Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering最新文献

{"title":"A novel variability evaluation framework of seismic response for arch dams considering the influence of distribution modes of conditional spectra","authors":"Tianran Zhang ,&nbsp;Qiang Xu ,&nbsp;Jianyun Chen ,&nbsp;Yin Wang ,&nbsp;Jing Li ,&nbsp;Bo Liu ,&nbsp;Yue Fang ,&nbsp;Xiangxing Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109481","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to propose a novel method for selecting as-recorded near-fault (NF) impulsive ground motion based on the idea of “wavelet multiscale decomposition-matching target conditional spectrum (CS)”, and then study the influence of different distribution modes of target CS (corresponding to different record selection strategies) on the dispersion and bias of dynamic response of arch dams. First, the representative measured NF pulse-like earthquakes are decomposed into high-frequency non-pulse ground motions using wavelet multiscale decomposition techniques to match the different distribution modes of the target CS (conditional mean spectrum (CMS) plus and minus several times the standard deviation response spectrum). The different distribution modes of the CS reflect the statistical response spectra of different discrete degrees, which may reflect the uncertainty in choosing realistic ground motion. The nonlinear damage and cracking model of high arch dam-reservoir water-foundation system is used to analyze the response characteristics of the dam, and the key influencing factors, such as different distribution modes of the target CS and pulse characteristics, are considered. The dispersion and bias of the dam response index are evaluated by investigating the statistical distribution of each response index under different CS distribution modes. The results show that adjusting the distribution mode of the target CS may significantly affect the dispersion and bias of the structural response results of arch dams. When the distribution mode of the target CS changes, the scatter of the side joint opening (joint No. 1) is the smallest, and the bias variation range of the overall damage volume ratio is the largest. The scatter and bias of the response indices of pulsed motion are larger than those of non-pulsed motion. Therefore, when investigating the variability of arch dam dynamic response, the influence of NF pulse-type seismic motion and pre-selected target spectrum distribution mode cannot be ignored.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 109481"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143899705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A holistic seismic performance evaluation of irregular curved bridges with precast segmental piers considering SSI and depth-varying spatial motion inputs","authors":"Yu-Cheng Diao ,&nbsp;Chao Li ,&nbsp;Hong-Nan Li ,&nbsp;Hui-Hui Dong ,&nbsp;Er-Tong Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109488","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109488","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The precast segmental pier (PSP) is recognized as a promising technique for accelerated bridge construction due to its advantages of faster construction speeds and lower environmental consequences. Moreover, irregular curved bridges are commonly adopted in bridge design because of their adaptability to complex terrains. However, limited understanding of the seismic behavior of irregular curved bridges with PSPs (ICBs-PSPs) has impeded the broader application of the precast pier construction approach. This paper proposes a probabilistic method for numerically assessing the seismic performance of ICBs-PSPs subjected to depth-varying spatial seismic motions (DSSMs). The influences of soil-structure interaction (SSI), seismic motion input types, horizontal curvature, and pier column types on its seismic behavior are also systematically investigated. For this purpose, the FE model of a representative ICB-PSPs considering SSI effect is firstly developed in OpenSees. The DSSMs at heterogeneous sites applied to the ICB-PSPs are stochastically synthesized and utilized as inputs to calculate the structural seismic response. Finally, probabilistic seismic demand models based on artificial neural network are employed to compute the seismic fragility of the exemplar bridge. The numerical results underscore the importance of considering SSI and using reasonable DSSMs as input when assessing the seismic behavior of ICBs-PSPs. Moreover, the effect of horizontal curvature on their seismic behavior should be fully taken into account. Compared to the bridge with cast-in-place monolithic piers (MPs), the ICB-PSPs excels in reducing residual displacement after seismic events. The proposed approach can provide a comprehensive understanding of the seismic behavior of ICBs-PSPs constructed on heterogeneous sites, thereby offering vital references for further expanding the application of PSPs in bridge design and construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 109488"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143899702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic performance of subway station fitted with rubber bearings via pushover analysis","authors":"Di Liu ,&nbsp;M. Hesham El Naggar ,&nbsp;Xiaokai Niu ,&nbsp;Hai Fang ,&nbsp;Chengshun Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109487","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109487","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To evaluate the beneficial effect of rubber bearings on the seismic performance of underground station structures, three-dimensional finite element models of seismic soil-structural systems are established for a single-layer double span subway station. The seismic mitigation effect is investigated by employing the pushover analysis method. The obtained results indicated that the installation of rubber bearings can effectively alleviate stress concentration and damage degree of the central column, especially at its end area. Compared with the conventional column, the elastic and elastoplastic deformation capacity of the column fitted with rubber bearings both improved significantly. It was also found that the load bearing and deformation performance decrease with the increase of the axial pressure ratio. Furthermore, the lateral force distribution mechanism of the structural system fitted with the rubber bearings is significantly different from the original structure; the deformation and internal forces of central column of the seismic mitigation structure decreased substantially, but side walls’ deformation and internal forces increased slightly. The proportion of shear force taken by the central column has decreased, while the side walls have taken larger share, i.e., the rubber bearings facilitated the transfer of seismic forces from the middle column to the side wall.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 109487"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143899703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of impounded water models for nonlinear seismic response analysis of arch dam: A case study","authors":"Meng-Zhong Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiang-Chao Wang ,&nbsp;Jin-Ting Wang ,&nbsp;Yao-Lai Liu ,&nbsp;Jian-Wen Pan ,&nbsp;Ji-Yuan Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Simulating impounded water is a crucial aspect of the nonlinear earthquake response analysis of arch dams. This study investigates the impact of impounded water models on the nonlinear dynamic response of arch dams. Three models are considered: the Westergaard added mass model, the compressible impounded water model with rigorous dam-water-foundation interaction, and the compressible water with an approximate water-foundation interaction modeled using the absorption coefficient. The nonlinear dynamic response of the 235 m-high GX arch dam under various earthquake scenarios is analyzed as a numerical example. Concrete damage and contraction joint opening are compared across the three impounded water models. Additionally, the effect of bottom sediment is investigated by simulating it as a liquid. Results indicate that the effect of water compressibility varies from record to record. In extremely strong earthquake scenarios, water compressibility causes the dam concrete damage to shift to lower elevations compared to the added mass model. The model using the approximate absorption coefficient does not adequately capture the water-foundation interaction, while bottom sediment can be neglected when modeled as a liquid.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 109477"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional non-linear seismic response of bored tunnels in port-Said clay","authors":"Mostafa S. Khalil ,&nbsp;Mohamed F. Mansour ,&nbsp;Walaa M. El Tahawy ,&nbsp;Abdullah M. Galaa","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109484","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109484","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the seismic response of one of the bored tunnels constructed underneath the Suez Canal in the very soft to firm Port-Said Clay deposit. A three-dimensional finite element model is developed to simulate the seismic interaction between one of the Port-Said Tunnels and Port-Said Clay, taking into consideration the nonlinear behavior of the Port-Said Clay under static and seismic conditions. The effects of the geological setting, the face/grouting pressure, and the peak ground acceleration on the acceleration response at the tunnel and the ground surface, the straining actions in the tunnel lining, the lining deformations, and the shear strains around the tunnel are investigated. The amplification factor is affected by the peak ground acceleration and the soft clay thickness, and is not affected by the face/grouting pressure. The study has enabled developing a correlation lumping the effects of the soft clay thickness and the PGA at bedrock on the free-field acceleration response. The study fills in a prominent gap in the current state of practice with respect to the amplification effects in soft clays and provides important recommendations to the design codes. The developed correlation and the study recommendations are of importance to research and applications on soft clays deposited in the Nile Deep Sea Fan in the Nile Delta Basin Province in the Eastern Mediterranean Area and other soft clay deposits with similar characteristics. The results also indicate that the structural design of the tunnel lining in the area under study is mostly governed by seismic, rather than static, loading conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 109484"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A