Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Three-dimensional seismic environment effects on bridge fragility","authors":"J.M. Mayoral ,&nbsp;M. Pérez ,&nbsp;A. Roman-de la Sancha ,&nbsp;J. Rosas","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bridges built on soft soils, such as highly compressible plastic clays, present a larger seismic vulnerability due to the low shear strength, low stiffness, and small damping increment with shear strain, which can lead to large amplifications of the seismic movements. These factors are accentuated when dealing with three dimensional seismic environments that can preclude both foundation and structure failures, and which in turn, can result in the loss of total or partial functionality, and interruption of the transport network. Therefore, the design of urban bridges built on soft soils in densely populated cities requires the use of numerical models capable of simulating both the structure and soil conditions properly to establish the probability of reaching or exceeding a given damage state in a seismic event. This paper presents a numerical study of these effects on an urban bridge built on the typical soft soils found in Mexico City. The evaluations were carried out considering both intraplate and interface fault events expressed in uniform hazard spectra for several return periods (i.e., 125, 187, 250, 362, 475, 1475, and 2475 years), assuming two-dimensional and three-dimensional seismic environments. To assess the critical supports probability of reaching or exceeding a given damage state, nonlinear response history analyses were conducted, and site-specific fragility curves were derived numerically. The seismic response analyses were carried out by series of three-dimensional numerical models developed with the software FLAC3D, accounting for the effect of both, soil conditions and ground motion characteristics on the soil-structure system. To develop the fragility curves, the damage index was defined in terms of the relative displacements in the columns. Based on the results gathered in here, it was clearly established the detrimental effects of three-dimensional seismic environments in bridges, and the important increase of the probability of damage of 40 %, with respect to the performance expected for two-dimensional seismic loading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109883"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zeolite role in oil-polluted carbonate sand liquefaction mitigation risk – Developing a novel approach","authors":"Masoud Nasiri ,&nbsp;Ehsan Amiri","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109886","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109886","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liquefaction, a crucial concern in geoengineering, is an imminent threat to infrastructures if the cyclic stress reduces effective stress to zero in the soil mass. This natural disaster relies on various factors. Scholars predominantly concentrate on the silica sands' liquefaction response, which contradicts that of carbonates. Few papers address contaminated carbonate sand liquefaction. Therefore, this investigation aims to study the liquefaction resistance of Bushehr carbonate sand (<em>BCS</em>) in clean, crude oil-contaminated, and treated conditions with eco-friendly techniques. The stabilization process uses natural zeolite, a novel material in geotechnical engineering, to stabilize oil-contaminated soils. Zeolite is a clean, safe, ample, and environmentally friendly material. The investigation uncovers that using 6 wt% zeolite has the most significant influence on the treatment of the liquefaction of <em>BCS</em>, yielding a 1.94-fold growth in the number of required cycles for triggering liquefaction. SEM and FTIR results verify the physical experiments, demonstrating that C-H bonds decrease sharply in zeolite-treated <em>BCS</em> specimens. This paper's findings reveal the significant role of zeolite's porous surface in the better adsorption of crude oil from the soil mass. This considerable adsorbing capacity causes outstanding improvement in cyclic strength, leading to a more convincing performance of this agent than other stabilization techniques suggested.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109886"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ageing-dependent, multi-hazard fragility of monopile-supported offshore wind turbines","authors":"Ziliang Zhang ,&nbsp;Raffaele De Risi ,&nbsp;Anastasios G. Sextos","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109900","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109900","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents time-dependent multi-hazard fragility functions for a monopile-supported 5 MW offshore wind turbine (OWT) under combined stochastic wind, wave and seismic loads. Ageing is considered by explicitly modelling two major deterioration phenomena: support structure zonal corrosion and monopile foundation scouring. A Latin Hypercube sampled, cloud-based, dual-intensity-measure (IM) fragility assessment framework is employed to produce multi-hazard fragility surfaces at nine evenly separated instants (0–40 years). Various model uncertainties were accounted for via a