Soil & Tillage Research最新文献

{"title":"Temporal variation in soil erodibility indicators of sloping croplands with different straw-incorporation rates","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil and crop characteristics are susceptible to straw-incorporation and can change considerably over time. These changes are likely to lead to variations in the soil structure, aggregate stability, and shear strength, thereby altering the soil erodibility. Currently, the temporal variation in the soil erodibility of sloping croplands affected by straw-incorporation rate (SIR) is unknown. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the temporal variation in soil erodibility using a comprehensive soil erodibility index (CSEI) with different SIRs, and to identify the dominant influencing factors in a small agricultural watershed in a semi-humid region. The CSEI was quantified using soil organic matter (SOM), K factor, structural stability index (SSI), slaking rate (SR), mean weight diameter (MWD), mean number of drop impacts (MND), soil cohesion (Coh), soil penetration resistance (PR), and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks). The results demonstrated that nine soil erodibility indicators exhibited different changes over time during each growing season. Over time, SOM, SSI, Coh, and PR increased, whereas Ks decreased. No distinct variation was observed in the K factor. The MND and MWD generally increased and then decreased over time, whereas the SR showed the opposite trend. Soil erodibility indicators were strongly affected by the SIR. MND, MWD, Ks, Coh, SSI, and SOM were positively correlated with SIR, whereas the K factor, PR, and SR were negatively correlated. CSEI under different SIR showed significant differences in fluctuations with temporal variation (p &lt; 0.05). Compared to the control treatment, the mean CSEI was reduced by 21 %, 36 %, 40 %, 53 %, 66 %, and 56 % for straw-incorporation rates of 1.125, 2.25, 4.5, 6.75, 9, and 13.5 t hm⁻², respectively. The main factors influencing temporal variation in the CSEI were aboveground biomass, root mass density, straw residual mass density (SRD), and straw decomposition amount (SD). The effects of SRD and SD on CSEI were the greatest at 60 d after straw incorporation. Thus, straw-incorporation can effectively reduce soil erosion. For semi-humid regions with high soil organic matter content, the optimal SIR was 9.0 t hm⁻².</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142537635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agriculture intensification in subtropical crop systems and its potential to sequester carbon in soils","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106330","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soils are the third largest carbon pool on Earth. This underscores the significance of soil carbon sequestration as a prominent strategy for global climate change mitigation, especially in countries with strong agricultural backgrounds. Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of conservation agriculture in SOC sequestration. However, little is known about how intensified and diversified crop systems affect SOC dynamics. The relationship between crop intensification, diversification and carbon storage is intricate and context-dependent, contingent upon factors such as crop varieties, management practices, local climate, and soil conditions. This study, conducted in Southeastern Brazil, investigates the impact of crop intensification and diversification systems on SOC sequestration and assesses the current capacity to predict SOC increase using Century model. We found that crop system intensification promoted SOC increase from 2020 to 2022, especially when associated with diversification including legumes and brassicas during the winter (from 54.76 to 56.66 Mg ha⁻¹). Although the systems do not differ statistically, the difference average between systems is growing yearly (from 0.7 to 4.1 Mg ha⁻¹ from less to more intensified and diversified system), the experiment’s short period can be a reason for these findings. The predications overestimated SOC increase rate for less intensified systems and underestimated SOC increase rates for more intensified systems. Adjustments in future models regarding SOC stabilization in subtropical soils minerals like Fe and Al oxides may reduce this prediction gap. Our study also contributes to the ongoing discussion on soil carbon dynamics and its pivotal role in mitigating climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142537687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variability in soil characteristics in the field–bund transition area increases water loss potential in paddy fields","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water loss in paddy fields occurs through various pathways, and previous studies have primarily focused on water seepage in the field, often overlooking the potential for the field-bund area. In this study, 3 typical paddy fields in the plain river network area of southeastern China were selected to clarify the differences in the soil