numerical method for evaluating the earthquake response of a 5 MW OC4 semi-submersible FOWT under multidirectional excitations","authors":"Wanli Yu ,&nbsp;Piguang Wang ,&nbsp;Mi Zhao ,&nbsp;Renqiang Xi ,&nbsp;Xiuli Du","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109467","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109467","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the earthquake behavior of the 5 MW OC4 semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) under multidirectional earthquakes was analyzed using finite element computer program ABAQUS. Considering the lateral displacement of the superstructure, settlement, and bending moment of the tower and shear stress, a comparison between the earthquake behavior of the FOWT under the earthquake was performed. Firstly, the dynamic response of the structure was evaluated under the unidirectional and multidirectional excitation corresponding to the earthquake. The effects of vertical and horizontal earthquake components on the dynamic response of the FOWT are discussed separately. Then, the effects of different earthquake types, intensities and multidirectional earthquakes on the dynamic response of FOWT are investigated separately. Finally, the influence of the parameters such as the added mass, the drag force of the mooring and hydrodynamic pressure due to vertical earthquakes on the FOWT system was analyzed. The results show that the long period ground motion with concentrated energy can cause a large response, while the short-period ground motion with more dispersed energy can cause a relatively small response. Meanwhile, under the influence of vertical excitation, a significant acceleration amplification effect is generated at the nacelle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 109467"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143886863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probabilistic assessment of response spectra for multiple damping levels in seismic hazard analysis","authors":"Haizhong Zhang ,&nbsp;Rui Zhang ,&nbsp;Yan-Gang Zhao ,&nbsp;Hongjun Si ,&nbsp;Haixiu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The response spectra for specific recurrence periods are typically constructed for a 5 % damping ratio based on probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA). Nevertheless, practical structures exhibit a range of damping characteristics, requiring response spectra at various damping levels. Commonly, a damping modification factor (DMF) is applied to adjust the 5 %-damped spectra derived from PSHA to other damping levels. Most DMF formulations, however, are developed solely through the regression analysis of seismic records, overlooking the consistency of the recurrence period of the response spectra before and after adjustment. A direct probabilistic analysis of the response spectra across different damping ratios provides a more reasonable solution, although it typically needs multiple ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) for each damping level or, alternatively, the application of a DMF to adjust the 5 %-damped GMPE. However, many recent studies have highlighted the difficulty of directly constraining the scaling of the response spectra within GMPEs via seismological theory. To address this issue, this study proposes a new framework for conducting a probabilistic analysis of the response spectra across multiple damping ratios. The framework estimates site-specific response spectra for various damping ratios using a single GMPE for the Fourier amplitude spectrum (FAS) combined with a ground-motion duration model. Because the FAS is more closely related to the physics of wave propagation, its scaling within GMPEs is easier to constrain using seismological theory. Furthermore, the moment method, in conjunction with Latin hypercube sampling, is applied to calculate the exceedance probability for response spectra with any damping ratio, thereby obtaining the corresponding seismic hazard curves. The proposed framework was verified and compared with traditional approaches using a numerical example. The proposed framework enables the acquisition of response spectra for distinct recurrence periods at any desired damping ratio while eliminating the need to construct multiple GMPEs for various damping ratios or to develop DMF models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 109460"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143886864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-situ freezing characteristics of subgrade silty clay under traffic-induced cyclic stresses","authors":"Xufeng Lu ,&nbsp;Decheng Feng ,&nbsp;Changhai Zhai ,&nbsp;Annan Zhou ,&nbsp;Feng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109464","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109464","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Subgrades in cold regions undergo the coupling effect of freezing and traffic loads. In-situ frost heave plays an essential role in total frost heave deformation for subgrades with low permeability or low groundwater levels. A series of freezing tests were conducted under a closed system, considering the effects of traffic-induced vertical cyclic stress and horizontal cyclic shear stress. The experimental results show that the freezing process consists of supercooling, free water freezing, and film water freezing