Zigang Xu , Yangning Zheng , Xiangbo Bu , Haiyang Zhuang , Ji Zhang , Kaidi Zhang
{"title":"A simplified estimation method for foundation coefficients in seismic response displacement method of underground structures","authors":"Zigang Xu , Yangning Zheng , Xiangbo Bu , Haiyang Zhuang , Ji Zhang , Kaidi Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109652","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109652","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Foundation coefficients are critical parameters in the response displacement method (RDM) for seismic analysis of underground structures. This study investigates the influence of soil properties, structural dimensions, and burial depth on foundation coefficients. Based on these findings, a simplified formula for estimating foundation coefficient is proposed. Subsequently, the estimation method is applied to the seismic analysis of subway stations under both homogeneous and layered site conditions, with the results benchmarked against those obtained using the static finite element method prescribed in existing design codes. The computational accuracy of the proposed approach is evaluated against the traditional response displacement method (T-RDM) and the vertical inertial force one (VIF-RDM). The findings indicate a linear relationship between foundation coefficients and the elastic modulus of the soil, while variations in structural dimensions exert a significant impact on foundation coefficients of sidewalls and base slabs. Under both homogeneous and layered site conditions, the foundation coefficients determined using the proposed simplified formula align closely with those obtained from the static finite element method. Additionally, across four engineering case studies, the structural responses derived from the proposed method are consistent with those produced by the T-RDM and VIF-RDM, further validating its reliability. In study, the proposed method eliminates the need for repeated static finite element analyses, significantly enhancing computational efficiency while maintaining high accuracy. It demonstrates strong applicability to various site conditions and structural configurations, offering a valuable reference for the seismic analysis of underground structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109652"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144548997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hsuan-Chih Yang , Chun-Jia Huang , Yung-Yen Ko , Kuan-Yu Chen , Chi-Chin Tsai , Chun-Hung Lin , Yu Wei Hwang , Min-Chien Chu , Yu-Syuan Jhuo , Yu-Ting Hsueh , Shodai Okano , LeeYi Wang , Louis Ge
{"title":"Geotechnical reconnaissance of Hualien Port after the 2024 ML 7.2 hualien earthquake","authors":"Hsuan-Chih Yang , Chun-Jia Huang , Yung-Yen Ko , Kuan-Yu Chen , Chi-Chin Tsai , Chun-Hung Lin , Yu Wei Hwang , Min-Chien Chu , Yu-Syuan Jhuo , Yu-Ting Hsueh , Shodai Okano , LeeYi Wang , Louis Ge","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109613","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109613","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unmanned aerial vehicles were used for comprehensive aerial surveys over the entire port area of Hualien, Taiwan, after the 2024 M<sub>L</sub> 7.2 earthquake for the purpose of mapping topography and building a three-dimensional point cloud model. Surveys of multichannel surface waves and horizontal to vertical spectral ratios were conducted at wharf No. 25 of the port, which suffered severe damage. An investigation of the extent of liquefaction is described, and descriptions of the seismic displacement-induced cracking of the caisson are provided. This study comprehensively integrates the observed geotechnical engineering-related disasters at Hualien Port caused by the earthquake. Through the on-site investigations and measurements, the interpreted information serves as a valuable reference for devising strategies in the event of future seismic events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109613"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zailin Yang, Shihao Cao, Zhongliang Chang, Yukun Wang
{"title":"Microstructure evolution of coral sand during impact liquefaction process","authors":"Zailin Yang, Shihao Cao, Zhongliang Chang, Yukun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109615","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coral sand is a special calcium carbonate-rich sediment used in island reef engineering, and the microstructural changes in coral sand liquefaction under impact loading have been less studied. A three-dimensional X-ray microscope CT (μCT) was used to reconstruct the coral sand in three dimensions. Based on three-dimensional image reconstruction, numerical simulation methods were used to perform a finite element analysis of the impact liquefaction of saturated coral sand in an undrained state. The changes in the coordination number of coral sand particles, interparticle force chain, and overall void ratio before and after the impact were investigated, revealing the liquefaction evolution of the coral sand liquefaction process. In the indoor one-dimensional impact test, the changes in the coordination number of coral sand were positively correlated with the supervoid ratio pressure ratio, and the uniformity of the pore diameter was reduced by the impact. During impact loading, coral sand was subjected to high-intensity extrusion, and the void ratio decreased simultaneously. The coral sand, which originally had larger particles, broke into multiple smaller particles, resulting in a decrease in the coordination number. The change in the coordination number of coral sand was positively correlated with the burial depth (pre-pressure), and the coordination number of coral sand decreased after liquefaction, whereas the overall void ratio of the coral particles decreased. This study provides a deeper understanding of the microevolution of coral sand liquefaction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109615"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Geotechnical Seismic Isolation (GSI): State of the art","authors":"Hing-Ho Tsang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109627","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Geotechnical Seismic Isolation (GSI) is a category of seismic isolation techniques that are in direct contact with geomaterials and of which the isolation mechanism primarily involves geotechnics. It is an advanced resilient seismic design approach that can fulfil the damage avoidance performance objectives, consistent with conventional Structural Seismic Isolation. GSI is future focused and well-positioned to play a complementary role in building a safer and more resilient world. This article aims to provide a state-of-the-art overview of this new branch of knowledge in the field of earthquake engineering. The overarching vision and the scientific principles of the four branches of GSI systems will be discussed, explained and clarified. Also, a non-exhaustive bibliography of major development of GSI is provided in chronological order.