouse conditions where multiple treatments consisting of a sandy loam soil mixed with 1 g kg⁻¹ or 2 g kg⁻¹ of crude chitin in its pure form, mixed with compost as chitin-enriched compost, and three types of pure compost were tested under two water regimes. The addition of crude chitin without compost, after this referred to as pure chitin significantly increased the readily available water defined as the macro-mesoporosity (30 µm – 3 µm) and the plant available water after this referred to as the mesoporosity (30 µm – 0.2 µm) under water regime 1, which comprised a sudden, dry period halfway the growing period of the crop. Under this water regime, the treatment with chitin-enriched compost resulted in a significant improvement in macro-mesoporosity and mesoporosity, when compared to the unamended compost. A different trend was obtained under the second water regime, featuring a cyclic pattern of dry periods, which points to the importance of the environmental conditions with regard to the functioning of chitin. These results highlight the potential of chitin-based amendments to enhance soil water retention properties, with their effectiveness strongly influenced by the prevailing water regime.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 106754"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting soil erosion rates of farmland with different slope shapes in Northeast China by using the improved RUSLE2 model","authors":"Yingli Shen ,&nbsp;Gang Liu ,&nbsp;Ju Gu ,&nbsp;Chengbo Shu ,&nbsp;Kai Wang ,&nbsp;Qiong Zhang ,&nbsp;Han Luo ,&nbsp;Chutian Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhen Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106760","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106760","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, Version 2 (RUSLE2) is widely used for regional soil erosion estimation. However, its performance on croplands in the Mollisol region of Northeast China remains insufficiently quantified, particularly for areas characterized by long and gentle (&gt; 100 m and &lt; 10°) and with different slope shapes (convex, straight, concave). This study integrated ¹ ³⁷Cs tracing technique to identify systematic underestimation errors in RUSLE2 predictions, primarily caused by oversimplified linear assumptions in conventional slope length factor (<em>λ</em>) calculations. To address this limitation, this study employed Random Forest Regression (RFR) to model non-linear <em>λ-</em><span><math><msub><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>slope shape</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> relationships, where <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>slope shape</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> represents the slope shape weight factor. The results revealed that the distribution of predicted and measured erosion-deposition rates across different slope shapes exhibited a clear alternating pattern of strong and weak values. Furthermore, the fluctuations in the predicted values were aligned with alterations in the slope gradient. Both predicted and measured mean erosion rates on different slopes were in the order that convex &gt; straight &gt; concave. The optimized model significantly improved predictive performance, with slope length (<em>λ</em>) and slope shape factor (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>slope shape</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) as the key factors. The model demonstrated strong adaptability, with the highest predictive accuracy achieved for concave (<em>R² =</em> 0.99<em>*</em>), followed by straight (<em>R² =</em> 0.88<em>*</em>) and convex (<em>R² =</em> 0.82<em>*</em>) slopes. This study provides theoretical support for improving soil erosion prediction models and a scientific basis for optimizing soil and water conservation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 106760"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on splash erosion resistance of granite residual soil improved by microbially induced carbonate precipitation","authors":"Weiping Liu ,&nbsp;Jiaxing Sun ,&nbsp;Bin Gui ,&nbsp;Yu Gan ,&nbsp;Sihai Luo ,&nbsp;Yu Su ,&nbsp;Junyi Duan","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106758","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106758","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Granite residual soil (GRS) splash erosion poses a global ecological challenge by destroying the soil structure and accelerating the subsequent erosion. Although the microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology has demonstrated the potential ability in soil erosion control, its impact on the splash erosion resistance performance of GRS, particularly the regulatory role of bacterial concentration, remains insufficiently studied. This study addressed the effect of bacterial solution concentration (OD₆₀₀=0.5, 0.75, 1.0) on the splash erosion resistance of GRS treated by MICP, through penetration tests, rainfall splash erosion tests, and scanning microscope tests. Results demonstrated that MICP treatment significantly improves the splash erosion resistance capacity of GRS. Optimal bacterial solution concentration was at OD₆₀₀= 0.75, reducing soil erosion weight by 70.04 %-78.00 % and increasing surface strength by 288 %-513 %. This concentration facilitated the formation of a mechanically stable calcite network, enabling deep mineralization and establishing a gradient-reinforced structure. Conversely, a higher concentration (OD₆₀₀=1.0) induced pore clogging and generated metastable vaterite aggregates, while a lower concentration (OD₆₀₀=0.5) weakened cementation due to insufficient CaCO₃ precipitation. These findings underscore the critical role of bacterial concentration in determining spatial uniformity, crystal morphology, and CaCO₃ content, which collectively govern the effectiveness of the hard crust layers in resisting splash erosion. It was also found that the hydrophobic hard crust layers were generated via pore filling and particle cementation, which dissipates raindrop kinetic energy and protects the uncemented layer. These findings provide direct theoretical and technical guidance for field applications in GRS regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 106758"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144632484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The coupling of bacterial and fungal diversity under land-use conversion in global grassland regions is limited by perturbation intensity","authors":"Tongrui Zhang ,&nbsp;Shucheng Li ,&nbsp;Tingting Xing ,&nbsp;Jiayue Liu ,&nbsp;Zhaokai Sun ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Yao ,&nbsp;Shiming Tang ,&nbsp;Ke Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106751","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106751","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dynamics of bacterial and fungal communities in grasslands are strongly affected by land-use conversion, but their large-scale diversity responses remain unclear. We quantified the effects of grassland-use conversion (i.e., native grassland converted to cropland, forest, or artificial grassland) on soil microbial alpha diversity (Chao1 richness and Shannon diversity) using 422 observations from 94 publications. Overall, grassland-use conversion significantly reduced fungal Shannon diversity (5.1 %), whereas it marginally increased bacterial Shannon diversity (2.0 %) and Chao1 richness (6.0 %). These effects were driven by conversion types associated with high perturbation, namely conversion to cropland or forest, and by cultivation or succession management. The responses of bacterial and fungal Chao1 richness were positively coupled under land-use conversion but decoupled in cropland ecosystems and under cultivation management. The positive coupling of bacterial and fungal Shannon diversity was not statistically significant until the perturbation associated with conversion converged at a lower level: when the bacterial diversity change induced by land-use conversion was within ± 30 %. This coupling was regulated by nutrient availability in soil (nitrate and available phosphorus). Our findings highlight the limited and coupled responses of bacterial and fungal diversity to grassland-use conversion, in a manner regulated by perturbation intensity. Land-use conversion and management should be undertaken cautiously with the goals of conserving biodiversity and soil function potential in grassland regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 106751"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144623482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}