Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Seismic response of sand beds in a laminated shear stack: physical and numerical modelling","authors":"Rohit Tiwari ,&nbsp;Arturo Jimenez ,&nbsp;Adrian R. Russell","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109761","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109761","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents the design and workings of a new type of laminated shear stack container. Several experiments were conducted involving a sand bed placed inside the shear stack that was excited horizontally under a variety of input excitations. A two-dimensional (2D) finite element model of the shaking table and laminated shear stack containing the sand bed was developed, incorporating details of the table and laminated shear stack design. The capability of the finite element model to replicate the dynamic response of the naked table, and of the sand bed inside the laminated shear stack when interacting with the table, were verified. The finite element model was extended to explore important aspects of the sand and laminated shear stack behaviours, including how the use of energy absorbing boundaries in the laminated shear stack enable parts of the sand model to exhibit field-equivalent responses. For low to moderate ground shaking it is shown that the chosen stiffness for the energy absorbing boundaries does not have a significant influence on the seismic performance of the sand bed at its center. Demonstrations of similitude are also given. Large size differences between model and field scales may be associated with attenuations of stress waves and de amplifications of accelerations that are not insignificant.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109761"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic response of a three-dimensional cavity in a layered half-space subjected to spherical P-waves","authors":"Songlin Hu,&nbsp;Jianwen Liang,&nbsp;Zhenning Ba","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109794","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109794","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Blast-induced seismic waves have a crucial effect on adjacent underground cavities. In this paper, an indirect boundary integral equation method (IBIEM) is used to investigate the dynamic response of a three-dimensional (3D) cavity embedded in a layered half-space subjected to spherical P-waves. The free field of the spherical waves is solved by the modified stiffness method, and the scattered field is constructed by fictitious force sources near the cavity boundary. The accuracy of IBIEM is verified through comparison with other methods, and its numerical stability is also validated. With a numerical example of a spherical cavity in a single layered half-space, the displacement on the ground surface and the dynamic stress concentration factor (DSCF) on the cavity surface are discussed, and the influences of wave source position, incident frequency, soil layer thickness, and shear wave velocity ratio are examined. Results indicate that as the wave source moves toward the cavity, the displacement amplification above the cavity becomes increasingly pronounced, while the maximum DSCF changes non-monotonically. With increasing incident frequency, the DSCF generally decreases. For different soil layer thicknesses, the dynamic response characteristics of the cavity exhibit significant variations. The influence of the shear wave velocity ratio is strongly dependent on the incident frequency, wave source position, and soil layer thickness. Additionally, the dynamic response of a 3D cavity in a layered half-space differs significantly from that in a homogeneous half-space.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109794"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145019661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic response of T-shaped retaining wall in liquefiable sites with interbedded weak clay layers: A large-scale shaking table test","authors":"Xinlei Zhang ,&nbsp;Junpeng Dong ,&nbsp;Wendi Guo ,&nbsp;Zhihua Wang ,&nbsp;Hongmei Gao ,&nbsp;Lu Liu ,&nbsp;Wenwen Li","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109777","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109777","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While extensive research has been conducted on the behavior of retaining walls in uniformly saturated sandy soils, actual water-adjacent retaining walls frequently encounter more complex ground soil conditions, including weak impermeable layers. A series of large-scale shaking table tests, employing three distinct ground models: pure sand model (PS model), horizontally interbedded weak clay (HI model), and inclined interbedded weak clay (II model), were performed to investigate the seismic behavior of T-shaped cantilever retaining walls in liquefiable sites containing weak impermeable clay layers. The impermeable weak clay layers within the soil-wall system significantly enhanced liquefaction resistance by reducing both the development rate and the peak level of excess pore water pressure. This effect is especially notable in inclined stratified soil foundations. The presence of impermeable layers notably amplified the acceleration responses and altered its distribution pattern of soil across different depths. Substantial slip displacement was observed at clay-sand interface due to the formation of “water interlayer” beneath the impermeable boundaries. The impermeable clay layer causes an increase in the acceleration responses and a pronounced alteration in the retaining wall's displacement pattern. Specifically, the retaining wall in PS model exhibited combined translation and rotating about the base patterns, while the wall in models incorporating weak impermeable layers (HI and II) displayed combined translation and rotating about the top patterns. The different displacement patterns of the retaining wall are related to the distribution of peak dynamic earth pressure along the wall height. The comparative analysis revealed that Wood's solution was effective in predicting the peak dynamic earth thrust in the PS model, while the M − O method was particularly suitable for the HI and II models with weak impermeable layers. The accumulation of dynamic earth thrust to threshold levels is a necessary precondition for irreversible wall displacement, while the excitation intensity plays a crucial role in determining both the process of displacement development and the magnitude of residual total displacement. The retaining wall in the models with weak clay layers required lower dynamic earth thrust thresholds for initiating irreversible displacement compared to pure sand conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109777"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145019664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel