Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Seismic performance of utility tunnel and internal pipeline system based on fuzzy probability analysis","authors":"Jinqiang Li ,&nbsp;Hong Hao ,&nbsp;Zilan Zhong ,&nbsp;Yuebo Shi ,&nbsp;Xiuli Du","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109607","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a fuzzy seismic fragility analysis method to address the limitations of using single Engineering Demand Parameters (<em>EDP</em>s) and the limited consideration of uncertainties in damage state thresholds in seismic assessments of underground structures. An analysis was conducted on a utility tunnel and internal pipeline system embedded in site of type II soil, as defined by Chinese code, using Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA). The maximum joint opening of utility tunnel and maximum strain of internal pipeline were selected as the <em>EDP</em>s. Fuzzy fragility curves were developed for both single (tunnel or pipeline) and multiple <em>EDP</em>s (tunnel and pipeline). The proposed method incorporates triangular and quasi-normal membership functions to account for fuzzy damage thresholds, combined with entropy weighting and traditional probability calculation methods. Results demonstrate that incorporating fuzzy damage thresholds significantly influences the shape of fragility curves, increasing failure probabilities for minor damage while reducing those for moderate damage. As for extensive damage, it varies among different components. Despite these variations, the choice of membership function form has a negligible impact on fragility results, with differences remaining within 10 %. Furthermore, the integration of multiple <em>EDP</em>s enhances the robustness and comprehensiveness of fragility analysis, particularly when the reliability of a single <em>EDP</em> is uncertain. These findings highlight the importance of considering fuzzy damage thresholds and multiple <em>EDP</em>s to improve the accuracy and reliability of seismic fragility evaluations for underground utility tunnels and pipeline systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109607"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144570310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel framework for optimal selection of vector-valued intensity measures under mainshock-aftershock sequences considering uncertainties and multi-criteria correlation","authors":"Xu Bao ,&nbsp;Kaiwen Xu ,&nbsp;Zhen Li ,&nbsp;Lu Jin ,&nbsp;Dake Tian ,&nbsp;Bingfeng Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109655","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109655","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An optimal intensity measure (IM) can effectively describe the damage potential of ground motions and accurately reflect the relationship between structural responses and seismic parameters, which plays a vital role in earthquake engineering. Although numerous studies have examined ideal IMs for mainshocks, there is limited research on the potential effect of aftershocks on the IM selection. This paper proposes a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework that addresses the optimal selection of vector-valued <strong>IM</strong>s for seismic sequences by considering uncertainties and multi-criteria correlation. In this framework, to capture the nonlinear relationship between vector-valued <strong>IM</strong>s and multivariate engineering demand parameters (EDPs), several novel evaluation criteria are introduced to measure the comprehensive performance of mainshock-aftershock IM vectors. The performance criteria of each vector-valued <strong>IM</strong> candidate are then treated as a rough concept to handle uncertainties within the selection process. Finally, an advanced selection method is proposed to identify the appropriate alternative in a rough context, which can consider interdependencies among multiple criteria and avoid subjective judgment. The proposed framework is illustrated on reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures, and the effects of the number of aftershocks and the size of IM vectors are investigated to provide further guidance for the <strong>IM</strong> selection. The results provide valuable insights into the optimal selection of vector-valued <strong>IM</strong>s in the mainshock-aftershock scenario.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109655"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144570309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The response characteristics of fault-crossing tunnel subjected to different sequential combination actions of strike-slip fault dislocation and seismic wave propagation","authors":"Xiancheng Mei ,&nbsp;Changdong Ding ,&nbsp;Jianhe Li ,&nbsp;Bo Lou ,&nbsp;Zhen Cui ,&nbsp;Mingnan Xu ,&nbsp;Qian Sheng ,&nbsp;Yajie Song ,&nbsp;Jian Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109653","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109653","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The combined effects of fault dislocation and earthquake activity on fault-crossing tunnels present significant risks to both construction and operational safety. However, the interaction between fault dislocation and earthquake motion remains inadequately understood, necessitating an investigation into the lining response characteristics of fault-crossing tunnels exposed to combinations of these two factors. This study utilized a representative long fault-crossing tunnel in western China to develop and validate a three-dimensional numerical analysis model, which was verified against physical similarity model experiments on fault dislocation response. Comparative analyses were performed to explore the tunnel lining's response to fault dislocation, Dislocation-Earthquake sequential combinations (D-E), earthquake activity, and Earthquake-Dislocation sequential combinations (E-D). Additionally, a detailed