structure and hydraulic characteristics at different positions within the field–bund area: the field, inner bund, middle bund and outer bund. The interactions between basic soil properties and hydraulic characteristics were also evaluated. The results revealed that the outer bund presented the lowest soil porosity (6.92 %), followed by the field (7.52 %), middle bund (7.77 %), and inner bund (8.09 %). The soil pores in the field presented the smallest mean diameter and fractal dimension and the highest degree of anisotropy. The deep layer of the bund contained more macropores, and the soil pores exhibited greater spatial distribution heterogeneity. The bottom layer in the field and bund presented the lowest average <em>Ks</em> value of only 0.05 mm min⁻¹, indicating the presence of a plow pan and a notable tendency for lateral seepage. Differences in the soil structure and hydraulic parameters between the field and bund created a driving force for lateral seepage and rendered the field–bund area a hotspot for water loss. For the analysis of the underlying water loss mechanism, the structural equation model represented 65 % of the total variance in the hydraulic parameters. The micropore characteristics had the greatest positive direct effect on the hydraulic parameters, with a standardized path coefficient of 0.39 (p &lt; 0.001). The soil physical properties were not directly related to the hydraulic parameters but exerted an indirect effect through aggregate stability and micropore and macropore characteristics, with a total indirect standardized path coefficient of −0.41.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142526462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal variations of N and P losses via surface runoff from Chinese farmland after fertilisation","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The loss of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) via surface runoff induced by fertilisation leads to water pollution and aggravates water scarcity. Studies estimating N and P losses from farmland have focused on the efficacy of agricultural management actions at reducing the amount of N and P lost. However, a gap remains in understanding the dynamics of N and P losses from farmland, especially differences among types of farmland, crop and fertiliser. Thus, the temporal variations of N and P losses via surface runoff from farmland induced by fertilisation were estimated using 5530 groups of paired observations collected in China. The results showed that N and P losses via surface runoff from paddy fields associated with fertilisation were greater than losses from upland fields. However, after &gt; 90 days post-fertilisation, the effects of fertilisation on N and P loss from paddy fields were non-significant, while the effects of fertilisation on N and P losses from upland fields remained significant. Organic fertilisation decreased N losses from upland and paddy fields, but at more than 60 days post-fertilisation, N and P losses from upland fields were greater with organic than chemical or combined fertilisation. Increasing the fertilisation rate led to higher N and P losses from upland and paddy fields and extended the occurrence time of N and P loss from paddy fields. Overall, this study demonstrates the dynamic processes associated with fertilisation underlying N and P losses from farmland via surface runoff.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142526461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of bio-tillage on the least limiting water range of clayey red soil","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106337","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106337","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poor soil physical properties related to the least limiting water range (LLWR) limit the productivity of clayey red soil (Ultisol) under a subtropical monsoon climate in southern China. This study evaluated the effects of bio-tillage on LLWR and identified the key factors influencing LLWR through a field experiment. The treatments included no plant, two cultivars of oilseed rape (<em>Brassica napus</em> L. <em>cv.</em> Huashuang 4 and <em>Brassica napus</em> L. <em>cv.</em> Xinan 28), one-year-old and perennial lucerne (<em>Medicago sativa</em> L. <em>cv.</em> Ladino), and one-year-old and perennial vetiver (<em>Vetiveria zizanioides</em> L. <em>cv.