framework to assess stability of slender structures with base flexibility under bidirectional shaking","authors":"Arghyadeep Banerjee,&nbsp;Prithwish Kumar Das,&nbsp;Rana Roy","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109771","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109771","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The investigation explores the dynamic response of three-dimensional slender structures, focusing on the influence of base flexibility under both unidirectional and bidirectional seismic excitations. A previously developed physical model is extended to incorporate flexible base conditions and has been validated for both free and forced vibration. A dimensionless framework is formulated to generalize the findings across varying soil conditions and system properties. Key response parameters, namely overturning acceleration and maximum rotation, are analyzed to assess dynamic stability. The study introduces the novel stability coefficient spectra, which in conjunction with the rocking spectra can provide quantitative measures of acceleration intensity for a selected performance state. Results reveal that base flexibility can significantly enhance stability by reducing overturning zones and limiting peak rotations suggesting the deficiencies of conventional unidirectional analysis and rigid base assumptions. The proposed framework of rocking spectra triad for bidirectional loading appears promising in reducing dispersion when applied to an ensemble of seismic records. This approach may be examined further as a viable strategy for improved seismic design accounting for the effects of base flexibility and ground motion directionality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109771"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145019662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic response of segmental tunnel in soil-rock strata under longitudinal excitation: experimental and numerical analysis","authors":"Siming Li ,&nbsp;Yong Yuan ,&nbsp;Haitao Yu ,&nbsp;Jinghua Zhang ,&nbsp;Mingqing Xiao ,&nbsp;Roberto Cudmani","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109770","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109770","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tunnels passing through inhomogeneous ground conditions are particularly susceptible to significant damage during earthquakes. This study investigates the seismic response of a segmental tunnel crossing soil-rock strata under longitudinal excitation. A 1<em>g</em> shaking table test is conducted to model the soil-structure interaction (SSI) system. Earthquake input and observation focus on longitudinal SSI. The experimental results are then employed to calibrate a 3D finite element (FE) model, where the seismic behavior of synthetic model soil is characterized by a kinematic hardening constitutive model, and the model rock and tunnel are simulated using an elastic constitutive model. The validated FE model shows good agreement with the shaking table test results and provides insights into the longitudinal joint deformation and overall deformation patterns of the tunnel. Considering the key seismic characteristics of the tunnel, a simplified analytical model for calculating the joint extension is developed and verified against the numerical results, quantitively revealing the concentrated joint deformation caused by the ground with abruptly varying stiffness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109770"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145019663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic microzonation study on nonlinear site-specific ground response of Burdur soils (SW Türkiye)","authors":"Mehmet Alpyürür","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109758","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109758","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Burdur settlement area is highly prone to earthquake activity due to its location on an active fault and its predominantly unconsolidated Quaternary alluvial deposits. This study presents a site-specific microzonation based on one-dimensional nonlinear ground response analysis (NLGRA) and evaluates the local seismic hazard. A probabilistic seismic hazard analysis was conducted to generate seismic hazard curves based on different earthquake hazard levels, ground types, and spectral periods defined in the 2018 Türkiye Building Earthquake Code (TBEC 2018). Spectral amplification factors (SAFs) were determined using three methods: 1) a hybrid ground motion prediction equation, 2) amplification factors from TBEC 2018 and Eurocode 8, and 3) the results of the NLGRA. The amplification factors estimated using NLGRA exceeded those from TBEC 2018 and Eurocode 8, with maximum values of 2.58 and 2.88, respectively, in the periods corresponding to the natural vibration periods of the structures in the study area. These findings indicate that buildings in the region may be subjected to considerably higher dynamic loads than those anticipated by current seismic codes. SAFs of up to 3.51 were determined close to Burdur Lake. An increasing trend in long-period SAFs was observed in the southeast-northwest direction, correlating with the increasing thickness of alluvial deposits. The results further emphasize the importance of taking into account resonance phenomena, especially for periods exceeding 0.5 s.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109758"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145019659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shaking table test of three-dimensional base-isolated liquid storage tanks in power plants","authors":"Guibo Nie,&nbsp;Zhiyong Wang,&nbsp;Yujie Shi,&nbsp;Wei Wang,&nbsp;Ke Du","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As one of the core components in power plants, liquid storage tanks are responsible for storing critical materials such as coolant and fuel. Their seismic reliability is therefore essential to the safe operation of the entire power plant system. To address this concern, a novel three-dimensional isolation bearing was developed in this study, and a series of shaking table tests were conducted. The experiments focused on investigating the dynamic characteristics and seismic response of the tank, and the performance of the proposed isolation bearing. The results indicate that the storage tank exhibits excellent seismic resistance, with no structural damage observed during the tests. Additionally, the vertical fundamental frequency of the tank was found to be significantly higher than the predominant frequency range of typical ground motions, suggesting a relatively low demand for vertical isolation. Furthermore, the