Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Effects of groundwater level variation on the seismic response of sites with stratified saturated - unsaturated porous media overlying bedrock","authors":"Yexin Wan ,&nbsp;Weihua Li ,&nbsp;Zhe Yang ,&nbsp;Sen Zheng ,&nbsp;Sainan Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109873","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109873","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Variations in groundwater level caused by natural or anthropogenic activities may induce unpredictable adverse effects on site stability, making the investigation of wave propagation in groundwater-fluctuating sites a critical issue in seismic analysis. In this study, the soil above and below the groundwater level is modeled as stratified saturated and unsaturated porous media, respectively. Saturation and soil parameters are assumed to vary gradually with depth to capture the natural heterogeneity of site conditions more realistically. Transfer matrices for stratified saturated and unsaturated soil are derived based on continuity conditions of stress and displacement across adjacent layers. By combining the internal wave fields and the interfacial continuity conditions among different media, analytical solution is obtained for the seismic wave propagation problem in stratified sites under varying groundwater levels. The accuracy and reliability of the proposed solution are validated through comparisons with existing reference solutions. Finally, parametric analyses are conducted to examine the influence of groundwater level, soil stiffness, wave incidence angle, and the thickness and position of embedded weak interlayers on site displacement and pore water pressure responses. Results indicate that considering saturation variation effects is essential in site response analysis. Rising groundwater levels reduce horizontal and vertical displacements and increase natural frequencies, with the influence most pronounced near the surface. Site response is further affected by soil porosity and incident-wave characteristics. The thickness and position of weak interlayers relative to the groundwater level critically govern site dynamics and should be carefully considered in underground engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109873"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupling fabric evolution with critical state in DEM simulations of sand liquefaction","authors":"Zhehao Zhu ,&nbsp;Chuanhui Wang ,&nbsp;Jiajin Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiaoshuang Gu ,&nbsp;Xiufeng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109889","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109889","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employed the discrete element method (DEM) to investigate the relationship between fabric evolution and the critical state during sand liquefaction through a series of triaxial tests. The maximum and minimum void ratios were first determined using previously calibrated parameters for a reference sand. Two sets of DEM triaxial simulations were then conducted. The first set involved monotonic drained and undrained tests for the precise determination of the critical state line. The second set consisted of cyclic undrained tests for exploring the liquefaction responses under different initial conditions. The DEM results effectively reproduced the critical state behaviour under monotonic loading with varying densities, along with cyclic mobility and flow liquefaction phenomena under cyclic loading. By assessing the state parameter and tracking mesoscopic indicators such as coordination number and fabric anisotropy, the study reveals a one-to-one correspondence between fabric evolution and macroscopic behaviour. It further quantifies how fabric evolution at the mesoscopic scale relates to the critical state during key liquefaction stages. In loose specimens, fabric indicators at the instability point vary systematically with the density index, whereas in dense specimens, those associated with the phase transformation state remain nearly constant. More importantly, both fabric evolution and liquefaction triggering show consistent dependence on the initial state parameter. The findings support the integration of the state parameter into a unified macro–mesoscopic framework, offering new insight into the internal mechanisms that govern sand liquefaction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109889"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shaking table tests on a scaled suction bucket jacket foundation to investigate the settlement behavior in liquefied soil","authors":"Yu-Shu Kuo ,&nbsp;Michael Harte ,&nbsp;Yu-Hsiu Tseng ,&nbsp;Avi Shonberg ,&nbsp;Kai-Jun Chong ,&nbsp;Hui-Ting Hsu ,&nbsp;Tzu-Ling Weng","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109871","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109871","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The settlement and tilting of suction bucket jacket (SBJ) foundation induced by soil liquefaction can critically affect the serviceability of offshore wind turbines. This study conducted a 1-g shaking table test on a 1/47-scale model subjected to 100-year and 475-year return period earthquake events to investigate the effect of excess pore water pressure in saturated medium-dense sand surrounding a SBJ foundation on its deformation response. Load variations at the jacket-bucket interface were observed during shaking table test. Test results indicated that soil inside the bucket experienced liquefaction during both earthquake events and the excess pore water pressure inside buckets were higher than those measured outside due to the suppression effect of the SBJ model's weight. The excess pore water pressure generated inside the bucket produced a transient upward force that partially counteracted the weight of SBJ model, leading to a reduced settlement velocity. This upward force was found to be primarily governed by the SBJ model's weight, rather than earthquake intensity. Monitoring the evolution of excess pore water pressure and settlement revealed the crucial load transfer mechanisms governing SBJ settlement. The results highlight that the upward force induced inside the bucket can significantly slow down SBJ settlement during liquefaction, providing critical insight for offshore foundation design under seismic loading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109871"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic design and analysis of a novel exterior self-centering RC beam-column connection","authors":"Fanfu Bu,&nbsp;Xilin Lu,&nbsp;Mingyang Wang,&nbsp;Huanjun Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109879","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109879","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To improve the seismic resilience of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures, this study proposes a new type of self-centering