parametric sensitivity analysis was performed to examine the tunnel lining's internal force responses under both sequential combination actions. Results indicated that the tunnel lining's response to fault dislocation, based on a model that incorporated geological structural zoning within the fault zone (including fault fracture zone, fault core, and fault influence zone), aligned closely with deformation patterns observed in post-earthquake field investigations. Fault dislocation is the dominant factor causing the lining structures damage both in the sequential combinations of E-D and D-E, although the earthquake action can contribute a corresponding amplification of the stress responses in the sequential combinations of D-E. Furthermore, internal force responses of the tunnel lining exhibit heightened sensitivity to variations in fault dip angle under both sequential combinations. The effect of fault dip angle, fault core width, and fault core location on the lining's internal forces differ, reflecting the predominant influence of the specific actions in each combination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109653"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144570311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive modeling and experimental assessment of static liquefaction potential in unsaturated sandy soils","authors":"Wenhao Huang ,&nbsp;Youssef Shamas ,&nbsp;Khai Hoan Tran ,&nbsp;Saber Imanzadeh ,&nbsp;Said Taibi ,&nbsp;Jean-Marie Fleureau ,&nbsp;Eduardo Souza De Cursi","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109651","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109651","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the static liquefaction behavior of unsaturated sandy soils through experimental analysis and predictive modeling, focusing on the combined effects of saturation degree before shearing (<em>Sr</em>), initial mean effective stress (<em>p</em>'₀), and state parameter (<span><math><mrow><mi>ψ</mi></mrow></math></span>). A novel saturation control methodology was developed for triaxial testing, enabling adjustment of <em>Sr</em> (85–100 %). Experimental results show that the highest liquefaction risk occurs when mean effective stress causes <span><math><mrow><mi>ψ</mi></mrow></math></span> to reach its maximum value (<span><math><mrow><mi>ψ</mi></mrow></math></span>_max) for the first time. Additionally, an analysis of the relationship between peak deviatoric stress (<em>q</em>_peak) and the corresponding axial strain (<em>ε</em>_peak) further highlights the critical role of saturation degree (<em>Sr</em>) in influencing soil strength and deformation limits, emphasizing the importance of strain control as a liquefaction prevention measure. Moreover, a predictive model for the pore pressure ratio (<em>Ru</em>) was developed, incorporating the saturation degree (<em>Sr</em>), state parameter (<span><math><mrow><mi>ψ</mi></mrow></math></span>) and initial mean effective stress (<em>p</em>'₀). Based on this model, a 3D iso-surface (<strong><em>Ru</em> = 0.95</strong>) was constructed to define the liquefaction boundary, providing a clear representation of the conditions under which liquefaction is more or less likely to occur.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109651"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144548998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing seismic isolation using the inertial amplification mechanism based damper","authors":"Haomin Ma ,&nbsp;Zhibao Cheng ,&nbsp;Zhifei Shi ,&nbsp;Alessandro Marzani","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109625","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109625","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To improve the performance of the traditional base isolation structure, this paper introduces a vibration control system that combines the base isolation structure with the Inertial Amplification Mechanism enhanced Damper (IAM-D). First, the governing equations for a base-isolated multistory building equipped with the IAM-D under earthquake excitations are established. Based on the simplified analytical model, the analytical expressions for the equivalent damping ratio and the damping enhancement equation of the IAM-D are derived. Second, the IAM-D in the considered base isolation structure is optimized, and closed-form solutions for the optimal parameters of the IAM-D are derived based on the damping enhancement equation. Parametric analyzses explore the effects of geometric and physical parameters on the optimal parameters. Finally, the seismic isolation performance of an MDOF base isolation structure equipped with the IAM-D or a viscous damper (VD) with the same damping ratio is analyzed by performing time history analysis and energy dissipation analysis. Compared to the VD, the IAM-D suppresses the base floor displacement, the absolute acceleration of the roof, and the base shear force by about 35%, 26%, and 31%, respectively. With appropriate design, the IAM-D can improve the energy dissipation capability of the conventional VD and enhance the seismic isolation performance of the traditional base isolation system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109625"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144563556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic performance of reinforced soil slopes with gabions and geobags as slope facings in shaking table test","authors":"Ya Meng ,&nbsp;Chao Xu ,&nbsp;Yang Yang ,&nbsp;Geye Li ,&nbsp;Xiaodang Wei ,&nbsp;Bin Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109645","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109645","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reinforced soil technology is a preferred solution for addressing fill slopes in mountainous regions. Despite extensive research on the seismic responses of reinforced soil slopes under specific slope surface conditions, the comparison of the dynamic