Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Novel distributed parameter models for self-centering dual rocking core system with multiple rocking sections","authors":"Chunxue Dai ,&nbsp;Shuling Hu ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;M. Shahria Alam ,&nbsp;Theodoros L. Karavasilis","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109716","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109716","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Higher mode effects can potentially magnify the internal forces and worsen the seismic performance of the self-centering dual rocking core (SDRC) system. Past research shows that the self-centering dual rocking core system with multiple rocking sections (MSDRC) can realize reduced internal force demands. However, the force demands of the SDRC system considering the high mode influences and the mitigation mechanisms of high mode contribution in the MSDRC system have not been systematically investigated. In this study, novel distributed parameter models were derived for the SDRC and MSDRC systems to study the internal force and explore the working mechanisms of multiple rocking sections in alleviating the high mode effects comparatively. The SDRC and MSDRC systems’ modal shape and the characteristic equations were analyzed to comparatively investigate how structural design parameters affect the dynamic characteristics and responses. The modal contributions were calculated to comparatively analyze the influences of the structural parameters on the superimposed responses. The analysis revealed that there was a clear contradiction between the reduction of higher modal contributions and the reduction of structural acceleration response in the SDRC system. The conflict could be resolved via the multiple rocking mechanism. The high modal vibration frequency was significantly reduced in the MSDRC system. The internal force demands and higher modal contributions were also decreased in the MSDRC system. The analysis results provided several suggestions for optimizing the stiffness design of the SDRC and MSDRC systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 109716"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of design factors for seismic liquefaction hazard-consistent design and evaluation","authors":"A. Wei ,&nbsp;C. Feng ,&nbsp;H.P. Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109715","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109715","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seismic-induced liquefaction can cause damage to structures and infrastructure systems. The design checking equation for assessing the liquefaction potential is based on the results from the cone penetration test or the standard penetration test (SPT). Chinese design codes for assessing the liquefaction potential are based on SPT results, and the critical SPT blow count is evaluated based on the specified return period value of the peak ground acceleration (PGA), <em>a</em>_<em>T</em>. However, using <em>a</em>_<em>T</em> alone to assess the liquefaction potential may not achieve a consistent annual probability of liquefaction triggering, <em>P</em>_<em>AL</em>, because seismic events with different combinations of PGA and earthquake magnitude contribute to <em>P</em>_<em>AL</em>. To overcome this drawback, the present study conducted probabilistic liquefaction hazard analysis (PLHA) to calibrate the adjustment or design factors for designing or checking the liquefaction potential. The calibration considered the tolerable annual failure probabilities and detailed seismicity information applicable to the Chinese mainland. It focused on 31 major Chinese cities and different combinations of the groundwater depth, saturated sandy/silty layer embedment depth, and soil properties. Using the calibrated design factors for the considered combinations, empirical equations for evaluating the design factors were developed for practical use. It was shown that without considering such calibrated design factors in evaluating liquefaction potential, the <em>P</em>_<em>AL</em> obtained can vary substantially, and the use of the calibrated design factors reduces such variability. The effects of using the safety factor for designing or checking the liquefaction potential on the implied <em>P</em>_<em>AL</em> were also evaluated and presented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 109715"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144841591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of stratigraphic conditions in horizontally layered soils on the propagation dynamics of seismic waves","authors":"Zhongming Jia ,&nbsp;Boming Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109720","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109720","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The viscous-spring artificial boundary, recognized as an efficacious approach for assessing ground motion, finds widespread application in finite element analysis. When using this method to analyze the oblique incidence of seismic waves in horizontally layered soils, there are difficulties in accurately calculating the time delay. To solve this, a new method for calculating the time delay is proposed, which is based on the virtual starting point of seismic waves. This method includes tracing and iterating the wave path to determine the virtual starting point. Once it is determined, the time delay of the target point can be solved according to the current wave velocity. On this basis, by using the