Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Picking P-wave arrival times from microseismic signals in tunnels with low signal-to-noise ratios without noise filtering","authors":"Yaxun Xiao ,&nbsp;Shujie Chen ,&nbsp;Guangliang Feng ,&nbsp;Liu Liu ,&nbsp;Shaojun Li ,&nbsp;Junbo Zhou ,&nbsp;Tingzhou Yan ,&nbsp;Jianing Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microseismic (MS) signals detected in tunnels feature low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) due to the complexity of the construction environment. As a result, MS events of low energy are hidden in the background noise so that separating such events from the noise using filtering is impractical. In this work, a new method is proposed to identify the arrival times of P-waves in such circumstances that does not require noise filtering. We call it the instantaneous phase difference intensity of P-waves (IPDI_P) method. The key requirement of the method (which is naturally met when monitoring MS signals in tunnels) is that the source wave travelling path difference between the target and auxiliary signals is not larger than the wavelength of the P-wave. IPDI_P functions are constructed that correspond to specific characteristics between the target and auxiliary signals. We take the first peak equal to, or close to, the maximum value of the IPDI_P curve to correspond to the P-wave arrival time of the target signal. The amplitude distributions of the two main noises in a tunnel (electrical noise and mechanical vibration) are first analyzed in the time- and frequency-domains and then accurately simulated. Then, numerical simulations and a case study are made. The results indicate that the IPDI_P method is reliable in tunnels without noise filtering and its performance is better than that of more traditional methods (STA/LTA and AIC), especially for MS signals with SNRs that are less than 30 dB (so the P-wave's SNR is less than 16–24 dB). The error in the P-wave arrival time caused by mechanical noise (vibration) is larger than that caused by electrical noise. The principles underlying auxiliary signal selection are also discussed. Our study is an important step towards the development of a fully-automatic MS-based rockburst detection system for use in deep tunnels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 109288"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microscopic mechanism of solid-liquid phase transition in sand under cyclic loading: Insights from DEM simulations","authors":"Zhiyuan Chen ,&nbsp;Yupeng Ren ,&nbsp;Guohui Xu ,&nbsp;Zhuangcai Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under cyclic loading, sand will undergo a solid-liquid phase transition during the liquefaction. This study utilizes discrete element method (DEM) to investigate the stage characteristics of sand macroscopic stress-strain response during the solid-liquid phase transition. The microscopic mechanism of sand solid-liquid phase transition is elucidated from the perspective of contact network. The results indicate that based on the sand flowability, the liquefaction process can be divided into solid phase, solid-liquid transition phase, and liquid phase stages. The strong contact network within the sand is the primary contributor to its effective stress, and the degradation of the originally well-connected strong contact network are the reasons for the sand solid-liquid phase transition. A parameter <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>ξ</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> has been proposed to measure the connectivity of the strong contact network. The weak contacts between particles dominates the sliding and rolling between particles, which is the reason for the macroscopic deformation and flow of sand.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"192 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic response of utility tunnel system in horizontal nonhomogeneous site considering different structural forms","authors":"Ziyuan Huang ,&nbsp;Aiping Tang ,&nbsp;Konghao Wang ,&nbsp;Delong Huang ,&nbsp;Yuanhong Wang ,&nbsp;Xingyu Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A utility tunnel is a type of long-lined underground structure that commonly crosses nonhomogeneous sites during construction. This study focuses on the seismic response of the utility tunnel system in horizontal nonhomogeneous site under transverse excitation, considering both the prefabricated utility tunnel system and the cast-in-place utility tunnel system. In the shaking table tests, the external structures were constructed using microconcrete, and internal pipes at different locations were considered. Numerical models were also built for the simulation. The relevant settings were consistent with the test conditions, and the results were in good agreement with the test results. Based on the numerical modeling results, the seismic response of the utility tunnel system in homogeneous site was obtained and carefully compared with that in nonhomogeneous site. The study results showed that the acceleration response of the prefabricated utility tunnel was generally more significant than that of the cast-in-place utility tunnel system and that there was variation in the longitudinal direction in the acceleration of the utility tunnel system in nonhomogeneous site. The maximum strain of the prefabricated utility