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109627"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of crest improvement on the seismic stability of small earth dams","authors":"Shunichi Ohyama , Yuki Konishi , Akira Izumi , Hidekazu Tagashira , Yutaka Sawada","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Crest improvement has been conducted to improve the seismic resistance of small earth dams, which are widely distributed in Asian regions with high seismic activity. This method increases the apparent cohesion of the crest. Although circular slip analysis has revealed that the safety factor increases, the effect of partial improvement on the seismic resistance of the entire embankment is yet to be investigated. In this study, we conducted a centrifuge model experiment on a small earth dam embankment that had undergone crest improvement, and we evaluated the effect of crest improvement on the seismic stability of the small earth dam embankment and the issues involved. The results revealed that crest improvement suppressed the settlement of the embankment. At a seismic acceleration of 1.5 m/s<sup>2</sup>, the settlement of the small earth dam embankment with crest improvement was below 0.1 m. Under a seismic acceleration of 4.5 m/s<sup>2</sup>, the settlement was suppressed to 25% of that observed without countermeasures, with the greatest reduction achieved when crest improvement was applied to the upper 30% of the embankment height. Furthermore, amplification of the response acceleration, and increase in the excess pore water pressure ratio were also suppressed with crest improvement. However, in cases where crest improvement was implemented, the application of strong seismic motion led to separation at the boundary between the embankment and the cement-stabilized soil. This separation poses a risk of water leakage and potential erosion along the downstream slope, and its impact is expected to be more pronounced when the section of crest improvement is located below the full water level. Future research should focus on mitigating boundary separation and cracking, enhancing resistance to bending and tensile stresses, and preventing brittle fracture in cement-stabilized soil.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109622"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144522843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sujanraj Devkota , Mohammad Khosravi , Ali Khosravi , Kami Mohammadi
{"title":"Seismic response of lightly over-consolidated clay layers: Centrifuge experiments and numerical simulations","authors":"Sujanraj Devkota , Mohammad Khosravi , Ali Khosravi , Kami Mohammadi","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109643","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109643","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study integrates centrifuge experiments and advanced numerical simulations to investigate the seismic response of lightly over-consolidated, low-plasticity clay layers, with a focus on evaluating the predictive capabilities of available numerical tools under various seismic scenarios. Centrifuge model tests were conducted on a deep clay profile reinforced with soil-cement (SC) grids and subjected to multiple shaking events, including scaled long-period and high-frequency real ground motions. A two-dimensional nonlinear dynamic analysis (NDA) using FLAC2D with PM4Silt and PM4Sand constitutive models is calibrated against experimental measurements. A detailed parametric study explores how variations in ground motion intensity and frequency content influence soil nonlinearity and excess pore pressure generation, providing insights into the dynamic behavior of soil under various shaking scenarios. Sensitivity analyses on undrained shear strength, damping ratio, and permeability highlights the dominant influence of shear strength on the response of cohesive soils. DEEPSOIL simulations match experimental results under moderate shaking but show limitations in capturing nonlinear effects under intense shaking. The findings emphasize the importance of advanced constitutive models for evaluating nonlinear seismic site response in cohesive soils and provide recommendations for geotechnical engineering practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109643"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guanping Zhang , Yanhui Liu , Fulin Zhou , Ping Tan , Donà Marco
{"title":"Optimal parameters of rotational inerter double tuned mass damper for different excitation and response combinations","authors":"Guanping Zhang , Yanhui Liu , Fulin Zhou , Ping Tan , Donà Marco","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109641","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109641","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Rotational Inerter Double Tuned Mass Damper (RIDTMD) is a vibration mitigation device derived by substituting the damping element in a conventional Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) with an inerter-based system. Under the same tuned mass ratio condition, RIDTMD has better vibration damping effectiveness than TMD. However, it is difficult to obtain the analytical solution of RIDTMD optimal parameters, which severely limits the application of RIDTMD in the engineering field. To address this problem, this study utilizes the Genetic Algorithm-Nonlinear Programming (GA-NLP) algorithm to obtain the analytical solution of RIDTMD, and the optimal parameters formulation of RIDTMD is given by numerical fitting technique. Under random force excitation, the optimal parameters of the RIDTMD are obtained based on optimization criteria <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>∞</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>, with the displacement and acceleration of primary structure serving as the optimization objectives, respectively. The same method is used to obtain the optimal parameters of RIDTMD under base displacement excitation. Finally, the validity of the optimal parameters of RIDTMD was verified through frequency-domain analysis and time-domain analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109641"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144522842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Di Liu , M. Hesham El Naggar , Hai Fang , Chengshun Xu , Xiuli Du
