Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Analytical prediction of liquefaction-induced pipeline uplift coupled with the thixotropic fluid model","authors":"Chih-Wei Lu ,&nbsp;Yu-Feng Lin ,&nbsp;Yohsuke Kawamata ,&nbsp;Tetsuo Tobita ,&nbsp;Minh-Tam Doan ,&nbsp;Hsiu-Chen Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109704","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109704","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liquefaction-induced pipeline uplift is a critical concern in seismically active regions, as it can lead to infrastructure damage, substance leakage, road disruptions, and potential hazards. This study proposes an analytical model for predicting pipeline uplift by incorporating a time-dependent viscosity model based on the thixotropic fluid framework. The model accounts for uplift resistance, buoyancy, and viscous damping force to describe the uplift phenomenon through mechanical mechanisms. The analytical solution is derived using kinetic equations and is validated against centrifuge test results, demonstrating its reliability in capturing uplift displacement trends. The proposed model effectively quantifies the influence of apparent viscosity, excess pore water pressure generation, and radius-to-buried depth ratio on uplift behavior. The results indicate that the model provides an efficient and practical approach for evaluating pipeline uplift displacement, especially in engineering applications where rapid assessments are necessary. Comparisons with existing empirical and numerical models reveal that the analytical solution offers improved accuracy while maintaining computational efficiency. By bridging the gap between laboratory observations and field applications, this model serves as a valuable predictive tool for regional-scale pipeline safety assessment and mitigation planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 109704"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144860603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic performance of skewed bridges with rocking columns","authors":"Zhenlei Jia ,&nbsp;Menghan Hu ,&nbsp;Hanqing Zhuge ,&nbsp;Jianian Wen ,&nbsp;Qiang Han ,&nbsp;Xiuli Du","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109743","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109743","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rocking structures that possess damage control and self-centering capabilities represent an effective approach to achieving rapid post-earthquake functionality recovery in bridges. Currently, most research on rocking bridges focuses on regular bridges, whereas the seismic performance of rocking columns in skewed bridges, which are prevalent in engineering practice, remains largely unexplored. In this study, the seismic response and influence of structural parameters of skewed rocking bridges under three-dimensional earthquakes are analyzed, considering nonlinear boundary conditions such as abutment-soil interaction, pounding effects, and pile-soil interaction. The results demonstrate that the skew angles have more impact on the translational displacement, deck rotations, and unseating risk in skewed rocking bridges compared to those observed in cast-in-place (CIP) bridges. Although a considerable residual rotation angle is present in skewed rocking bridges, it is much smaller than that observed in CIP bridges, and the residual displacement of columns is minimal, facilitating the quickest possible restoration after an event. As the skew angle or the constraint gaps increase, the responses of prestressed rocking bridges with dampers gradually exceed those of CIP bridges, especially the deck rotation and unseating risk. Compared to CIP bridges, skewed rocking bridges are also more sensitive to changes in the incidence angles of ground motions. Enhancing the bearing capacity of shear keys is a possible mean to diminish the sensitivity of rocking skewed bridges to the direction of seismic inputs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 109743"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144860604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of dry-wet cycles on the cyclic loading characteristics of loess","authors":"Hao Wu ,&nbsp;Shuai Shao ,&nbsp;Yutong Zhang ,&nbsp;Shengjun Shao ,&nbsp;Zechi Wang ,&nbsp;Shaoying Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109736","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109736","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The typical water sensitivity and dynamic vulnerability of loess are the primary factors contributing to instability to infrastructure on the Loess Plateau. Frequent dry-wet (D-W) cycles, driven by seasonal rainfall, and any other conditions, often result in irreversible damage accumulation in loess. When combined with seismic activity, the disaster-causing process becomes highly complex. Cyclic simple shear tests were conducted to illustrate the cyclic loading response of loess subjected to D-W cycles conditions (D-W cycles times <em>i</em>, lower limit water content <em>w</em>₁) and stress levels (consolidation stress <em>σ</em>_v, and dynamic shear strain amplitude <em>γ</em>_d). The cyclic shear modulus <em>G</em>_d and accumulative axial strain <em>ε</em>_d is significantly influenced by stress levels and D-W cycles conditions. <em>G</em>_d exhibits a two-stage evolution, with the cyclic loading number <em>N</em> corresponding to the inflection point is defined as the critical cyclic loading number <em>N</em>_c, which is inversely proportional to <em>i</em> and <em>w</em>₁. The attenuation of <em>G</em>_d is most significant during the first D-W cycle, with a reduction of 3 %–13.7 %. After <em>i</em> = 8, the attenuation rate of <em>G</em>_d is approximately between 22.66 % and 25.55 %. The <em>ε</em>_d is proportional to the <em>i</em>, <em>w</em>₁, <em>σ</em>_v and <em>γ</em>_d. Based on the monotonicity, boundedness, and memoryless of loess accumulative deformation, a prediction model for accumulative axial strain development is established, incorporating the effects of D-W cycles conditions and stress levels. This model can accurately capture the accumulative deformation of loess during D-W cycles and cyclic loading processes, provide a significant theoretical reference for earthquake disaster prediction in collapsible loess areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 109736"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic damage evolution processes of the superstructure-integrated underground structure considering different seismic characteristics","authors":"Dapeng Qiu ,&nbsp;Dengpan Liu ,&nbsp;Yunjuan Chen ,&nbsp;Peisen Wang ,&nbsp;Dongye Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109727","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109727","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The superstructure-integrated underground structure (SIUS) is a popular synthesis structure in urban city, which includes the aboveground part and underground part. The seismic responses of SIUS are influenced by the structural vibration of aboveground part and the soil deformation. Therefore, the seismic damage evolution processes of SIUS would be highly complicated, especially during different earthquakes with diverse seismic characteristics. In this paper, a finite element model of the soil-SIUS system is established. The representative ground motions corresponding to the actual site are selected. The seismic responses of both aboveground part and underground part in the SIUS are comprehensively studied, and the seismic damage evolution processes of the entire SIUS are clarified based on the seismic failure path of structural components. Furthermore, the influence mechanisms of seismic frequency characteristics and seismic input angles on the seismic responses and seismic damage evolution processes of SIUS are revealed respectively. The results show that the bottom aboveground part and outside underground part are typical vulnerable positions where the aboveground-underground interaction and soil-structure interaction are considerable respectively. The seismic damage evolution process would develop from bottom aboveground part to top aboveground part and develop from outside underground part to inside underground part. In addition, the aboveground part and underground part are demonstrated to be sensitive to the high-frequency and low-frequency respectively. The seismic input angle would have considerable influence effects on the underground part, and the seismic damage of the outside underground part would be more significant than that of the aboveground part with the increasing seismic input angle. This paper can develop an essential reference for the seismic design and of SIUS, and provide the important theoretical basis for the seismic performance evaluation of the large urban underground structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 109727"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced identification method for rational approximation models of unbounded soil to ensure stability in soil-structure interaction systems","authors":"Zhenyun Tang ,&nbsp;Hao Liu ,&nbsp;Boxin Fu ,&nbsp;Ryuta Enokida ,&nbsp;Xiuli Du","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109724","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109724","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Artificial boundary condition methods provide a simple and efficient approach for simulating wave propagation and dynamic behavior in unbounded soil for soil-structure interaction (SSI) analyses. While commonly used spring–dashpot boundaries are easy to implement, their neglect of frequency-dependent dynamics at the soil's truncated boundaries often limits accuracy. Dynamic impedance functions offer a more precise representation of these frequency-dependent effects. However, stable identification of rational approximation models for dynamic impedance remains a significant challenge in SSI systems. Recent studies reveal that even stable rational approximations of the soil alone may cause instability once coupled with the superstructure—an issue yet to be resolved. This study first presents a stability analysis method for SSI systems based on gain margin, uncovering that the instability of the coupled system arises from rational approximation model identification errors, which induce low-frequency negative damping. To counter this issue, we proposed an enhanced identification method, which introduces a frequency-domain optimization framework with positive phase constraints, effectively mitigating the negative damping and suppressing phase distortion while preserving model accuracy. The proposed method is validated through numerical simulations and time-domain analysis, demonstrating its ability to maintain the stability