responses among reinforced soil slopes with varying slope facings remains unclear. In the current study, two sets of reduced-scale shaking table tests were performed on reinforced slope models with gabions and geotextile bags used as front panels, respectively. The acceleration response characteristics, slope surface displacement, crest settlement, earth pressure and geogrid axial force distribution of the two models were systematically compared to assess their performance under earthquakes. The results indicated that the acceleration amplification factors across the slopes for the two types of front panels differed slightly. The strongest acceleration response was observed at the slope surface, followed by the unreinforced soil zone, and the least in the reinforced soil zone. Under seismic loading, the peak displacement of the slope surface increased with slope height and peak ground acceleration, with the gabion group generally showing smaller peak displacements compared to the geobag group. Moreover, post-earthquake recovery of slope surface displacement exceeded 70 % for both groups. Both tested models displayed uneven settlement at the slope crest after the earthquake. The maximum cumulative settlement, which amounted to approximately 0.6 % of the slope height, was observed with the gabion group, which exhibited a greater crest settlement compared to the geobag group. Despite initial disparity due to the self-weight of slope facing material, both slope groups exhibited the same vertical earth pressure evolution with comparable growth rates under earthquake. Similar spatial distributions were also observed in the axial forces of geogrid, in which the geobag group showed higher increments but lower recovery capacity than the gabion group.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109645"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144563545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternate intensity measure for maximum direction shaking and construction of the associated ground motion models","authors":"Falak Vats,&nbsp;Dhiman Basu","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109648","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109648","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seismic standards recommend RotD100 as the intensity measure to define the maximum direction shaking while accounting for directionality. Nevertheless, the inherent overestimation with this choice is well known. Alternatively, this paper proposes Rotated RotD100 spectrum, a single-component spectrum rotated to align with the orientation of the RotD100 spectral ordinate at the period of interest. This definition preserves the RotD100 spectral ordinate at any specific period while avoiding overestimation at other periods. Further, it is also consistent with the recent recommendation on alternate perspective critical orientation, aiming to maximise the structural response. Therefore, the proposed intensity measure for maximum direction shaking should be preferred in scenario-based seismic performance assessment. A novel framework is proposed for developing the ground motion model (GMM) with Rotated RotD100 as the intensity measure by modifying RotD100 GMM. The proposed framework is demonstrated with a subset of the NGA-West2 database. The modification factor is first numerically constructed, followed by its idealization for smoothness and practical convenience. This idealized representation also accounts for the contingency on seismological parameters: the rate of decay in modification function increases with magnitude or distance. Further, the proposed Rotated RotD100 GMM is compared with a pair of conventional GMMs (geometric-mean, RotD50 and RotD100), highlighting its unique ability to maximise response at the period of interest while still representing a realistic ground motion. Overall, the proposed framework and the Rotated RotD100 GMM are expected to be a valuable tool in several earthquake engineering applications, such as site-specific seismic hazard analysis and scenario-based performance assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109648"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144548999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A framework for rapid seismic fragility analysis of offshore wind turbines considering wind, wave and scour","authors":"Mohammad Reza Akbarzadeh ,&nbsp;Arman Delaviz ,&nbsp;Mohammad Zolfaghari ,&nbsp;Homayoon E. Estekanchi ,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Tabeshpour","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109620","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109620","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid growth of the offshore wind turbine (OWT) industry has led to the development of wind farms in earthquake-prone regions. OWT structures are dynamically affected by environmental forces such as wind, waves, and currents. Seismic analysis of these structures is challenging due to the nonlinear behavior of soil under various dynamic loads and the scour effects resulting from waves and currents. This study aims to evaluate the seismic performance of a 5-Megawatt (MW) monopile-supported OWT subjected to simultaneous wind, wave, and earthquake excitations under scour conditions. For this purpose, the Endurance Time (ET) method, a runtime-efficient approach, is employed to conduct probabilistic seismic assessments and develop fragility functions under various scour depths and soil types. Load excitations on the OWT are introduced through endurance time excitation functions (ETEFs) and dynamic wind and wave loads. Validation with incremental dynamic analysis reveals that the ET method accurately estimates the seismic behavior of MOWTs with low computational cost. Overall, the study concludes that increasing scour depth or decreasing soil resistance leads to higher fragility values and exceedance probabilities over a 50-year period, along with a reduction in the reliability indices for all damage indicators associated with the serviceability and ultimate limit states. Scour can also cause the location of maximum demand to shift along the height of the OWT. Additionally, under severe scour depths (greater than 1.5 times the pile diameter), the OWT undergoes significant damage due to operational environmental loads, with the increase in vulnerability being particularly more pronounced for the serviceability limit state compared to the ultimate limit state.