Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Similarity design method for soil–structure–water models in centrifugal shaking table tests","authors":"Yu Chen,&nbsp;Yan-Man Liu,&nbsp;Kun Wu,&nbsp;Xin Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109271","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109271","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In centrifugal shaking table tests, the reinforced concrete of the structural component of bridge pier prototypes is commonly replaced with aluminium alloy used in test models to replicate the elastic response of the structure. Moreover, the soil and water properties of the test model are typically consistent with those of the prototype. In the centrifugal dynamic model of a soil–structure–water system, establishing an appropriate similarity relationship is challenging because of the different materials used in the structural components of the test scale model and the prototype. To address this issue, an innovative similarity law is proposed for centrifugal shaking table tests to simulate the behaviour of soil–structure–water models. A numerical model of a deep-water bridge pier on a soft foundation was established and validated against centrifugal test results. Extensive numerical simulations were conducted to analyse the seismic responses of both the pier prototype and the scale model designed according to the proposed similarity law under the actions of the El Centro, Loma Prieta, and Kobe earthquakes. The results indicate that the maximum error in predicting the displacement and bending moment of the prototype using the scale model is 5.63 %, whereas the error for the hydrodynamic pressure and dynamic soil pressure is 14.98 %. Furthermore, when the proposed similarity law is applied to design a scale model for various water depths and seismic intensities during the El Centro earthquake, the maximum error in predicting the prototype displacements and bending moments is reduced to 5.34 %, with a maximum error of 14.79 % for hydrodynamic pressures and dynamic soil pressures. Therefore, the soil–structure–water model designed using the proposed similarity law can accurately predict the structural response in centrifugal shaking table tests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 109271"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143094906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response control of multi-storied adjacent buildings using double-compliant liquid dampers-inerter subjected to seismic excitations","authors":"Anupam Das","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pounding between adjacent, closely spaced buildings was frequently observed in previous major seismic events. This paper proposes a novel double-compliant liquid dampers-inerter (DCLDI) system to mitigate the potential pounding and response of adjacent multi-storied buildings under seismic excitations. Specifically, three configurations of DCLDI are investigated. In Configuration 1, two compliant liquid dampers (CLDs) are linked by the inerter; in Configuration 2, one end of the inerter is connected to the roof of Building 1, while the other end is connected to the CLD, placed at the roof of Building 2; in Configuration 3, one end of the inerter is connected to the CLD, placed at the roof of Building 1, while the other end is connected to the roof of Building 2. Two example benchmark buildings, 4-story and 5-story are taken up for numerical demonstration. The mathematical modelling of the adjacent buildings is done with the shear building multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) approximation. The control effectiveness of the proposed damper configurations is investigated in both time and frequency domains. Five parameters of DCLDI are optimized using a single-objective optimization solver, ‘<em>ga</em>’ in MATLAB. The ratio of the relative total energy of the controlled and uncontrolled buildings is chosen as an objective function, while white noise is considered as seismic input. For time domain analysis, 40 recorded seismic ground motions, 20 far-fault, and 20 near-fault are chosen. It is noticed that the optimum DCLDI achieves a maximum reduction in peak acceleration up to 25.3 % for Building 1 and 22.5 % for Building 2, respectively. While DCLDI fails to significantly reduce the maximum inter-story drift ratios and peak displacements, especially in Building 1, under individual earthquakes, the average percentage reductions of the peak responses are modest.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 109276"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143094908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic response of structures on flexible base under foundation uplift augmented by vertical component of near-field ground motions","authors":"M. Farazmand ,&nbsp;F. Behnamfar ,&nbsp;A. Aziminejad","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109278","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109278","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Three-dimensional nonlinear dynamic analyses of 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-story steel buildings with special concentrically braced frame and special moment-resisting frame systems on soft and very soft soils are accomplished using OpenSees software. All buildings are modeled by taking nonlinear soil-structure interaction effects into account, representing a flexible-base case. They are excited under the effect of concurrent two and three translational components of near-field