of SSI systems without compromising their physical fidelity. The proposed phase-constraint identification method addresses a critical gap in the stable modeling of semi-infinite soil systems and enhances the reliability of SSI simulations in earthquake engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 109724"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic response of offshore wind turbine considering sand stiffness evolution characteristics and scour effect","authors":"Zhang Xiao-ling,&nbsp;Hou Xiao-he,&nbsp;Wang Pi-guang,&nbsp;Xu Cheng-shun","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109729","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109729","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Monopile offshore wind turbines (MOWTs) are located in complex marine environments and are subject to wind, wave, current loads and seismic action in service. Besides, MOWTs in sand are highly susceptible to scour under environmental loads and the dynamic response of MOWTs is affected by the combination of long-term cyclic loads such as wind, wave and current. In this paper, a numerical model of MOWT is constructed for dynamic response analysis under the combined effect of scour and long-term cyclic loading. The simulation of the cyclic loading characteristics of sand under horizontal cyclic loading is realized by the USDFLD subroutine and the MATLAB program, based on the loading and unloading secant stiffness evolution model of sand. The dynamic response analysis considering scour effects is conducted under different load conditions, which focused on the influence of different cycle times. The research results indicate that the variation patterns of horizontal displacement and bending moment of MOWT under different types of scouring and load combinations are similar, both increasing with the number of cycles. In considering the stiffness evolution characteristics of sand due to long-term cyclic loading, both local scour and global scour have different effects on the response of MOWT under different loading conditions. This suggests that the scour effects needs to be considered in the design of MOWTs under different loading conditions, and that local scour on monopile foundations cannot be directly substituted for global scour.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 109729"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic response and liquefaction mitigation of immersed tunnels under seismic loads: A coupled seawater-seabed-tunnel analysis","authors":"Weiyun Chen ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Luo ,&nbsp;Lingyu Xu ,&nbsp;Yewei Zheng ,&nbsp;Lei Su ,&nbsp;Rui Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109733","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109733","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, immersed tunnels have been widely used in cross-river and cross-sea transportation projects due to their unique advantages. Unlike land-based tunnels, immersed tunnels are embedded in the shallow layers of nearshore seabeds, where the combined influence of seawater and seabed soil makes their seismic response more complex. Traditional seismic analysis methods for land tunnels are therefore less applicable. In this study, the DM04 model is adopted to simulate the mechanical behavior of marine sand, and the Coupled Acoustic-Structure (CAS) method is employed to model the dynamic interaction between seawater and the seabed, establishing a coupled system of seawater, seabed, and immersed tunnel. Using real seismic records from a marine region as input, this study investigates the effects of horizontal and vertical seismic intensities, overlying seawater, and sand compaction piles (SCPs) on the seismic stability of tunnel. The results indicate that under seismic loading, soil surrounding the tunnel liquefies earlier than soil in the far field, and significant seabed deformation may lead to buoyancy-induced instability. Stronger horizontal and vertical seismic motions increase the uplift and tilt of the tunnel. Seawater amplifies uplift displacement but reduces rotational motion during the uplift. SCPs effectively enhance seismic stability by suppressing soil liquefaction beneath the tunnel and limiting lateral soil flow, thereby mitigating uplift and rotation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 109733"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel distributed parameter models for self-centering dual rocking core system with multiple rocking sections","authors":"Chunxue Dai ,&nbsp;Shuling Hu ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;M. Shahria Alam ,&nbsp;Theodoros L. Karavasilis","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109716","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109716","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Higher mode effects can potentially magnify the internal forces and worsen the seismic performance of the self-centering dual rocking core (SDRC) system. Past research shows that the self-centering dual rocking core system with multiple rocking sections (MSDRC) can realize reduced internal force demands. However, the force demands of the SDRC system considering the high mode influences and the mitigation mechanisms of high mode contribution in the MSDRC system have not been systematically investigated. In this study, novel distributed parameter models were derived for the