pre-defined multivariate probabilistic distribution. Failure probabilities at different ages were derived using Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) for selected Engineering Demand Parameters (EDPs), where the full range of operational inflow wind speeds (3–25 m/s) was considered. Over time, the modal characteristics of the soil-foundation-structure system deviate from its original state. The probability of an OWT exceeding the ultimate limit state (ULS) criterion when subjected to a design-level combination of wind, wave and earthquake loads is not just nonnegligible but can increase considerably owing to ageing: by 66 % after 10 years of operation and 100 % after a typical 25-year design life. The results indicate the importance of multi-hazard coupling and provide a robust framework for assessing time-evolving fragility under joint earthquake-wind-wave loading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109900"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation of the dynamic behavior of long-span CFST arch bridge under combined pulse-type ground motions and hanger fracture","authors":"Meilin Zhou ,&nbsp;Shixiong Zheng ,&nbsp;Caizhi Sun ,&nbsp;Yingxin Yang ,&nbsp;Yihua Li ,&nbsp;Hongyu Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the effects of pulse-type ground motions and hanger fracture on concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) arch bridges, particularly the nonlinear effects of the combination of the two which only consider structural geometric nonlinearity. A “decomposition-superposition” method is used to artificially synthesize pulse-type ground motions, and the equivalent unloading method based on the construction demolition approach is applied to hanger fracture simulation. The effects of pulse parameters and hanger fracture are measured in terms of arch ribs stress and displacement, girders moment and displacement, and hanger force. Moreover, the combined effects of pulse-type ground motions and hanger fracture on the responses are assessed for the variation between only hanger fracture and combined condition. The results show that the dynamic responses of the arch bridge significantly increase with the amplitude values of the pulse. Resonance effects are observed near the structure's natural vibration period. Bidirectional pulses generate larger responses in the arch bridge than unidirectional pulses. The dynamic responses of the main girder and stress in the arch ribs are strongly affected by the fracture location and the number of hanger fractures. The redistribution ratio of hanger forces decreases with increasing distance from the rupture zone and increasing hanger length but increases with the number of fracture hangers. Near-fault pulse ground motions exacerbate the effects of hanger fracture and alter the force redistribution mechanism. Compared with hanger fracture alone, dynamic coupling increases the residual hanger forces by 25–53 %, with the maximum increment occurring at the 1/4 position of the arch rib. The addition of pulse-type ground motions under hanger fracture changes the original response pattern of the arch bridge to hanger fracture. Therefore, the combined effects of pulse-type ground motions and hanger fractures should be considered in the CFST bridges seismic design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109901"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pseudo-static vs pseudo-dynamic methods: A general comparison and their application to underground tunnel stability","authors":"G. Gowtham,&nbsp;Jagdish Prasad Sahoo","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109888","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two categories of methods are available to represent seismic acceleration in the medium: pseudo-static or Mononobe–Okabe (M–O) and pseudo-dynamic methods. The first part of the study provides a critical comparison of these methods, focusing on amplitude and phase changes. The M–O approach ignores amplitude and phase change effects. The conventional pseudo-dynamic method disregards the frequency-dependent amplification, underestimating the acceleration magnitude, especially near the fundamental frequency, and overestimating otherwise. This method results in a negative phase difference, indicating some levels are accelerated before the base, which is impractical. The second part of the study evaluates the implications of using the M–O and harmonic base excitation methods for seismic stability analysis of underground tunnels. Two cases of seismic acceleration coefficients were considered for the Mononobe–Okabe approach—acceleration coefficients matching the base acceleration amplitude and peak ground acceleration from harmonic input. For the first case, the Mononobe–Okabe approach underestimated the peak dynamic stability factor compared to the harmonic input. On the other hand, this approach overestimates the above-said quantity by a maximum of 81% when peak ground accelerations from the harmonic case are used. However, it has been found that the Mononobe–Okabe approach using the peak ground acceleration can be considered against the harmonic base excitation to estimate the maximum dynamic stability factor for tunnels placed at a lower cover depth in soils with higher shear strength.