tunnel structure was observed at the joint in nonhomogeneous site. By contrast, in homogeneous site, it was observed in the middle of the segment. The nonhomogeneous site also significantly influenced the earth pressure responses of the utility tunnel structures and the deformation of the joints in the prefabricated utility tunnel. This study provides a reference for the seismic design of the utility tunnel systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 109210"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shaking table tests on the seismic response of station structures in deep soil layers under different seismic wave actions","authors":"Shi Ming ,&nbsp;Xu You-jun ,&nbsp;Wang Chuang-ye ,&nbsp;Tao Lian-jin ,&nbsp;Wang Zhi-gang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the liquefaction characteristics of deep soil layers and their subsequent effects on the seismic response of subway station structures, utilizing shaking table tests and inputting seismic waves of varying principal frequencies. Macroscopically, the liquefaction of deep soil strata does not result in surface manifestations such as \"water spraying and sand bubbling.\" However, it still induces cracking and damage to the soil surrounding the structure. Analyzing from the perspective of the \"pore pressure ratio\" reveals that the ratio under free-field conditions is significantly lower than under structural conditions. Additionally, the \"pore pressure ratio\" caused by the Beijing Hotel wave is greater, followed by the Beijing artificial wave, while the Ming Shan wave results in the smallest ratio. In terms of the station structure, the structural acceleration and tensile strain increment induced by the Beijing Hotel wave are the most significant, followed by the Beijing artificial wave, with the least effect from the Ming Shan wave. This indicates that the liquefaction behavior of deep soil layers is primarily influenced by the overlying load and the frequency characteristics of seismic waves. The construction of subway stations reduces the overlying loads on soil layers, increasing the likelihood of soil layer liquefaction. Meanwhile, a lower main frequency of the seismic wave results in a higher degree of liquefaction in the deep soil layers. The seismic response of the station structure is contingent on the frequency characteristics of the seismic wave. The lower the primary frequency of the seismic wave, the higher the seismic response of the station structure. Furthermore, the liquefaction behavior of the deep soil layers also impacts the seismic response of the station structure, particularly the tensile strain response of the top and bottom slabs of the station structure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 109294"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modified S-transform based high-resolution dispersion imaging method for multi-channel surface wave data","authors":"Sayan Mukherjee ,&nbsp;Mrinal Bhaumik ,&nbsp;Tarun Naskar","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-resolution dispersive energy imaging is crucial in the multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) for accurately predicting the near-surface shear wave velocity profile. Existing wavefield transformation methods such as time intercept-phase slowness (<em>τ-p</em>) transform, frequency-wavenumber (<em>f-k</em>) transform, phase-shift method, and the high-resolution linear Radon transform (HRLRT) often face challenges in low signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) environments. This study proposes a modified S-transform-based high-resolution wavefield transformation method to unambiguously image the surface wave's dispersion spectrum, even for low SNR. Following the time-frequency analysis of the raw shot-gather, the method splits the pseudo-seismogram for individual frequency. After that, slant slices along different surface wave group velocities are obtained and processed using the HRLRT. Finally, the transformed spectrum for all available group velocities is converted to the dispersion spectrum in the frequency-phase velocity <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>f</mi></mrow></math></span>-<span><math><mrow><mi>c</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> domain. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated using two synthetic datasets and three field records. Dispersion spectra produced by the proposed method are compared with those obtained with the Slant <span><math><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow></math></span>-<span><math><mrow><mi>k</mi></mrow></math></span> (SFK) transform and HRLRT. The results demonstrate that the proposed method performs better than the existing high-resolution dispersion imaging methods, especially in low SNR scenarios. It effectively processes noiseless and noisy records, producing accurate, high-resolution, mode-separated dispersion spectra even under challenging conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 109284"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of seismic liquefaction and structural instability in Adıyaman-Gölbaşı after the February 6, 2023, earthquakes in Türki̇ye","authors":"Nurhan Ecemis ,&nbsp;Cemalettin Donmez ,&nbsp;Mustafa Karaman ,&nbsp;Hadi Valizadeh ,&nbsp;Korhan Deniz Dalgic","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two