</em> Wild), used as cover crops prior to summer maize. Key parameters measured included plant root morphological traits, and soil bulk density, field capacity (<em>FC</em>), wilting point (<em>PWP</em>), available water content (<em>AWC</em>), penetration resistance (<em>PR</em>) and air-filled porosity (<em>AFP</em>) were determined. The two rape cultivars exhibited the shallowest root distribution (limited to 20 cm depth) and the lowest root surface density (RSD, ∼16.61 cm²·cm⁻³) and root volume density (RVD, ∼0.58 cm³·cm⁻³). In contrast, lucerne and vetiver demonstrated greater root development, with deeper root penetration (&gt;60 cm), and higher RSD and RVD, with vetiver showing the highest values (RSD ∼24.01 cm²·cm⁻³, RVD ∼0.96 cm³·cm⁻³). Lucerne and vetiver treatments increased <em>AWC</em> and <em>AFP</em> but reduced <em>PR</em>. Soil planted with vetiver had lower <em>FC</em> (0.35–0.48 cm³·cm⁻³) and <em>PR</em> (1362–3297 kPa) than soil planted with lucerne, while soil planted with lucerne had a lower <em>PWP</em> (0.25–0.35 cm³·cm⁻³) than soil planted with vetiver. All crops improved LLWR at 0–20 cm depth, but vetiver increased LLWR below the depth of 20 cm due to its higher root length density (RLD) and RSD. Path analysis revealed that <em>PR</em> had the strongest direct negative effect on LLWR (coefficients from −1.0528 to −1.7642), while redundancy analysis showed a strong correlation between LLWR and the RSD (12.00 %) and RLD (11.33 %) of perennial vetiver, with weaker correlation to root diameter (7.00 %). Bio-tillage reduced <em>PR</em> through root growth, enhancing LLWR particularly at depth of 20–40 cm, with perennial vetiver showing the most significant improvement due to its deeper rooting depth and denser root distribution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142526595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successive utilization of carbon from different biogenic sources leads to continuous enhancement of soil respiration","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change affects soil organic carbon (SOC) by altering plant carbon inputs and microbial metabolic processes. On the Tibetan Plateau, which is rich in SOC and sensitive to climate change, investigations on the absolute SOC content affecting soil respiration (Rs) were extensive. However, the relationship between Rs and the SOC composition remains largely unclear. Employing a combination of data collection, large-scale field surveys, and analysis, with lignin phenols and amino sugars indicating plant and microbial SOC components, we observed an increase in Rs (3.747 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) correlating with rising SOC stocks (0–30 cm; 8.6 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Our results showed that Rs is predominantly driven by plant-derived carbon, especially cinnamyl phenol carbon, which is significantly influenced by vegetation characteristics and soil properties. Although microbial-derived carbon has a minimal overall impact on Rs, fungal necromass carbon critically regulates Rs, underscoring the complex interactions between microbial- and plant-derived components under diverse environmental conditions. The rapid, short-term accumulation of plant-derived carbon significantly enhanced Rs and led to substantial microbial carbon accumulation. As the levels of microbial-derived carbon increase, the Rs process tends to utilize this carbon, potentially altering and reducing the SOC composition and stability, respectively, thereby leading to a continuous increase in soil respiration. These findings offer new insights into Rs and SOC dynamics within the grassland ecosystem of the Tibetan Plateau and provide a scientific basis for predicting the response of soil carbon to climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142526460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air injection in paddy soil reduces N2O and NH3 emissions and regulates the nitrogen cycle","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rice (<em>Oryza sativa</em> L.) is a staple food and a significant source of pollutant gases, such as nitrous oxide (N₂O) and ammonia (NH₃). While aeration irrigation can significantly increase rice yield, its impact on N₂O and NH₃ emissions, particularly the nitrogen (N) cycling mechanisms, remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the effects of soil air injection (SAI) on N₂O and NH₃ emissions, soil properties, rice N uptake and microbial N cycling, compared with soil without air injection (the control). SAI increased soil oxygen diffusion rate (SODR) by 31–107 %, raised soil pH by 0.4–0.9 units, enhanced total N uptake by rice by 8.3 %, and reduced N₂O emissions by 17 % and NH₃ volatilization by 16 %. The increase in SODR enhanced the N content in rice leaves, which subsequently suppressed NH₃ volatilization. The reduction in N₂O emissions was mainly attributed to the decline in <em>norC</em> gene abundance, while the increased abundances of <em>amoB</em> and <em>GDH1</em> genes contributed to the suppression of NH₃ volatilization. The abundance of <em>norC</em> was negatively correlated with Actinobacteria, whereas <em>amoB</em> and <em>GDH1</em> abundances were positively correlated with Thaumarchaeota and Proteobacteria, respectively. Actinobacteria abundance initially increased and then decreased with rising SODR, while Thaumarchaeota abundance consistently increased as SODR rose. Additionally, the increase in soil pH promoted the abundance of Proteobacteria. In conclusion, SAI increased N uptake in rice leaves and influenced key N-cycling microorganisms (Actinobacteria, Thaumarchaeota, and Proteobacteria) and genes (<em>norC</em>, <em>amoB</em> and <em>GDH1</em>) by enhancing SODR and soil pH, thereby reducing N₂O and NH₃ emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142526596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of different wheat varieties and their associated microbiome under contrasting tillage and fertilization intensities: Insights from a Swiss long-term field experiment","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Winter wheat is an important global cereal crop. However, conventional farming practices, characterised by intensive tillage and high fertilizer inputs, pose significant threats to the environment. In response, more conservative management practices are being applied aiming to maintain wheat production while promoting a beneficial microbiome. Here, we evaluated the suitability of three different wheat varieties for less intensive agricultural systems, focusing on reduced tillage and fertilizer intensity. The study was conducted over two consecutive years in a Swiss long-term field experiment comparing conventional versus reduced tillage and full fertilization versus half fertilization. In addition, we investigated the composition of plant-associated microbial communities using amplicon sequencing of phylogenetic marker genes, specifically targeting bacteria and fungi in rhizosphere samples and fungi in root samples. Our results revealed that in our study wheat variety most strongly predicted grain yield and quality, independent of tillage and fertilization intensity. Specifically, wheat varieties demonstrated higher yields and N uptake in plots subjected to conventional ploughing and full fertilization compared to those under reduced tillage and half fertilization. We found no significant effect of wheat variety on the composition of microbial communities. However, tillage emerged as the primary factor influencing microbial community composition in the rhizosphere, while fertilization intensity significantly impacted fungal communities in the root system. These findings underscore the complex interplay between agronomic practices, plant genetics, and microbial dynamics in agroecosystems, emphasizing the need for holistic and adaptive approaches and their further development to ensure sustainable crop production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142526594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration soil contact model – A flexible pressure-sinkage method for simulating low speed vehicles with wheels and tracks","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An integration soil contact model and a modular terramechanics simulator VieteriSim for vehicles running on wheels and tracks were developed. The presented computational method extends the soil contact model by introducing a user defined pressure-sinkage relationship according to a theoretical function or an experimental data set, a numerical integration of pressure over a contact area with a desired resolution and vector based rolling resistance coefficient calculation. The convergence of the model and the capability of the computational method are demonstrated by simulating a cut-to-length timber forwarder running on a soft terrain with and without bogie tracks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142444648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pearl millet yield reduction by soil erosion and its recovery potential through fertilizer application on an Arenosol in the Sahel","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the heightened contribution of soil erosion to soil degradation in the Sahel, its impact, particularly topsoil loss, on crop productivity remains unclear. To address this issue, we investigated the effects of simulated erosion by removing topsoil on the grain yield of pearl millet in the Sahel. Three-year field experiments conducted on an Arenosol in Niger examined different levels of topsoil removal (0, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10 cm) and fertilization (unfertilized and fertilized) on the grain yield of pearl millet. Results showed that topsoil removal of 2.5 cm or more significantly reduced grain yield, with effects projected to become apparent in 5–6 years based on erosion rates previously reported. Under normal rainfall conditions in the first and third years, 2.5-cm topsoil removal under unfertilized conditions resulted in a yield reduction of 37 % cm⁻¹, surpassing the values reported in other humid to semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Conversely, the grain yield remained unaffected following a 1-cm topsoil removal. Fertilizer application compensated for the grain yield loss in the plots of 2.5- and 5.0-cm topsoil removal but not effectively in the 10-cm removal plot. In conclusion, the loss of the thin Ap horizon markedly reduced plant-available water and nutrients in soils, leading to a decreased grain yield of pearl millet in the Sahel. Given the Ap horizon thinness and soil erosion prevalence in the Sahel, recognizing the topsoil loss in the early stages of soil erosion and implementing countermeasures are imperative to avoid a sharp decline in grain yield.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142440944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}