reinforced concrete (SCRC) beam-column connection, in which unbonded post-tensioned (PT) steel strands provide the self-centering capability, and steel angles contribute to energy dissipation and load-bearing capacity. To facilitate its practical application, corresponding seismic design methods, including the design of steel angles and steel strands, were developed and evaluated through cyclic loading tests. A new fiber-based numerical model, based on the concept of the pseudo-plastic hinge, was developed and validated against the experimental results. The results show that the proposed numerical method accurately predicts the lateral force-displacement hysteretic relationship of exterior SCRC beam-column subassemblies, PT forces in the beams, and the uplift of steel angles. A parametric analysis was subsequently conducted to explore the effects of various design parameters, including PT prestressing forces, the eccentricity of steel strands, the length of the pseudo-plastic hinge, and the cross-section aspect ratio of the beam, on the seismic performance of the proposed SCRC beam-column connection. The results indicate that when the equivalent compression height of the beam exceeds 0.35 times the effective beam height, the SCRC beam-column connection experiences significant residual deformation and prestress loss. In the modeling process, the length of the beam's pseudo-plastic hinge can be taken as the beam height. It is preferable to maintain a small eccentricity of the steel strands in the seismic design of beams. The load-bearing capacity of the SCRC beam-column connection and the uplift of the steel angles increase significantly with the increase of the cross-section aspect ratio of the beam.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109879"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2D site response modeling of the Treasure Island vertical array considering spatially varying input motions with non-vertical incidence","authors":"Mohammad Eskandarighadi,&nbsp;Christopher R. McGann,&nbsp;Christopher A. de la Torre","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109878","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109878","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates the impact of non-vertical incidence and spatially variable ground motions on seismic site response analyses by developing detailed two-dimensional finite element models of the Treasure Island site in San Francisco Bay, California. Site response analysis models often fail to capture all of the complexities of real-world seismic wave propagation, leading to discrepancies between theoretical and empirical transfer functions. By introducing models that account for non-vertical incidence and spatially variable ground motion due to path scattering, this study explores how these factors influence the results of the site response models. The findings indicate that considering non-vertical incidence and spatially variable input ground motions captures certain aspects of the inherent variability in empirical transfer functions, particularly in the fundamental frequency range, though the improvement on the mean prediction is marginal for this site. It is also found that the model predictions change based on the direction that waves are assumed to enter the model domain, suggesting that the alignment of incoming wave fields with site stratigraphy is an important factor for site response.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109878"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A wave based approach for the assessment of fluid–solid coupling for a scattered wave field at an empty canyon","authors":"Mirjam Lainer,&nbsp;Gerhard Müller","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109827","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109827","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the vicinity of surface irregularities, e.g. an empty canyon, oblique incident wave fronts may have a significant impact on surface vibrations. To model wave scattering in a layered poroelastic halfspace efficiently, an expansion of the Wave Based Method (WBM) is proposed. The WBM presents an efficient numerical method for the prediction of ground-borne vibrations in water saturated soil. The method can encompass additional degrees of freedom, related to poroelastic model assumptions, while requiring significantly less computational time than a finite element approach. These benefits are related to the wave functions in a WBM model, which exactly fulfil the underlying partial differential equations. This contribution aims to present a numerical coupling procedure based on the WBM to compute scattered waves at an empty canyon. The <em>Biot</em> theory is assumed, and residual error functions are formulated to couple the WBM to the free field solution of an incident wave front. The WBM approach is tested in the frequency domain by comparing it with a reference solution. Different degrees of coupling between fluid and solid phase are assumed to analyse their impact on a scattered wave field. Furthermore, the WBM procedure is used to analyse an oblique incident S-wave with a time dependent amplitude. A <em>Fourier</em> synthesis approach is applied to compute the system’s response in the time domain and to discuss the impact of fluid–solid coupling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109827"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle optimal intensity measure identification for seismic fragility analysis of corroded pile-supported bridges in liquefiable soils","authors":"Hai Liu ,&nbsp;Quan Long ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Xuan Liu ,&nbsp;Zhihao Cen","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109865","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109865","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Continuous chloride-induced corrosion leads to time-dependent seismic behavior in coastal pile-supported bridges. Therefore, conducting a rigorous and comprehensive seismic fragility analysis over their entire service life is essential for reliable performance assessment. In this study, a systematic analytical approach was established to identify the life cycle optimal intensity measure (IM) for these corroded bridges. A soil–pile–bridge coupled finite element model and degradation models for the mechanical properties of corroded reinforced concrete were developed. A total of 145 corroded probabilistic seismic demand models (PSDMs) were established for 29 different IMs at five representative time nodes. The predictive performance of each IM was quantitatively evaluated across four criteria, and a fuzzy-based comprehensive assessment methodology was employed to identify the life cycle optimal IMs. Subsequently, time-dependent seismic fragility analyses of the bridge were conducted on the basis of the velocity spectrum intensity (<em>VSI</em>) and peak ground acceleration (<em>PGA</em>). The results indicate