proposed three-dimensional isolation bearing demonstrated effective horizontal isolation performance. However, the tests also revealed that under triaxial excitation, the isolation system exhibited noticeable rocking behavior, which may cause internal liquid leakage and, more critically, pose a risk of tank overturning. Finally, this study used numerical simulations to verify that the incorporation of viscous dampers in the 3D isolation bearings can significantly enhance their vertical isolation performance, and corresponding recommendations are proposed regarding the arrangement spacing of the isolation bearings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109793"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145019660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of excess pore pressure and liquefaction for rocking wind turbine foundations","authors":"Behrouz Badrkhani Ajaei,&nbsp;M. Hesham El Naggar","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109785","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109785","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Restrictions on uplifts of shallow foundations have been modified for bridge and building foundations to enable more efficient and sustainable performance-based design. This new philosophy of designing foundations against strong earthquake shaking is also being considered for wind turbine foundations in recent years. In order to allow foundation uplifts in saturated sand, the effects of induced cyclic strains on liquefaction susceptibility should be addressed. In this paper, an efficient method for computation of excess pore pressure accumulation and dissipation in saturated sand is incorporated into finite element modeling of a rocking foundation. The developed model is validated against experimental data from centrifuge tests of shallow foundation resting on saturated sand. Subsequently, the validated methodology is applied to finite element simulation of wind turbine foundations. The results demonstrated that a small uplift region can be tolerated to develop under operational conditions of a wind turbine foundation in saturated sand without occurrence of liquefaction. A reconsideration and easing of the uplift restrictions can lead to economical designs for new foundations of wind turbines and re-purposing of existing foundations for larger wind turbines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145007720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing seismic site response prediction by supplementing shallow shear-wave velocity characteristics","authors":"Lingsheng Zeng ,&nbsp;John X. Zhao ,&nbsp;Ruibin Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109775","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109775","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The shallow soil layers play a critical role in affecting the seismic site response. Commonly used site parameters in engineering practice and site response prediction models—such as the time-averaged shear-wave velocity (<em>V</em>_S) in the top 30 m (<em>V</em>_S30) and the site period—may overlook the high impedance contrast and weak stiffness of soft soil layers near the surface. This study examines the complementary role of the uppermost soil layers, characterized by an impedance contrast parameter <em>I</em>_m10 and a velocity parameter <em>V</em>_S10, in enhancing site response prediction using ground motion data from KiK-net stations in Japan. Analysis of the <em>V</em>_S profiles reveals that the commonly used dual-parameter method inadequately characterizes the impedance contrasts and <em>V</em>_S properties of shallow soils. Sites with large <em>I</em>_m10 and small <em>V</em>_S10 would additionally produce larger linear site amplification and stronger nonlinear response. We demonstrate that incorporating <em>I</em>_m10 and <em>V</em>_S10 alongside commonly used parameters improves prediction accuracy for both linear and nonlinear site effects, as evidenced by one-dimensional (1D) site amplification ratios and ground motion observations. The supplementary contribution of <em>V</em>_S10 and <em>I</em>_m10 to site response in empirical ground motion records is much weaker than 1D linear analysis, which may be caused by the inaccuracy of measured near-surface shear-wave velocity, and the 2D/3D effect. Given that <em>I</em>_m10 and <em>V</em>_S10 can be obtained without incurring additional costs in many engineering projects, we recommend their integration into site classification systems and site response prediction models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109775"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145007721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New conditional ground motion model for permanent displacement in near-fault zones","authors":"Longjun Xu ,&nbsp;Hao Tian ,&nbsp;Chaoyue Jin ,&nbsp;Huabei Liu ,&nbsp;Jie Wang ,&nbsp;Wen Liu ,&nbsp;Lili Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109774","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109774","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An accurate assessment of after-earthquake permanent displacement (PD) is crucial for the anti-dislocation of structures situated across or near fault zones. The conditional ground motion model (CGMM) is an effective method for estimating after-earthquake PD. We draw on the global NEar-Source Strong-motion (NESS) database and incorporates peak ground displacement (PGD) as a secondary parameter. The model accounts for key factors such as moment magnitude (<em>M</em>_w), focal depth, fault type, rupture distance (<em>R</em>_<em>rup</em>), and average site shear wave velocity (<em>V</em>_S30). A CGMM was developed through random-effects model regression analysis to achieve a robust estimation of after-earthquake PD. The performance of the developed CGMM was validated through residual analysis, by systematically examining the influence of explanatory variables on model predictions, and through comprehensive comparisons with prior models. The results demonstrate that the developed conditional model successfully captures the attenuation trends of PD. <em>M</em>_w, <em>R</em>_<em>rup</em>, and <em>V</em>_S30 have varying degrees of impact on the model predictions; as the <em>M</em>_w and focal depth increase, the PD value increases. The CGMM demonstrates a pronounced near-field saturation effect. The research findings can serve as a valuable reference for the anti-dislocation design of lifeline engineering projects that cross or are in near fault zones, as well as for Probabilistic Fault Displacement Hazard Analysis (PFDHA).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109774"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145004832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}