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109888"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic reliability analysis of high-ACCWDs under stochastic near-fault ground motions based on a stacked LSTM–GPDEM","authors":"Benbo Sun ,&nbsp;JianWen Pan ,&nbsp;Jing Wang ,&nbsp;Zhaohui Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109876","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109876","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-asphalt–concrete core wall dams (ACCWDs) may be constructed in near-fault regions, where their seismic safety is critically influenced by the complex characteristics of near-fault ground motions (NFGMs). Existing studies predominantly focus on deterministic NFGM scenarios, neglecting the critical uncertainties arising from varying conditions and the inherent stochastic nature of near-fault seismic environments. To bridge this gap, this study introduces a comprehensive nonstationary NFGM model based on a time-varying process with a filtered white noise and wavelet multiscale decomposition incorporation approach. Furthermore, an efficient framework is developed for evaluating the seismic behaviour and time-varying reliability of high-ACCWDs under NFGMs, explicitly accounting for the coupled effects of two-phase porous media. This framework models the data-driven structural seismic response and dependability by integrating the generalized probability density evolution method (GPDEM) with a stacked long short-term memory (LSTM) network. The results show that NFGMs with velocity pulses can cause significant amplification of acceleration, stress, and displacement responses. Moreover, the stacked LSTM and GPDEM, combined with the first exceedance probability principle, provide a safety assessment approach that effectively describes the time-varying structural reliability under stochastic NFGMs. In addition, compared with that of the NFGMs without a velocity pulse, the time-varying dynamic reliability of the dam under the NFGMs with a velocity pulse is highly risky. Given that dams are important lifeline projects, the impact of stochastic NFGMs should be reasonably considered during the seismic design and seismic safety assessment stage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109876"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shaking table test on the topographic effect of a symmetrical V-shaped canyon under streamwise excitation","authors":"Yu Zhang ,&nbsp;Ning Zhang ,&nbsp;Denghui Dai ,&nbsp;Xin Chen ,&nbsp;Guojun Cai ,&nbsp;Yufeng Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109884","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109884","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The local irregular topographies can substantially affect the seismic wave propagation and induce amplification or de-amplification of ground motions. Current research on the canyon topography effects mainly employs analytical and numerical methods, lacking the support from test data. The shaking table test is conducted in this paper to investigate the amplification effect of a symmetrical V-shaped canyon under streamwise excitation. The model canyon has a characteristic size of 1.0 m and a weight of 18 t. The excitation frequency band covers 0.1–100 Hz. The ratio of the canyon's characteristic size to the incident wavelength (i.e., the standardized size of canyon) is increased to 1.0. The acceleration time histories and corresponding Fourier spectrums recorded at monitoring points on the canyon surface are consistent with the theoretical calculation results. It means that the mutual verification between the test study and the theoretical study of the canyon topographic effect is realized. The influences of the dominant frequency and amplitude of input wave on the PGA amplification factor are systematically discussed. The threshold value where the topographic effect appears is proposed, i.e., the standardized size of the canyon <em>η</em> ≥ 0.08. The shaking table test is expected to provide a benchmark for the verification of the analytical and numerical studies on the canyon topographic effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109884"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of source characterization, structure, and building type on the shape of macroseismic region of 1990 7.3 Mw Rudbar, Iran earthquake","authors":"Najmeh Ajorlou,&nbsp;Abdolreza Ghods","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109818","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109818","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The 1990 Mw 7.3 Rudbar, Iran earthquake occurred along an 80 km long, nearly vertical left-lateral strike-slip fault, yet produced a macroseismic region strongly asymmetrical along and across the fault. Preliminary macroseismic map of the Rudbar earthquake reveals a larger macroseismic region east of the fault compared to the west, with a narrower macroseismic zone north of the NW-SE trending fault. This study performs a forensic analysis of this event, using detailed historical data to investigate the physical processes, namely source effects, seismic wave propagation, and building typology, that controlled the observed damage