Snell equation and the continuity condition of seismic ground motion at the sub-layer interface, the equation for equivalent nodal force is derived, thus establishing a method for simulating the oblique incidence of seismic waves in horizontally layered soils. The proposed method standardizes the form of the equation, including only the parametric characteristics of the soil layers, which makes the calculation easier. To validate the accuracy of this approach, a three-dimensional finite element model was built. This model was used to study the variation patterns of ground displacement caused by ground motion under different stratigraphic conditions. The root causes were analyzed to provide insights and guidance for engineering seismic research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 109720"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144841592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-earthquake response and capacity of high-speed railway track-bridge system considering random pier height","authors":"Wangbao Zhou ,&nbsp;Yu Hou ,&nbsp;Lizhong Jiang ,&nbsp;Donghang Peng ,&nbsp;Xiang Liu ,&nbsp;Lili Liu ,&nbsp;LingXu Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109723","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109723","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A high-speed railway track-bridge system (TBS) must be designed to guarantee the safety and robustness. However, the lack of uniform standards for the post-earthquake capacity evaluation method of high-speed railway TBS necessitates research in this domain. In this paper, a TBS simplified model (TBSSM) was established based on the structural characteristics of CRTS III slab ballastless track. The accuracy and reliability of the developed TBSSM were corroborated by shaking table test and numerical model. The post-earthquake residual irregularity characteristic curves under different pier heights were constructed according to the calculation results of TBSSM, and the sensitive parameters of train dynamic response were analyzed. Further, the nonlinear mapping model (NMM) of the wheel-rail dynamic system based on convolutional neural network was established. Combined with NMM, the feasibility of post-earthquake driving was also explored. The results showed that TBSSM improves the calculation efficiency by about 40 % while ensuring the accuracy of the calculation results. The post-earthquake residual irregularity amplitude of the high pier structure is more significant than that of the low pier structure. Also, the train dynamic response rises considerably as the train speed <em>V</em> and residual irregularity quantitative index <em>TIC</em>_<em>rms</em> increase. Under the conditions of I and II safety levels, the train speed after the design earthquake should be controlled within 306 km/h and normal driving, respectively, and the train speed after the rare earthquake should be controlled within 187 km/h and between 187 and 256 km/h.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 109723"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144841593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Displacement-based seismic design of self-centering reinforced concrete bridge piers with external dampers","authors":"Mina Aligholi ,&nbsp;Armin Aziminejad ,&nbsp;Mehran S. Razzaghi ,&nbsp;Abdolreza S. Moghadam ,&nbsp;Panam Zarfam","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109708","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109708","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Self-Centering Reinforced Concrete (SCRC) bridge piers have garnered significant interest in recent years due to their potential to maintain post-earthquake performance. However, a practical displacement-based design method for these piers has yet to be developed, and concerns regarding their collapse potential under extreme seismic events remain unresolved. This study proposes a practical displacement-based design method for SCRC piers equipped with external energy dissipating bars and evaluates their collapse performance under ground-motions Beyond the Design Basis Earthquake (DBE). Accordingly, a one-third scale SCRC pier was first simulated in OpenSees and its performance was validated against laboratory data reported in the technical literature. In addition, a full-scale SCRC pier was designed and simulated using OpenSees software, and a conventional monolithic pier with a similar backbone curve was also designed for comparison. Quasi-static cyclic analyses, pushover analyses, time history analyses, Incremental Dynamic Analyses (IDA), and fragility assessments were conducted for both designed piers. Comparison of the collapse margins ratios of the two piers reveals that the SCRC pier exhibits a collapse performance very similar to that of the conventional RC pier. Furthermore, the SCRC pier exhibits lower hysteretic damping compared to the conventional monolithic pier, it demonstrates significantly reduced residual displacements. This reduction minimizes the need for post-earthquake repairs, highlighting the practical benefits of adopting SCRC piers in seismic design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 109708"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144830767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on dynamic response characteristics and failure modes of rainfall and non-rainfall loess high steep slopes under earthquake","authors":"Guoxu Wang ,&nbsp;Zhijian Wu ,&nbsp;Xiaohua Zhang ,&nbsp;Shengnian Wang ,&nbsp;Xinming Pan ,&nbsp;Dehui Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109706","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109706","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Loess Plateau features a fragile ecological and geological environment, with landslide disasters occurring frequently. Among the triggering factors of these disasters, earthquakes and rainfall are the most prominent. To better understand slope failure mechanisms under these conditions, this study performed comparative shaking table tests on rainfall and non-rainfall steep loess slopes. The test results indicate that earthquakes facilitate rainfall infiltration to 0.54 of the slope height. Loess layers above the infiltration front critically influence the landslide's dynamic response and failure mechanism. Under seismic loading, the pore water pressure (PWP) within this layer increases to a positive value, thereby reducing the loess's effective stress. The acceleration amplification factor (AAF) of the rainfall slope is approximately 24 % higher than that of the non-rainfall slope, indicating that rainfall exposes the slope to greater inertial forces. Further analysis using the Hilbert-Huang transform revealed that rainfall altered the slope's stiffness, enhancing its capacity to absorb high-frequency (10–50 Hz) seismic waves and thereby rendering it more susceptible to seismic impact. Additionally, significant seismic subsidence was observed at the crest of the rainfall slope, and the combined added and inertial forces induced tensile cracks and large displacements in the soil at the infiltration front. This study clarifies the mechanisms driving loess landslides under combined rainfall-seismic effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 109706"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144841589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Velocity pulse characteristics and basin effect of the 1970 Tonghai MS 7.8 earthquake based on the dynamic rupture simulation","authors":"Zhiwei Ji ,&nbsp;Houyun Yu ,&nbsp;Zongchao Li ,&nbsp;Changhui Ju ,&nbsp;Zhenjiang Yu ,&nbsp;Yongxian Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaofei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109719","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109719","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>On January 5, 1970, a <em>M</em>s 7.8 Tonghai earthquake ruptured the Qujiang fault in Yunnan Province, China, resulting in over 15,000 fatalities. An intensity anomaly area was identified in the Tonghai Basin, characterized by an IX-intensity area surrounded by an VIII-intensity area. To examine the near-fault velocity pulse characteristics and basin effect of this earthquake, the dynamic rupture process and wave propagation were simulated using the curved grid finite-difference method. First, model validation was performed by comparing the simulation results with the moment magnitude, observed surface dislocations, near-fault deformations, and seismic intensity distributions. Subsequently, the velocity pulse characteristics were identified using the pulse identification method, allowing for a statistical analysis of the relationship between the pulse parameters (peak ground velocity, PGV, and pulse period) and fault distance (<em>R</em>_rup). Moreover, the effect of the basin on the velocity pulses was assessed by comparing numerical models with and without basin structures. The simulation results indicated a strong correlation between the pulse distribution and PGV. Compared to the pulse period, the PGV exhibited a more pronounced dependence on <em>R</em>_rup, with notable variations across different components. When the natural period of a structure in the near-fault region aligns with or closely approximates the near-fault velocity pulse period, resonance effects can lead to a significant seismic risk. The basin structure amplified the ground motion within the Tonghai and Quxi basins, although a weakening of the pulse effect was observed within the Quxi Basin. Further investigation is required to quantify the extent of the structural damage attributable to basin effects and velocity pulses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 109719"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144830766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micromechanical analysis of load bearing and seismic isolation of unconnected pile-caisson foundations: A DEM-FDM coupling approach","authors":"Zhongwei Li ,&nbsp;Guoliang Dai ,&nbsp;Eng-Choon Leong ,&nbsp;Yang Luan ,&nbsp;Dhyaa A.H. Abualghethe ,&nbsp;Weiming Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109713","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109713","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a micromechanical analysis of the load-bearing and seismic isolation performance of unconnected pile-caisson foundations (UPCFs) using a coupled discrete element method–finite difference method (DEM-FDM) approach. The numerical models were validated against quasi-static and shaking table tests, revealing the critical role of the granular load transfer platform layer in energy dissipation and seismic isolation. Parametric analyses demonstrate that the initial void ratio, thickness, grain size, particle shape, and particle fragility of the granular platform significantly influence the isolation efficiency and caisson displacement. While a higher void ratio, increased thickness, and rounded particle shapes enhance seismic isolation, they also amplify settlement, necessitating a balanced