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109620"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144563555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of hysteretic energy demands on collapsed corner buildings during the September 19, 2017 earthquake in Mexico City","authors":"J.I. López-Pérez,&nbsp;J.M. Jara,&nbsp;B.A. Olmos,&nbsp;G. Martínez,&nbsp;A. Martínez,&nbsp;A.R. Sánchez","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109647","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109647","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Damage to buildings during earthquakes depends on the dynamic characteristics of the seismic event, soil properties, and the buildings’ attributes. Many buildings exhibit structural deficiencies from either the design conceptualization or the construction process. In Mexico and other seismically active countries such as Turkey, Japan, the United States, India, Chile, and Nepal, where highly destructive earthquakes have occurred, structural pathologies such as soft-story mechanisms and torsional effects have been identified as primary causes of building damage collapse. In particular, buildings on street corners are more vulnerable to torsional effects, mainly due to the asymmetric distribution of infill walls. Although many studies have investigated the seismic response of irregular structures and the effects of torsion on observed damage, very few have systematically analyzed the distribution of hysteretic energy demand in corner buildings and its correlation with seismic damage and building collapses. This study examines how the hysteretic energy demand is distributed among the structural elements of corner buildings with torsional pathology and its connection to the severe damage and collapses observed during the earthquake on September 19, 2017 in Mexico. Using post-earthquake data, numerical models were created to represent damaged and collapsed corner buildings primarily consisting of reinforced concrete frames with masonry infill walls. Nonlinear time-history analyses were conducted using recorded accelerograms from the site to assess the seismic response of the buildings in terms of interstory drift demand and hysteretic energy distribution, two key parameters directly related to structural damage. A comprehensive analysis of torsional effects on hysteretic energy distribution in columns, beams, and masonry walls was evaluated. The results highlight that although the amount of hysteretic energy dissipated by masonry walls is relatively small compared to the total energy dissipation, its asymmetric placement significantly alters the distribution of interstory drifts and increases localized demands on structural elements, particularly columns. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of analyzing corner buildings that accurately represent existing structures by incorporating the stiffness of masonry walls, rather than relocating the center of mass or center of stiffness. By integrating real post-earthquake building data and accelerograms recorded at seismic stations near the buildings, this study establishes a direct correlation between analytical results and observed structural damage, offering valuable insights into the mechanisms contributing to both partial and total collapses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109647"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144548996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction and sensitivity analysis of hysteretic energy spectra for self-centering systems using artificial neural network considering Chinese seismic scenarios","authors":"Ge Song ,&nbsp;Lili Xing","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109646","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109646","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a deep learning-based artificial neural network (ANN) model for predicting the hysteretic energy spectra for self-centering systems. Ground motion records are selected based on the site classifications specified in the Chinese seismic code. A procedure for constructing hysteretic energy spectra for self-centering systems is developed to generate the dataset for the model training, resulting in a total of 81000 samples with varying input features and corresponding output labels. Bayesian Optimization is employed to determine the optimal ANN configuration. Additionally, model robustness is evaluated by introducing Gaussian noise into the input data. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis is further performed to quantify the contributions of different input features. The results show that the ANN model using acceleration response spectra as input seismic features exhibits superior predictive accuracy and generalization capability. Meanwhile, the developed model remains reliable even in the presence of noise, particularly for stronger earthquakes. SHAP analysis demonstrates that while earthquake characteristics exert only a marginal impact on predictive accuracy, neglecting seismic features still impairs the model's performance. Additionally, the results highlight a negative impact of the damping ratio <em>ξ</em> on hysteretic energy spectra, whereas the energy ratio <em>η</em> has the opposite influence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109646"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144548995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}