ground motions. Beams and columns are simulated using force-based beam-column elements with nonlinear material behavior at their two ends, and the finite-length plastic hinge approach is used to model the behavior of beam-column joints. By taking <span><math><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo>–</mo><mo>Δ</mo></mrow></math></span> and imperfection effects into account, braces are modeled using displacement-based fiber elements with distributed plasticity behavior. The Beam-on-Nonlinear-Winkler-Foundation is used to model the flexibility of the base soil. Foundation uplift is free to occur under the overturning moment due to the horizontal components of ground motion and gravity reduction because of the vertical component. The findings indicate that inadequate tensile capacity of the soil fails to prevent detachment of the foundation from the underlying soil especially for the braced frames. Furthermore, the vertical component of ground motion aggravates foundation uplift by as much as 50 % in comparison to the responses observed in buildings affected by horizontal motions. However, the vertical motion does not influence the maximum horizontal drift and base. For the soft soil, the provision provided in ASCE code to consider the vertical component of ground motion in design loading combinations turns out to be unconservative. According to the analysis results, it is recommended that the vertical seismic load effect, <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>v</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>, to be regarded as twice the quantity outlined in ASCE guidelines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 109278"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143094907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Significance of long-period ground motions on the seismic performance of transmission tower-line systems through multi-array shake table tests","authors":"Juncai Liu ,&nbsp;Meng Yang ,&nbsp;Li Tian ,&nbsp;Haomiao Chen ,&nbsp;Junrong Gong ,&nbsp;Zhen Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109267","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109267","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transmission tower-line systems (TTLSs), due to their expansive span, high rise, and significant nonlinearity, are particularly susceptible to long-period ground motions (LPGMs), which are featured by long periods and durations. The resultant resonant effect exacerbates the structural failure risk and severe functional degradation within transmission towers. However, previous studies have rarely utilized large-scale shake table tests to explore the effects of long-period characteristics, resulting in the seismic performance of TTLSs under LPGMs remaining unclear. In response, this study aims to experimentally investigate this phenomenon using multi-array shake table tests. Before this investigation, a large-scale experimental model of a TTLS was designed and fabricated, consisting of 1:20 scale transmission towers, 1:40 scale transmission lines, and mass blocks. Following the model's installation, measurement arrangement, and ground motion excitation planning, a series of shake table array tests were conducted to assess the impact of long-period characteristics on the seismic performance of the TTLS in terms of displacement, acceleration, and strain responses. The results indicate a significant amplification of the seismic responses of the TTLS by LPGMs and highlight the importance of incorporating the long-period characteristics of ground motions in seismic analyses of TTLSs. This investigation is expected to provide valuable insights for TTLSs to effectively withstand seismic hazards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 109267"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143094909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ground-motion generations using Multi-label Conditional Embedding–conditional Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model (ML–cDDPM)","authors":"Yanwen Huang ,&nbsp;Xiaodan Sun ,&nbsp;Junjie You ,&nbsp;Cheng Yang ,&nbsp;Dagang Lu ,&nbsp;Jie Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Current studies on ground motion prediction equations require the categorization of earthquake records by regions with different attenuation patterns. Conversely, machine learning based on entire datasets provides an opportunity to explore the factors that dominate ground motion at a site and their complex interactions. In this study, Multi-label Conditional Embedding is proposed to modify a conditional Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model (cDDPM) and achieve ground motion prediction of earthquake scenarios. A database was created for neural network training, consisting of 7154 horizontal ground motion records from 105 earthquakes selected from the Next Generation Attenuation (NGA)-West2 database of the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). Each record was labeled using four conditional parameters: <em>V</em>_S30, <em>F</em>, <em>M</em>_W, and <em>R</em>_rup. To embed multi-label and location information into the neural network, One-hot Encoding and Positional Encoding techniques were integrated. Hence, a Multi-label Conditional Embedding–conditional Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model (ML–cDDPM) was constructed for ground motion prediction. The model was used to simulate ground motions of past earthquakes and was compared with recorded motions. The model was also compared with two other