{"title":"Comparative performance of seismic mitigation devices for underground subway station","authors":"Di Liu , M. Hesham El Naggar , Hai Fang , Chengshun Xu , Xiuli Du","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reducing horizontal deformation of vertical support columns is effective in improving structural seismic resilience and performance of shallow buried underground frame structures. This paper investigates the seismic response of underground station mitigation devices with laminated rubber bearings (LRB) and arc groove roller bearings (AGRB) installed at the column ends based on this seismic mitigation design concept. The performance of different seismic mitigation devices is evaluated and compared considering different earthquake combination conditions and intensity levels as well as key parameters of bearing characteristics. The results demonstrate that both bearing types are effective in mitigating the seismic damage of station structure by significantly reducing the internal forces of structural members and their deformation response, especially the damage of the central column. However, the AGRB is better than that of LRB under medium and large earthquakes. Within the practical range of design parameters, the seismic mitigation rate of LRB exceeds over 60 %, while the seismic mitigation rate of AGRB exceeds 80 %. In addition, as the peak ground acceleration (PGA) increases, the effectiveness of LRB seismic mitigation decreases while the effectiveness of AGRB increases slightly. It is found that the seismic mitigation rate of the central column increases with the increases in horizontal stiffness of the LRB and the decrease in friction coefficient of the AGRB. These findings inform the reliable design of seismic mitigation devices for underground subway station structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109629"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144517840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Longitudinal seismic response of non-circular shield tunnels passing through soft-hard stratum","authors":"Lei Liu , Chengshun Xu , Xiuli Du , Daniel Dias","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109640","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109640","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the continuous development of shield tunneling technology, more and more shield tunnels with non-circular cross-section are appearing in the urban transportation system. The seismic performance of these non-circular cross-section shield tunnels should be paid high attention to, especially when they pass through soft-hard stratum commonly seen in engineering. This study conducted a series of numerical calculation cases to analyze the longitudinal seismic response differences between two typical non-circular cross-section shield tunnels, a horseshoe shaped one and a quasi-rectangular one, and a traditional circular cross-section shield tunnel based on a developed 3D full dynamic numerical model. The model described the interaction between segmental ring and straight bolt by using a type of connector element, greatly reducing element quantities and decreasing computational costs. The results show that the soft-hard stratum exhibit non-negligible local site effects under seismic loading; cross-section type of the shield tunnels has a great impact on segmental ring internal force distribution and ring joint opening width; the dynamic responses of the shield tunnel with horseshoe shaped cross-section are always greater than those of the other two shield tunnels; the maximum bolt response always occurs at the crown and invert of ring joints under longitudinal seismic excitation, therefore, these two critical positions should be prioritized for seismic reinforcement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109640"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144517577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Seismic microzonation of Chennai City using fuzzy-probabilistic hazard and response analyses","authors":"K. Menaka , G.R. Dodagoudar","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109636","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109636","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The critical structures and infrastructure facilities in densely populated and rapidly urbanising cities must be designed to withstand potential earthquake shaking without experiencing severe damage. This study aims to develop seismic microzonation maps and stipulates seismic design parameters for Chennai City, south India, by considering both aleatory and epistemic uncertainties. The fuzzy approach is employed in seismic hazard and ground response analyses to effectively manage the vagueness and imprecision of the input data and qualitative information of the study area. A systematic procedure for fuzzy-probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (FPSHA) and fuzzy ground response analysis (fuzzy-GRA) is developed as part of the study. A set of 11 spectrum-compatible recorded accelerograms consistent with the 475-year return period uniform hazard spectrum of Chennai City is obtained. These accelerograms are utilised as bedrock motions in the ground response analysis. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) values obtained at different depths from the hazard and ground response analyses are used to develop two-dimensional seismic microzonation maps for Chennai City. Additionally, maps of peak spectral accelerations and predominant site periods at the surface of the city area are established. The spatial variation of PGA at ground level for a 475-year return period in Chennai City ranges from 0.20 to 0.31g, with most places in the city exhibiting PGA values between 0.25 and 0.27g.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109636"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144517340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}