earthquakes, M_w = 7.8 Kahramanmaraş-Pazarcık, and M_w = 7.6 Elbistan, occurred on February 6, 2023, approximately 9 h apart. These earthquakes caused devastating effects in a total of 11 nearby cities on the east side of Türkiye (Adana, Adıyaman, Diyarbakır, Elazığ, Gaziantep, Hatay, Kahramanmaraş, Kilis, Malatya, Osmaniye, and Şanlıurfa) and the north side of Syria. These earthquakes provided an outstanding prospect to observe the effects of liquefaction in silty sand and liquefaction-like behavior in clays (cyclic softening) on the stability of structures. This paper specifically presents the post-earthquake reconnaissance at three sites and evaluations of four buildings within these sites in Adiyaman Province, Gölbaşı District. First, important role of post-earthquake piezocone penetration test (CPTu) in characterizing the subsurface conditions was presented. Then, the effect of soil liquefaction and cyclic softening on the performance of four buildings during the earthquakes was evaluated. These structures represent the typical new reinforced concrete buildings in Türkiye with 3 to 6-story, situated on shallow (raft) foundations, and demonstrated diverse structural performances from full resilience to moderate and extensive damage during the aforementioned earthquakes. Based on the interim findings from these sites, the potential factors that caused moderate to severe damage to buildings were inspected, and preliminary-immediate insights were presented on the relationship between structural design, soil properties, and the performance of buildings with shallow foundations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 109300"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scaling P and S wave translational to array-derived rocking motions: An empirical estimation of local wave propagation direction and velocity in rock site conditions","authors":"Amir Sadeghi-Bagherabadi,&nbsp;Gregor Hillers","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109257","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109257","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We analyze the rotational motions of 484 earthquakes in the <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>M</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>L</mtext></mrow></msub><mo>−</mo></mrow></math></span>0.7 to <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>M</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>L</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span>1.8 range that were induced by the 2018 geothermal stimulation in the Helsinki, Finland, metropolitan area, located in the cratonic Fennoscandian Shield environment. The rotational motions of <span><math><mi>P</mi></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>V</mi></mrow></math></span> waves in the 2<!--> <!-->Hz–15<!--> <!-->Hz frequency band are calculated from translational geophone array seismograms recorded in a 1.4<!--> <!-->km–4.9<!--> <!-->km epicentral distance range. We observe maximum peak rocking rates of <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> mrad/s for the <span><math><mi>P</mi></math></span> wave and <span><math><mrow><mn>6</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> mrad/s for the <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>V</mi></mrow></math></span> wave. We show that the ratio of the computed peak rocking rates to the observed peak vertical acceleration yields a good approximation of the local apparent wave velocity. For this, the rotational motions are obtained in the local coordinate system that minimizes rotation about the radial axis. This analysis indicates variations in the back-azimuth from the great-circle direction which are associated with structural subsurface heterogeneities. Our comparison with results from synthetic waveforms and results from a delay-and-sum plane wave beamforming analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of the employed seismogeodetic method to compute rotational ground motion from geophone arrays, and the effectiveness of the scaling analysis for local wave velocity estimates. The obtained average magnitude dependent rocking rate relationships for <span><math><mi>P</mi></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>V</mi></mrow></math></span> waves are important reference observations for building predictive models for rocking motions in a hard rock environment. The obtained empirical translational-to-rocking scaling relation for the <span><math><mi>P</mi></math></span> wave can contribute to the development of full-waveform scaling relations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 109257"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143350694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The shear characterization of hydrate-bearing clayey-silty sediments with layered hydrate distributions: Insights from different hydrate saturations and effective confining pressures","authors":"Songkui Sang ,&nbsp;Liang Kong ,&nbsp;Zhaoyuan Zeng ,&nbsp;Yapeng Zhao ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Liu ,&nbsp;Yifan Zhu ,&nbsp;Shijun Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanical behavior of hydrate-bearing sediments (HBS) is influenced by the layered hydrate distribution, and comprehensively understanding the mechanical properties of layered HBS is a precondition for achieving safe