design strategy. The DEM-FDM coupling method effectively captures particle rearrangement, force chain evolution, and soil-pile interactions, offering insights into optimizing UPCF for marine and seismic environments. The findings highlight the trade-offs between isolation performance and displacement control, providing practical guidelines for improving the resilience of offshore infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 109713"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144827374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectral characteristics, path attenuation and site amplifications of ground motion from small to moderate earthquakes in Aksu, Xinjiang, China, using the generalized inversion technique","authors":"Pengfei Dang ,&nbsp;Jie Cui ,&nbsp;Bingyan Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109718","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109718","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The generalized inversion approach is often used to simultaneously estimate seismic source parameters, path attenuation, and site responses. To analyse the seismic source, site amplification factors and S–wave quality factor model in the Aksu region, China, 1050 well–recorded three‒ component seismic acceleration waveforms from 36 small– and medium–sized events, with M 3.6–5.8 recorded at 31 strong–motion stations, were selected. The seismic source parameters, such as the corner frequency <em>f</em>₀, seismic moment <em>M</em>₀, source radius <em>r</em> and stress drop <span><math><mrow><mo>Δ</mo><mi>σ</mi></mrow></math></span>, were subsequently obtained by a grid search method. To eliminate the trade–off between the site and the seismic source, two reference stations (the corresponding inversion methods were named GIT–2 and GIT–3) were selected for inversion. The S–wave quality factor model was estimated as <span><math><mrow><mi>Q</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>f</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>98.3438</mn><msup><mi>f</mi><mn>0.6577</mn></msup></mrow></math></span> for 0.5 Hz &lt; <em>f</em> &lt; 20 Hz. Our inversion results show that the seismic source spectra inverted in this study were roughly in good agreement with the Brune's <em>ω</em>² source spectra, and the stress drop estimated by GIT–2 was 0.1–3.5 MPa, with a median of 0.85 MPa, whereas the stress drop estimated by GIT–3 was 0.06–1.45 MPa, with a median of 0.31 MPa. The corner frequencies estimated via GIT–2 and GIT–3 methods were between 0.6–5.7 Hz and 0.3–4.33 Hz, respectively, with source radii of 0.22–4.78 km and 0.29–4.22 km, respectively, and the ratios of the radiation energy to seismic moment <em>E</em>s/<em>M</em>₀ were estimated as 3.8994 × 10⁻⁶ for GIT–2 and 1.362 × 10⁻⁶ for GIT–3. In addition, the kappa value of most earthquake events obtained from this inversion was 0.03 s. Simultaneously, the inversion results of the site effects indicate that the site amplification factors obtained from the GIT–2, GIT–3 and H/V spectral ratio methods were roughly consistent. Finally, a residual function related to distance (<em>R</em>_hyp) and magnitude (<em>M</em>_L) was used to investigate the bias of the inversion results, which indicate that the residuals in the magnitude distribution were close to the zero baseline, whereas the bias in the far field showed an underestimation of the Fourier spectral curve. Moreover, stations with strong stability of the H/V spectral ratio curves within the frequency range of interest can also be approximated as the reference station for inversion. The results of this study contribute to the study of earthquake disasters and risk assessment in the study region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 109718"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144830765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time reconstruction of ground motion during small magnitude earthquakes: A pilot study","authors":"Youngkyu Kim ,&nbsp;Qingkai Kong ,&nbsp;Youngsoo Choi ,&nbsp;Arben Pitarka ,&nbsp;Byounghyun Yoo","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109707","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109707","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a pilot investigation into a novel method for reconstructing real-time ground motion during small magnitude earthquakes (M &lt; 4.5), removing the need for computationally expensive source characterization and simulation processes to assess ground shaking. Small magnitude earthquakes, which occur frequently and can be modeled as point sources, provide ideal conditions for evaluating real-time reconstruction methods. Utilizing sparse observation data, the method applies the Gappy Auto-Encoder (Gappy AE) algorithm for efficient field data reconstruction. This is the first study to apply the Gappy AE algorithm to earthquake ground motion reconstruction. Numerical experiments conducted with SW4 simulations demonstrate the method’s accuracy and speed across varying seismic scenarios. The reconstruction performance is further validated using real seismic data from the Berkeley area in California, USA, demonstrating the potential for practical application of real-time earthquake data reconstruction using Gappy AE. As a pilot investigation, it lays the groundwork for future applications to larger and more complex seismic events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 109707"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144809188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}