neural-network-based prediction models. The comparisons demonstrate the reliability of ML–cDDPM in simulating ground motions for earthquake scenarios and its superiority over the other two models in representing the complexity of ground motion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 109274"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143094848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of initial shear stress on soft clay around monopile and natural frequency of offshore wind turbine structure","authors":"Lin Guo ,&nbsp;Ziya Xu ,&nbsp;Yilong Sun ,&nbsp;Zhixu Bai ,&nbsp;Hui Li ,&nbsp;Shengnan Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stiffness degradation of soft clay around offshore monopile is caused by the long-term effect of lateral complex cyclic loading such as wave and wind. Offshore wind turbine structure is a dynamic sensitive structure. It is urgent that the effect of complex cyclic loading on stiffness degradation of soft clay around pile and natural frequency of offshore wind turbine. A series of variable cyclic dynamic shear tests were conducted. The effect of initial shear stress and cyclic shear stress on soften characteristics of soft clay was investigated. It was found that as the initial shear stress is less than the cyclic shear stress, softening index decreases with the increase of cyclic stress ratio. Based on the test results, a soften model of soften clay with considering the effect of initial stress and cyclic shear stress was then built. By combining dynamic motion equation and this soften model of soft clay, a calculation method of natural frequency for offshore wind turbine structure was established to consider the effect of initial shear stress and cyclic shear stress. This method is verified by combining with the results of practical engineering and numerical data. Some parameters influence analysis were performed to explore the effect of amplitude and number of shear stress on the natural frequency of offshore wind turbine structure. The results showed that natural frequency of offshore wind turbine structure decreases with the increase of initial shear stress. As the amplitude and number is increased, the natural frequency decreases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 109265"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143094847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the dynamic properties of coral sands with different water contents under planar impact","authors":"Songlin Yue ,&nbsp;Xu Li ,&nbsp;Yanyu Qiu ,&nbsp;Gan Li ,&nbsp;Xingkai Gao ,&nbsp;Lu Liu ,&nbsp;Jianping Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109269","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flyer plate impact tests were carried out on three water content (dry, 10 % and 30 %) coral sands using one-stage gas gun device. Based on the time course curve of particle velocity at the free surface of the specimen, the interaction between coral sand with different water content and shock wave propagation was analyzed, and the impact adiabatic relationship and equation of state of coral sand with different water content under one-dimensional strain conditions were determined. The results demonstrate that there are discernible discrepancies in the dynamic response of coral sand across varying water content conditions. The dielectric elastic wave velocity is observed to decrease with increasing water content. Conversely, the slope of the shock wave velocity-particle velocity (<em>D</em>_s-<em>u</em>_s) curve is seen to increase with increasing water content. The attenuation rate of shock wave propagation in coral sand is significantly affected by water content, up to 50 % in dry and 10 % water content coral sand. However, there is almost no attenuation for water content up to 30 %, and enhanced shock wave pressure may occur in the presence of reflecting boundaries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 109269"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143094910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance evaluation of revere fault-crossing buried pipeline with super-absorbent-polymer concrete as trench backfill","authors":"Lingyue Xu ,&nbsp;Zilan Zhong ,&nbsp;Zhen Cui ,&nbsp;Xiuli Du","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Geological and topographical challenges in fault zones pose significant risks to the structural integrity of buried pipelines. Previous studies have shown that continuously buried pipelines using loose sand as backfill material experience severe damage under active fault displacement. This study proposes the use of super-absorbent-polymer concrete (SAPC) as an alternative trench backfill to mitigate structural damage in buried pipelines subjected to reverse fault movement, as opposed to conventional backfill with loose sand. This study begins with the preparation of lightweight porous concrete containing large super-absorbent-polymer aggregates, followed by mechanical property testing to establish a constitutive model of SAPC. The SAPC is then employed to backfill the trench of a fault-crossing pipeline. A finite element model is developed to analyze the pipeline-SAPC trench-soil interaction and evaluate the performance of the pipeline when the trench is backfilled with SAPC. Critical parameters such as SAPC backfill length, overlying thickness, and elastic modulus are also examined for their effects on the performance of a buried pipeline. The numerical results indicate that compared with conventional backfill with loose sand, the critical reverse fault displacement of the pipeline can generally be increased by over 100 % after using SAPC as the backfill material. Optimal pipeline performance is observed when the SAPC backfill length is approximately 60 times the pipeline diameter. Besides, a thinner overlying SAPC thickness will generally enhance the performance of buried steel pipelines under reverse fault movement. Additionally, by adjusting the sand-cement ratio and SAP volume fraction, a SAPC with a higher elastic modulus can slightly improve the performance of the fault-crossing pipeline.