processes. Increasing vertical cyclic stress amplitude promotes consolidation and reduces water content, enhancing localized supercooling and critical nuclei formation probability. Loading frequency and amplitude of vertical cyclic stress are both influencing factors for soil freezing process. Under horizontal cyclic shear stress, the spontaneous nucleation temperature rises first and then falls with increasing stress amplitude and frequency. When vertical cyclic stress and horizontal cyclic shear stress are applied together, the critical crystal nuclei get much easier to form due to the larger consolidation and lower initial water content. In the closed system, in-situ frost heave of saturated Harbin silty clay includes the volume expansion of water-ice transformation and phase change induced unfilled micropores in the soil skeleton. Cyclic stress increases the in-situ frost heave ratio of the soil by 25 %–63 % per unit volume of pore water phase transformation, with effectiveness from low to high are vertical cyclic stress, horizontal cyclic shear stress, and complex cyclic stress combining vertical cyclic stress and horizontal cyclic shear stress. Finally, an in-situ frost heave ratio prediction model of saturated Harbin silty clay was established, considering the effects of vertical cyclic stress and horizontal cyclic shear stress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 109464"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143886959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response spectrum method for seismic analysis of aboveground structure based on effective frequencies and modes of soil-structure interaction system","authors":"Yangzhou Wu ,&nbsp;Mi Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhidong Gao ,&nbsp;Xiuli Du","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109485","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109485","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Response spectrum method (RSM) is one of the practical methods for seismic analysis and design of aboveground structures, which has been widely used in engineering design. Modal analysis is the most fundamental and time-consuming step of the RSM, and its direct application to three-dimensional (3D) soil-structure interaction (SSI) system will result in low efficiency of the RSM because the modal analysis results contain a large number of useless soil modes. To address these challenges, an efficient method for calculating the effective frequencies and modes that control the seismic response of the structure in 3D SSI systems is firstly developed based on iterative static analysis. This method can directly obtain the effective frequencies and modes and avoid the modal analysis of the whole SSI system. Subsequently, the influence of different site shear wave velocity and the presence of adjacent underground structures with different cross-sections on the effective frequencies of aboveground structures are investigated by the developed method. Finally, an RSM based on effective frequencies and modes considering the SSI is developed for seismic response analysis of 3D aboveground structures. Examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the RSM in the seismic analysis of complex aboveground structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 109485"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143887646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of partial excess pore water pressure generation and incomplete dissipation on the liquefaction resistance of fine sand","authors":"Yingbin Zhang,&nbsp;Tianli Ding,&nbsp;Guojun Liu,&nbsp;Jiangtao Wei,&nbsp;Yating Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The influence of seismic history on the liquefaction resistance of saturated sand is a complex process that remains incompletely understood. Large earthquakes often consist of foreshocks, mainshocks, and aftershocks with varying magnitudes and irregular time intervals. In this context, sandy soils undergo two interdependent processes: (i) partial excess pore water pressure (EPWP) generation during foreshocks or moderate mainshocks, where seismic loadings elevate EPWP without causing full liquefaction and (ii) incomplete EPWP dissipation between seismic events due to restricted drainage. These processes leave behind persistent residual EPWP, reducing the liquefaction resistance during subsequent shaking. A series of cyclic triaxial tests simulating these mechanisms revealed that liquefaction resistance increases when the EPWP ratio <em>r</em>_u &lt; 0.6–0.8 (peaking at <em>r</em>_u ~ 0.4) but decreases sharply at higher <em>r</em>_u. Crucially, EPWP generation during seismic loading plays a dominant role in resistance evolution compared to reconsolidation effects. Threshold lines (TLs) mapping <em>r</em>_u, the reconsolidation ratio (RR), and peak resistance interval (the range of <em>r</em>_u where the peak liquefaction resistance is located) indicates that resistance decreases above TLs and increases below them, with higher cyclic stress ratios (CSR) weakening these effects. These findings provide a unified framework for assessing liquefaction risks under realistic multi-stage seismic scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 109462"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143881505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}