that corrosion has a large-scale, nonlinear effect on the seismic damage probability. Compared with the <em>PGA</em> (a commonly used IM), the <em>VSI</em> (the identified life cycle optimal IM) exhibits superior accuracy and efficiency. As corrosion progresses, the <em>PGA</em> tends to underestimate the damage probability, with a maximum underestimation of 14 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109865"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical disaster mechanism of coal roadway excavation face gas outbursts and determination of reasonable excavation speed: Theoretical and field research","authors":"Zhenfei Li ,&nbsp;Chengwu Li ,&nbsp;Qifei Wang ,&nbsp;Mingjie Li ,&nbsp;Yuzheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Chen Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109881","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109881","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the risk of coal and gas outburst in the coal roadway excavation face, taking the crustal stress considered as the key point of deep coal seam mining as the breakthrough point, through theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field experiment, the mechanical disaster mechanism of gas outburst in the coal roadway excavation face is comprehensively studied. The conclusions are as follows: By constructing a three-dimensional stress solution model for each zone in front of the excavation face, the evolution law of the dynamic stress field is analyzed. It is concluded that excessively high excavation speed in coal roadways causes the buffering effect of the limit equilibrium zone to fail, thereby increasing the risk of gas outbursts on the excavation face. A new index for identifying the risk of gas outburst in the excavation face of coal roadway-double unit energy release rate <em>I</em> is put forward, and this clearly defines the critical conditions under which coal seams can maintain sustained stability. Through numerical simulation and field experiments, it is considered that the long-term high-speed excavation of the excavation face will inevitably lead to the expansion of the stress concentration degree and range of the coal seam, resulting in the gas emission always remaining high, and the reasonable excavation speed of Wanfeng Coal Mine is determined to be <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>v</mi><mi>b</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> = 1.6&lt;<em>v</em>&lt; <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>v</mi><mi>b</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> = 2.4. The research provides a theoretical reference for optimizing reasonable roadway excavation and the outburst prevention of excavation faces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109881"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A machine learning-based ground motion model for the Chilean subduction zone and its application to probabilistic seismic hazard analysis","authors":"Fabián Pachano,&nbsp;Brian Cagua,&nbsp;Matías Birrell,&nbsp;Miguel Medalla,&nbsp;Rodrigo Astroza","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109862","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109862","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate prediction of ground motion intensity measures (IMs) is critical for seismic hazard assessment, particularly in zones where complex tectonic interactions govern earthquake dynamics. Traditional Ground Motion Models (GMMs) rely on common regression-based frameworks, often overlooking nonlinear source-path-site interactions and limiting their IM scope to peak parameters (e.g., PGA, PGV). This study presents a novel neural network-based GMM (GMM-NN) tailored for Chilean subduction earthquakes, leveraging machine learning (ML) to predict a comprehensive suite of 14 IMs—including directional response spectra, cumulative metrics, and peak parameters. The model employs a two-level ensemble architecture: a first-level ensemble generates distributions for non-spectral IMs, such as significant durations and Arias Intensity, while a second-level ensemble predicts spectral accelerations, explicitly incorporating the natural period of vibration (<em>T</em>) as an input to enable continuous period-dependent modeling. Trained on a comprehensive Chilean database, the GMM-NN demonstrates superior accuracy with <em>R</em>² scores up to 30% above conventional models, resolving magnitude-dependent attenuation, and, notably, capturing regional geological variability through the inclusion of latitude as an input parameter, something that no other GMM has ever done. A mixed-effects framework quantifies heteroscedastic uncertainty, with ensemble-derived standard deviations that are 25% lower than those of traditional models, ensuring robust probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA). Model integration into PSHA workflows yields refined uniform hazard spectra (UHS), validated for cities all throughout Chile, and advances performance-based design by supporting multidirectional structural analysis. While the current dataset limits extrapolation to megathrust earthquakes (<em>Mw</em> &gt; 8.8), the GMM-NN establishes a scalable template for data-driven seismic hazard models, emphasizing the transformative potential of ML in capturing ground motion complexity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109862"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study & prediction of rocking stiffness of piled foundations","authors":"Amin Amiri,&nbsp;Seyed Majdeddin Mir Mohammad Hosseini,&nbsp;Abbas Soroush","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109840","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109840","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing importance of soil-structure interaction analyses underscores the need to understand key parameters, including rocking stiffness. Despite the recognized significance of rocking behavior and nonlinear soil-structure interaction in piled foundations, the rocking stiffness of piled rafts has not been extensively investigated. The present study addresses this gap by focusing on the investigation and prediction of piled foundation rocking stiffness. Initially, the influence of pile-to-cap connection type, pile group length, and static vertical safety factor on stiffness degradation was parametrically analyzed using data from experiments on a specialized physical model. Subsequently, two predictive models were developed using multiple linear regression analyses: an integrated equation based on key factors, and a power regression model with factor-dependent coefficients, named the <strong>Classified Formulas</strong> model. The latter demonstrated higher predictive accuracy. The current study provides a novel contribution to predicting the piled foundations’ rocking stiffness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109840"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}