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 109275"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143094843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive model for assessing the nonlinear surface displacement and mechanical response of shallowly buried tunnels under dip-slip fault dislocation","authors":"Mingnian Wang ,&nbsp;Henghong Yang ,&nbsp;Li Yu ,&nbsp;Xiao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109229","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fault dislocation induces permanent ground surface displacement, leading to severe damage to tunnels. However, there is a notable scarcity of predictive models for nonlinear surface displacement and tunnel response under dip-slip fault dislocation. Previous analytical models have oversimplified surface displacement to a constant value. To this end, first, a predictive model for assessing the mechanical response of shallowly buried tunnels under dip-slip fault dislocation is established. Then, through a mathematical statistical analysis of field-measured data, a prediction method of nonlinear dip-slip surface displacement has been developed, and the nonlinear dip-slip surface displacement is introduced into the predictive model. The predictive model incorporates nonlinear surface displacement, fault zone width, and geometric nonlinearity, thereby markedly enhancing the accuracy of the calculation results. Secondly, the prediction model undergoes validation through experimental tests and numerical simulations, revealing a maximum error of 3.7 %. In contrast, neglecting nonlinear surface displacement can result in calculation errors as high as 517.5 %. Finally, the proposed predictive model is applied to conduct a parameter analysis, such as maximum surface displacement (<em>Δ</em>_dmax), dip angle (<em>α</em>), and fault zone width (<em>W</em>_F). The results shown that the maximum axial force (<em>N</em>_max), maximum shear force (<em>V</em>_zmax), and maximum bending moment (<em>M</em>_zmax) of the tunnel increase with the augmentation of <em>Δ</em>_dmax. For each incremental increase of 0.2 m in <em>Δ</em>_dmax, the <em>N</em>_max, <em>V</em>_zmax, and <em>M</em>_zmax exhibit an approximate increase of 22.1 %–100.3 %. The <em>N</em>_max and decreases with the increasing <em>α</em>, whereas both the <em>V</em>_zmax and the <em>M</em>_zmax increase as <em>α</em> rises. With each incremental increase of 10° in <em>α</em>, the <em>N</em>_max diminishes by approximately 16.1 %–49.2 %, while both the <em>V</em>_zmax and <em>M</em>_zmax experience an increase ranging from about 4.6 % to 19.1 %. An increase in <em>W</em>_F results in a decrease in the <em>V</em>_zmax and the <em>M</em>_zmax exerted on the tunnel. For every increment of 10 m in <em>W</em>_F, both the <em>V</em>_zmax and <em>M</em>_zmax decrease by approximately 15.8 %–32.3 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 109229"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143094842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive seismic risk assessment of mountainous road networks under concurrent impact of earthquakes and water presence","authors":"Elisavet-Isavela Koutsoupaki,&nbsp;Dimitris Sotiriadis,&nbsp;Nikolaos Klimis","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109236","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109236","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seismic risk assessment of road networks is crucial for ensuring infrastructure resilience and enhancing informed decision-making and retrofits in earthquake-prone regions. This study aims to evaluate the seismic risk associated with retaining walls and cut slopes in three districts of northern Greece, with a particular focus on the impact of water presence. A comprehensive exposure model is developed, identifying key components along the examined road axes. Existing probabilistic seismic hazard analysis results are employed for all regions, supplemented by deterministic analyses with seismic scenarios of 475- and 955-year recurrence periods for Xanthi regional unit. Novel fragility curves for gravity retaining walls and cut slopes are proposed, while existing ones are applied for reinforced concrete retaining walls. Risk analyses are conducted for peak ground acceleration (PGA) and peak ground velocity (PGV). The probabilistic analyses outcomes reveal the critical importance of considering water presence in seismic risk assessment, identifying districts with higher level of seismic risk. Scenario-based analyses indicate that, while all elements are likely to experience minor damage under dry conditions, the presence of water leads to moderate and extensive damage for several cut slopes and retaining walls. Finally, the study emphasizes the need for targeted mitigation strategies to enhance the resilience of road infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 109236"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143094844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}