patterns. Understanding these factors provides crucial insights into earthquake physics, which are fundamental for improving the physical basis of future seismic hazard and risk assessments. To investigate the asymmetries, we used the detailed statistics of destroyed and damaged buildings and human fatalities to produce maps of the percentage of destroyed and damaged buildings and fatality rate. The maps are generally in agreement with the preliminary macroseismic map and show a clear correlation between the region with damaged buildings and the topography. The relocated Rudbar seismic cluster shows a mostly SE-trending directivity. The directivity combined with a larger release of seismic moment in the eastern segment of the Rudbar fault caused the along-fault strike asymmetry of the macroseismic and building damage maps. The correlation between building damage and topography may result from higher attenuation of high-frequency seismic waves in the plains with thick, soft sedimentary cover surrounding the Alborz Mountains. Building type also contributed to the across-fault asymmetry, with lighter roofing in the northern hills of Alborz reducing susceptibility to shaking. The extension of damage along the Sefidrud River may reflect high-frequency seismic wave amplification at the valley edges, where the soft sedimentary cover is thin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109818"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic response of shield tunnels crossing ground fissures under near-field and far-field seismic excitations","authors":"Qiyao Wang,&nbsp;Xinyu Du,&nbsp;Junxin Duan,&nbsp;Nan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109867","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109867","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Based on the engineering background of the Xi'an Metro Line 8 shield tunnel crossing the f3 ground fissure, this study systematically investigated the dynamic response characteristics of shield tunnels crossing ground fissures under near-field and far-field ground motions using a combined approach of a 1/20 shaking table test and numerical simulation. The results indicate that near-field ground motion (e.g., Chi-Chi record), due to its significant velocity pulse effect, leads to considerably higher peak accelerations in tunnel surrounding rock and structure, dynamic earth pressure, and bolt stress compared to far-field ground motion (e.g., El-Centro record). The ground fissure zone, as a geologically weak zone, amplifies the dynamic response differences between the hanging wall and footwall, particularly showing stress concentration and bolt axial force concentration at the vault and invert locations. The shaking table test revealed that the ring joint areas near the ground fissure are prone to tension failure and ring joint opening phenomena, with damage concentrated within a 10 m range from both the hanging wall and footwall of the ground fissure. The numerical simulation results verified and explained this phenomenon. The research results reveal the failure mechanism and characteristics of shield tunnels under near-field ground motion, emphasizing the importance of adopting an optimized design for ground fissure areas and near-field ground motion differences in seismic design, providing theoretical support and engineering reference for tunnel engineering seismic design under similar geological conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109867"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transient shear response of saturated sands under frequency-controlled cyclic loading","authors":"Chong Yue,&nbsp;Chengshun Xu,&nbsp;Ruiqi Wang,&nbsp;Xiuli Du","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109882","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109882","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a systematic experimental investigation into the undrained response of saturated Fujian sand and calcareous sand under various loading frequencies. Based on dilatancy and contraction characteristics, the cyclic shear process is divided into three distinct periods: the shearing contractive period, the initial shearing dilative period, and the late shearing dilative period. Special emphasis is placed on the shear strain and pore pressure behavior of saturated sand under transient dynamic shear stress during each period, with analysis focused on their interrelationships and time-dependent evolution. The results demonstrate that loading frequency exerts minimal influence on the stress-strain behavior of saturated sand during the shearing contractive period. However, once the sample enters the initial shearing dilative period, loading frequency begins to play a more influential role in dilatancy response. This effect becomes most pronounced in the late shearing dilative period. Under low-frequency loading, significant dilatancy and deformation accumulation are promoted, thereby elevating the risk of deformation-induced instability. In contrast, high-frequency loading suppresses deformation accumulation, with the associated liquefaction risk primarily linked to strength instability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109882"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}