Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering最新文献

{"title":"A centrifuge model test on the influence of pile-soil structure on soft soil seismic response based on Hilbert Huang Transform","authors":"Gan-Ling Xian ,&nbsp;Jing-Yan Lan ,&nbsp;Li-Chun Chen ,&nbsp;Lei Wang ,&nbsp;Chao-Yu Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110226","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110226","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soft soil sites typically exhibit nonlinear behavior and pronounced surface amplification during seismic loading. As common foundations on such sites, pile foundations can alter local seismic responses through pile-soil interaction. However, pile-soil interaction is frequently simplified or overlooked in seismic design, rendering large-scale infrastructure on coastal soft soils susceptible to strong earthquakes and associated secondary hazards. To tackle this problem, a dynamic centrifuge test was conducted on a pile-group foundation in soft clay. Two accelerometer arrays were installed: the Aa array in the free-field zone (0.54 m from the pile cap center, model scale) as a reference, and the Ab array in the pile-influenced zone (0.12 m from the pile cap center, model scale) to measure pile-soil interaction effects. A three-dimensional numerical simulation consistent with the test conditions was also performed, and its results generally agree with the centrifuge test data. Data were analyzed using Arias intensity (AI), the Hilbert and marginal spectra from the Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT), and acceleration amplification factors. Results indicate that the pile-influenced zone undergoes a distinct dynamic process of energy input and release. Compared with the free-field zone, the pile-influenced zone accumulates more energy; its energy release shows an initial delay followed by a rapid increase. This behavior reveals an evolutionary mechanism of the pile-soil structural system (PSS): early-stage inhibition of seismic energy transmission, followed by mid-to-late stage local energy accumulation and accelerated release. The near-surface soft soil layer attenuates high-frequency seismic components and amplifies low-frequency components, an effect significantly enhanced by pile foundations. There is a fundamental difference in dynamic response mechanisms between the pile-influenced zone and free-field zone: the pile-influenced zone is governed by the PSS, whereas the free-field zone is dominated by wave interference and soil-layer filtering. Moreover, the frequency content of the input motion further modulates the amplification effect: seismic waves with lower dominant frequencies induce significantly higher amplification, and this effect is further enhanced in the pile-influenced zone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 110226"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of composite seismic intensity measure based on Ridge Regression: Application to steel frame structures","authors":"Jiting Qu ,&nbsp;Junwen Lin ,&nbsp;Linsheng Huo","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110227","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Appropriate seismic intensity measures (IMs) are crucial in performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE). Individual scalar IMs frequently exhibit limitations in fully capturing ground motion amplitude, frequency and duration characteristics. Composite IMs enable comprehensive characterization of ground motion properties through the integration of individual scalar IMs, but this approach is confronted with the challenge of selecting efficient parameters amid the information redundancy arising from ground motion description. In this study, correlation analyses are conducted for 33 commonly used seismic IMs and a set of criteria for the classification and selection of seismic IMs is proposed. Building upon this foundation, a composite seismic IM is developed by employing the Ridge Regression (RR) method, which is capable of addressing multicollinearity among variables. The proposed approach for composite IMs synthesis is validated using steel frames of varying heights. The analysis results demonstrate that the proposed seismic IM selection criteria and composite IM construction approach enable the effective development of a composite IM that comprehensively characterizes ground motion information while minimizing information redundancy. Compared with seven representative individual IMs, the proposed composite IM exhibits superior performance of three evaluation criteria.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 110227"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The origin and characteristics of seismic swarms in the Abu Dabbab district, Egypt's Eastern Desert, deduced from the analysis of seismograms","authors":"Salah Elhadidy Youssef ,&nbsp;Gad-Elkareem A. Mohamed ,&nbsp;Mona Hamada ,&nbsp;Hanan Gaber ,&nbsp;Shimaa H. Elkhouly ,&nbsp;Mona Abdelazim ,&nbsp;Mohamed H. Yassien ,&nbsp;M. Sami Soliman","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since the 19th century, the Abu Dabbab district in Egypt's Eastern Desert has experienced recurring earthquake swarms, with the most intense episode occurring from January 2003 to December 2004. The study examines earthquake swarms accompanied by rumbling sounds reminiscent of distant explosions. The study