SDRC and MSDRC systems to study the internal force and explore the working mechanisms of multiple rocking sections in alleviating the high mode effects comparatively. The SDRC and MSDRC systems’ modal shape and the characteristic equations were analyzed to comparatively investigate how structural design parameters affect the dynamic characteristics and responses. The modal contributions were calculated to comparatively analyze the influences of the structural parameters on the superimposed responses. The analysis revealed that there was a clear contradiction between the reduction of higher modal contributions and the reduction of structural acceleration response in the SDRC system. The conflict could be resolved via the multiple rocking mechanism. The high modal vibration frequency was significantly reduced in the MSDRC system. The internal force demands and higher modal contributions were also decreased in the MSDRC system. The analysis results provided several suggestions for optimizing the stiffness design of the SDRC and MSDRC systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 109716"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of design factors for seismic liquefaction hazard-consistent design and evaluation","authors":"A. Wei ,&nbsp;C. Feng ,&nbsp;H.P. Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109715","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109715","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seismic-induced liquefaction can cause damage to structures and infrastructure systems. The design checking equation for assessing the liquefaction potential is based on the results from the cone penetration test or the standard penetration test (SPT). Chinese design codes for assessing the liquefaction potential are based on SPT results, and the critical SPT blow count is evaluated based on the specified return period value of the peak ground acceleration (PGA), <em>a</em>_<em>T</em>. However, using <em>a</em>_<em>T</em> alone to assess the liquefaction potential may not achieve a consistent annual probability of liquefaction triggering, <em>P</em>_<em>AL</em>, because seismic events with different combinations of PGA and earthquake magnitude contribute to <em>P</em>_<em>AL</em>. To overcome this drawback, the present study conducted probabilistic liquefaction hazard analysis (PLHA) to calibrate the adjustment or design factors for designing or checking the liquefaction potential. The calibration considered the tolerable annual failure probabilities and detailed seismicity information applicable to the Chinese mainland. It focused on 31 major Chinese cities and different combinations of the groundwater depth, saturated sandy/silty layer embedment depth, and soil properties. Using the calibrated design factors for the considered combinations, empirical equations for evaluating the design factors were developed for practical use. It was shown that without considering such calibrated design factors in evaluating liquefaction potential, the <em>P</em>_<em>AL</em> obtained can vary substantially, and the use of the calibrated design factors reduces such variability. The effects of using the safety factor for designing or checking the liquefaction potential on the implied <em>P</em>_<em>AL</em> were also evaluated and presented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 109715"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144841591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of stratigraphic conditions in horizontally layered soils on the propagation dynamics of seismic waves","authors":"Zhongming Jia ,&nbsp;Boming Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109720","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109720","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The viscous-spring artificial boundary, recognized as an efficacious approach for assessing ground motion, finds widespread application in finite element analysis. When using this method to analyze the oblique incidence of seismic waves in horizontally layered soils, there are difficulties in accurately calculating the time delay. To solve this, a new method for calculating the time delay is proposed, which is based on the virtual starting point of seismic waves. This method includes tracing and iterating the wave path to determine the virtual starting point. Once it is determined, the time delay of the target point can be solved according to the current wave velocity. On this basis, by using the Snell equation and the continuity condition of seismic ground motion at the sub-layer interface, the equation for equivalent nodal force is derived, thus establishing a method for simulating the oblique incidence of seismic waves in horizontally layered soils. The proposed method standardizes the form of the equation, including only the parametric characteristics of the soil layers, which makes the calculation easier. To validate the accuracy of this approach, a three-dimensional finite element model was built. This model was used to study the variation patterns of ground displacement caused by ground motion under different stratigraphic conditions. The root causes were analyzed to provide insights and guidance for engineering seismic research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 109720"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144841592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}