and efficient hydrate exploration. In this paper, a series of consolidation-drained triaxial tests of layered hydrate-bearing clayey-silty sediments (LHBCSS) were carried out with the clayey-silty reservoir in the South China Sea as the investigation background. The evolution rules of cohesion <em>c</em> and internal friction angle <em>φ</em> of LHBCSS under different impact factors were investigated. The shear dilatation characteristics of LHBCSS were clarified. The shear mechanism of the LHBCSS was revealed. The results show that the strain hardening dominates the stress-strain curves of LHBCSS, and the effective confining pressure <em>σ′</em> promotes the strain hardening. The failure strength <em>σ</em>_<em>f</em> and stiffness increased with the increment of the upper layer saturation. The <em>c</em> rises exponentially with the upper layer saturation, while the impact of upper layer saturation on the <em>φ</em> is insignificant. With the increase of <em>σ′</em>, the LHBCSS transforms from shear dilatation to shear contraction. The shear dilatation characteristics of the LHBCSS are influenced by the coupled impacts from multiple influencing factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 109289"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143372531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid empirical ground-motion model for the Alborz region of northern Iran","authors":"Mehran Davatgari-Tafreshi,&nbsp;Shahram Pezeshk","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109292","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109292","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Alborz region is situated in northern Iran and is a seismically active region that has experienced several devastating earthquakes. Due to the scarcity of recorded data, only a few Ground Motion Models (GMMs) have been developed explicitly for the Alborz region, and most of the previous GMMs for Iran have been developed for the entire country by combining data from all five seismotectonic provinces. The capabilities of the Hybrid Empirical Method (HEM) in developing GMMs for regions with sparse recorded datasets enable us to develop a new GMM for the Alborz region. In this study, using the HEM approach, we developed a new GMM to predict Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and spectral accelerations (SAs) across periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 s in the Alborz region of northern Iran. The dataset comprises 775 acceleration records generated by 167 events, recorded at 309 stations within the range of 1 km &lt; R_jb &lt; 160 km and 3 &lt; M_w &lt; 7.4, from 1980 to 2020. We adopted a simple functional form that is a function of moment magnitudes (M_w) and Joyner-Boore distance (R_jb) for the reference site condition with V_S30 = 760 m/s. This model is applicable for M_w in the range of 3–7.5, R_<em>jb</em> ≤ 200 km, and the reference site condition with V_S30 = 760 m/s.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 109292"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143351383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic fragility assessment of non-invasive geotechnical seismic isolation for existing bridges","authors":"Ziqiang Ma,&nbsp;Yurun Li,&nbsp;Dongsheng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109266","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109266","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Geotechnical seismic isolation (GSI) is a new concept that has been proposed recently. The injection of polyurethane into the soil layer (non-intrusive GSI) reduces seismic fragility without altering the original structure, which may provide an effective seismic isolation solution for existing bridge structures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the seismic isolation effect and isolation mechanism of non-invasive GSI applied to existing bridges. First, a noninvasive GSI site modeling method is described based on the results of existing soil-polyurethane resonance column tests and the OpenSees computational platform. Subsequently, a refined dynamic analysis model of site-existing bridge interactions was established by combining the rusting theory. The seismic isolation effect of the non-invasive GSI and its effect on the seismic response of the bridge were explored using a nonlinear dynamic time-course analysis. The results showed that non-invasive GSI soils can change the characteristic period of ground motion, thus reducing the site effect. The seismic isolation effect was positively correlated with the percentage of injected polyurethane. Altering the characteristic period of the site and avoiding as many of the preeminent periods of ground motion as possible is the result of noninvasive GSI. The non-invasive GSI soil layer reduces the structural response and provides seismic isolation throughout the life cycle of corroded piers, and its fragility is significantly reduced. Especially, the “old” piers have significant seismic isolation effect, effectively limiting serious damage or even collapse under earthquakes. The results of this study provide a reference for noninvasive GSI design of existing bridge structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 109266"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143372530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}