integrates waveform analysis, phase identification, frequency content, spatial and temporal distributions, depth variations, and b-values to provide concise insights into the mechanisms and origins of seismic activity. These combined approaches provide important insights into the mechanisms and origins of seismic activity. In this study we analyzed approximately 4058 earthquakes recorded by a temporary local network and permanent stations of the Egyptian National Seismic Network (ENSN). Our analysis identified distinct types of different types of earthquakes and detected both long-period (LP) and very long-period (VLP) seismic signals on vertical components. The VLP signals suggest elastic ground deformation driven by pressure within a pressurized magma column, with the associated sounds likely originating near the upper section of the conduit. Also, the Abu Dabbab region is distinguished by a notably high b-value of approximately 2.5, with seismic activity patterns reflecting the combined influence of magma and tectonics in study area. These findings underscore the combined influence of regional rift-related extension and local factors such as dike intrusions and crustal heterogeneity in driving seismicity at Abu Dabbab. This characteristic enhances the accuracy of seismic hazard assessments and underscores the area's potential for sustainable geothermal energy development within an active tectonic environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 110211"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cyclic liquefaction resistance of saturated clayey sands under asymmetrical cyclic loading conditions","authors":"Pedram Fardad Amini ,&nbsp;Xiao Wei ,&nbsp;Jun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The existence of initial static shear stress can significantly affect the liquefaction susceptibility of sloped grounds upon seismic loadings. However, the literature has primarily focused on the effect of sustained shear stress on the liquefaction strength of granular soils, and there is a lack of data on the impact of clay inclusion on the seismic response of sloped ground, which can lead to severe consequences. This paper reports a systematic experimental study to evaluate the liquefaction susceptibility of clayey Toyoura sands subjected to asymmetrical cyclic loading, thereby clarifying the roles of clay content, density state, and initial static shear stress ratio, <span><math><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow></math></span>. The clayey sands exhibited various failure modes, including cyclic mobility, flow-failure, plastic strain accumulation, and a novel hybrid failure pattern of plastic strain accumulation followed by cyclic mobility. Initial static shear stress correction factors, <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>K</mi><mi>α</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>, were presented for clean, silty, and clayey sands at medium-dense and dense states. The present study showed that the previously established concept of threshold <span><math><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>α</mi><mrow><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>, for clean sands also applies to the clayey sands. The results demonstrated that clay inclusion significantly reduces the <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>K</mi><mi>α</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>α</mi><mrow><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> at different initial states, reflecting the detrimental impact of clay inclusion, which must be considered in practical applications. Within the critical state soil mechanics (CSSM) framework, unified linear correlations between CRR and initial state parameter, <span><math><mrow><mi>ψ</mi></mrow></math></span>, were found to exist for clean and clayey sands for each <span><math><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow></math></span>-value. Lastly, a unique linear <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>α</mi><mrow><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi></mrow></msub><mo>−</mo><mi>ψ</mi></mrow></math></span> correlation was found to exist for clean, silty, and clayey sands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 110220"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Centrifuge modelling with an equivalent mixed model for liquefaction response of deep sand ground","authors":"Xiao-Tian Yang,&nbsp;Yan-Guo Zhou,&nbsp;Qiang Ma,&nbsp;Yun-Min Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the limitations of physical modeling scale, an equivalent mixed model has been developed, consisting of three sub-layers: an overlying dry lead shot layer, a functional inter-layer, and an underlying liquefiable sand layer. And corresponding design criteria have been proposed, including scaling laws of stress, diffusion and stiffness. The overlying dry lead shot layer provides high overburden effective stress and horizontal inertial force to satisfy the scaling law of stress, the functional inter-layer satisfies the remaining two design criteria, and the liquefiable sand layer serves as the experimental observation. Two centrifuge model tests have been conducted, both with a maximum overburden effective stress of 400 kPa, including an equivalent mixed model and a conventional sand model incorporating the generalized scaling law (i.e., GSL). The “modeling of models” technique has been used to evaluate the implementation effect of the equivalent mixed model (i.e., EMM). The study shows that the EMM effectively replicates small-strain shear modulus, acceleration response, settlement under small motions, the generation of excess pore water pressure, and residual excess pore water pressure. However, discrepancy has been observed in the dissipation time of excess pore water pressure. Further research is desired to improve the preparation and quality control of the functional inter-layer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 110153"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of the long-term degradation of fiber reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) systems on the seismic retrofitting of historical masonry structures","authors":"R. Labernarda,&nbsp;F. Mazza","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) systems are emerging as a reliable seismic retrofitting solution for historical structures, due to their mechanical compatibility with the masonry substrate. However, long-term durability remains a critical issue, since FRCM performance can undergo significant degradation under temperature variations and long-time exposure to aggressive environments. Specifically, whereas the strength degradation of FRCM composites is due to the effect of temperature variations on the mortar, the integrity of the fibrous reinforcements is compromised by chemical interactions with the surrounding alkaline lime-based matrix. In the present work, the long-term seismic performance of FRCM systems is analysed with reference to lime-based mortar reinforcements, with basalt (B-FRCM) and E-glass (G-FRCM) fibres. To this end, an extensive numerical investigation is carried out considering the seismic retrofitting with FRCM systems of the unreinforced masonry (URM) walls of historical buildings, characterised by different thickness and inter-storey height, interior and exterior in-plan position, and symmetric and asymmetric in-elevation distribution of openings. The FRCM systems are first designed for shear and flexural strengthening, in line with the provisions of CNR-DT 215/2018. The URM walls are discretised according to the equivalent frame model proposed in the TREMURI software, considering piers and spandrels as structural elements. Degradation of the mechanical properties of B-FRCM and G-FRCM systems resulting from experimental results available in the literature are analysed with reference to two environmental conditions: i.e. temperature variations, ranging from a reference (e.g. 23 °C) up to a maximum (e.g. 80 °C) ambient value corresponding to intense solar radiation; accelerated ageing times, varying from 7 to 180 days. In the end, nonlinear static analyses of the unreinforced (URM) and retrofitted (RM) structures are carried out to assess the influence of such degradation phenomena on the overall effectiveness of the B-FRCM and G-FRCM systems against in-plane failure mechanisms of masonry panels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 110129"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146096104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the influence of wide range pre-shear strain and pre-shear direction on the cyclic dynamic characteristics of sand using discrete element method","authors":"Chenpeng Shen ,&nbsp;Dechun Lu ,&nbsp;Xiaoli Wang ,&nbsp;Xin Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Utilizing the discrete element particle flow software PFC^3D, specimens with pre-shear strains ranging from 0.01% to 5% are prepared through cyclic drainage. The influence of pre-shear strain and direction on the macroscopic and microscopic dynamic characteristics, microstructure evolution, and shear modulus attenuation of sand is analyzed. Results indicate that pre-shear strain limits flow deformation development post-liquefaction. As pre-shear strain increases, the flow sliding behavior in small pre-shear strain specimens transitions to cyclic activity in large pre-shear strain specimens after initial liquefaction. The porosity ratio, redundancy index, and slip ratio exhibit an initial decrease, subsequent increase, and final decrease with increasing pre-shear strain. Analysis of initial liquefaction cycle times and cumulative pore water pressure rates confirms that small pre-shear strains enhance soil liquefaction resistance, whereas medium to large strains reduce it. When cyclic loading opposes the pre-shear direction, specimens exhibit fewer initial liquefaction cycles, accelerated pore water pressure accumulation, faster shear modulus decay, and diminished anti-liquefaction capacity. For small pre-shear strain specimens, maximum normal and tangential contact forces increase with strain, with normal contact forces aligned vertically; in large pre-shear strain specimens, the maximum normal contact force direction deviates approximately 10° from vertical. Larger pre-shear strains correlate with faster shear modulus attenuation. Crucially, the results suggest that fabric anisotropy plays a more influential role than void ratio changes under the examined conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 110167"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of the type and method of bentonite addition on the liquefaction resistance of a standard clean sand","authors":"Santiago Prado Pantoja ,&nbsp;Eimar Sandoval ,&nbsp;Alejandro Cruz Escobar","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During cyclic liquefaction, sandy or gravelly soils may experience a sudden loss of shear strength and stiffness under dynamic loads such as earthquakes. Although conventional ground improvement techniques exist, most of them involve volumetric changes, limiting their applicability in liquefiable soils beneath existing structures. As an alternative, the use of plastic nanoparticles that may be permeated, such as bentonite or laponite, has been explored. However, previous studies have mainly focused on dry addition, while research using suspensions has emphasized in application aspects rather than in the cyclic resistance.</div><div>This study evaluates the influence of a volcano-sedimentary bentonite on the liquefaction resistance of Ottawa sand through undrained cyclic triaxial tests. Two methods of incorporating bentonite were evaluated: (i) dry mixing sand–bentonite with 3% and 5% by mass of sand, and (ii) permeation with suspensions at 10% and 14% by mass of suspension. The suspension dosages were designed to be equivalent to the dry mixes considering sand void ratio and specific gravity.</div><div>Results show that, for the same number of cycles, permeated samples exhibited cyclic resistance ratios (CRR) 13 to 40% larger than clean sand. In contrast, dry mixtures presented 3 to 30% reduction in CRR, when compared with clean sand. These reductions are related to grain size, plasticity and Na/Ca ratio of the bentonite, which all reduce the effectiveness of the dry mixes. For permeated samples, the larger concentrations and longer curing periods enhanced cyclic resistance, though at the expense of reduced permeation efficiency due to increased viscosity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 110184"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic response and seismic fragility of a well foundation supporting bridge pier when located on flat and sloping grounds","authors":"Aman Srivastava ,&nbsp;Yogendra Singh ,&nbsp;Subhamoy Bhattacharya","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present study, seismic response of a well foundation supporting a bridge pier was evaluated. The foundation was considered on flat and sloping grounds. Non-linear time history analyses (NLTHA) were performed, using a suite of 21 ground motions and 3D finite element analyses. The distribution of earth pressure, design forces, and displacement of the supported superstructure, under seismic loading, was evaluated and compared with the provisions of existing design codes for well foundation. The seismic response of well foundation located on slope was compared with its counterpart on flat ground. The performance of pier and well foundation was quantified in terms of relative displacement and rotation. Using the results of incremental dynamic analysis (IDA), fragility curves were obtained to highlight the effect of slope on seismic response of well foundation. The earth pressure distribution and its value, considered in the existing design provision, were observed to be significantly different from the actual earth pressure under application of seismic excitation, for well foundation on flat ground and on slopes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 110166"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probabilistic evaluation of seismic active earth pressure in spatially random and nonlinear soil masses","authors":"Hui Chen ,&nbsp;Chong Lei ,&nbsp;Jinzhang Zhang ,&nbsp;Dongming Zhang ,&nbsp;Yadong Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110138","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110138","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional active earth pressure evaluations are typically deterministic, assuming a homogeneous soil stratum. However, the inherent spatial variability of soil shear strength complicates such evaluations, particularly in seismically active regions. This study proposes a novel probabilistic framework centered on a piecewise linear method (PLM) to evaluate the seismic active earth pressure considering soil spatial variability and nonlinearity. The proposed PLM establishes a multi-segment rotational failure mechanism by discretizing the nonlinear Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, enabling an accurate representation of spatially variable, nonlinear soil masses. An explicit equation of the seismic active earth pressure associated with a modified pseudo-dynamic approach (PDM) can be derived from the work rate balance equation. The proposed method is verified through comparisons with the deterministic numerical method, the available analytical method and the random finite difference method. Results indicate that the PLM provides more conservative estimates, especially under seismic conditions, with deviations reaching up to approximately 10% at a horizontal seismic coefficient of 0.2. Furthermore, the amplification coefficient is proposed to comprehensively quantify the combined effect of the mean and variability of the seismic active earth pressure. At the 95% confidence level, this coefficient can attain a value of 1.5 for the initial cohesion, highlighting the critical importance of accounting for spatial variability in nonlinear soil strength parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 110138"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}