Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Examination of the severe impact of the February 6, 2023 earthquakes on Antakya district considering pulse-like ground motions, supershear rupture, and basin effects","authors":"Emre Gani ,&nbsp;Sezer Öztürk ,&nbsp;Ali Sarı","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109608","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109608","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The first earthquake of the February 6 Kahramanmaraş sequence, with its epicenter in Pazarcık, caused severe damage and destruction in the Antakya/Hatay region. In addition to human factors such as structural design, construction practices, and inspection processes, the catastrophic outcomes were influenced by extraordinary seismic characteristics tied to the region's tectonics, geographic location, geological structure, and topographic features. The Antakya region has the potential to experience phenomena such as forward directivity, fling-step, supershear rupture, basin effects, and trampoline effects. This study analyzed records from strong ground motion stations in Antakya to investigate the signatures of these phenomena, both individually and in combination, providing a broader perspective compared to existing studies in the literature. Data from each station were evaluated based on the detection and orientation of velocity pulses, the shape of acceleration response spectra, Cumulative Absolute Velocity (CAV) values, Husid plots, and geological/topographic characteristics. The results revealed that some stations exhibited combined traces of forward directivity, supershear, and basin effects, while others displayed these effects individually. Additionally, heavy damage and destruction rates in neighborhoods surrounding each station were compiled. During the damage assessment, structures were categorized based on parameters such as building age, number of stories, and soil type. The findings showed a significant increase in heavy damage and destruction in cases where potential supershear, forward directivity, and basin effects occurred simultaneously. The use of the V_s_,₃₀-based soil classification and acceleration amplification approach was found to be inadequate in scenarios where basin and trampoline effects were likely. Furthermore, the discrepancy between the response spectra of the Turkish Building Earthquake Code 2018 (TBEC-2018) and station records can be attributed to pulse-like ground motions, supershear effects, and site amplifications. Therefore, it is crucial to consider these phenomena in the design and assessment processes for both newly constructed and existing buildings in regions where such effects are likely to occur.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109608"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation effect of periodic wave impeding block in layered transversely isotropic soil","authors":"Meng Gao ,&nbsp;Zhonghai Tang ,&nbsp;Qingsheng Chen ,&nbsp;Guangyun Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wave impeding blocks (WIB) are often used as a wave barrier for vibration control. However, its isolation range is limited by the soil cut-off frequency, which limits practical effectiveness. Therefore, this study original proposes a periodic structure wave impeding blocks (PSWIB) and derives an analytical solution for the dynamic response of PSWIB in a layered transversely isotropic (TI) soil. The band gap theoretical model of PSWIB was established using the plane wave expansion method, and the band gap results were solved using MATLAB. Subsequently, based on the phononic crystal theory and the effective medium theory, the stiffness matrix of the PSWIB was solved, and the fundamental solution of the vibration isolation effect of PSWIB in a layered soil was derived using the stiffness matrix method. Theoretical analysis indicates that PSWIB outperforms traditional WIB in vibration isolation performance. Reducing the period constant, increasing the elastic modulus ratio of the cladding layer, and increasing the density of the filling material can effectively expand the bandgap. Compared to isotropic soil, the TI characteristics of soil significantly affect its dynamic properties, resulting in notable changes in displacement peaks and peak frequencies. Finally, the calculation results show that, in layered TI soil, altering the burial depth, the number of layers, and the number of periods can enhance the vibration isolation performance of PSWIB. Overall, PSWIB breaks through the constraint of soil cutoff frequency and realizes the isolation of target frequency vibration by designing its composition parameters based on the characteristics of the vibration source.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109619"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of UHPC jacket-to-footing connection method on mechanical behavior of railway bridge piers with low longitudinal reinforcement ratio under cyclic loading","authors":"Zhengnan Liu,&nbsp;Weike Zhang,&nbsp;Xingchong Chen,&nbsp;Zunwen Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109630","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109630","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) jacket-to-footing connection method has a significant impact on the enhancement of seismic performance of bridge piers. However, the effect of various interfacial connection methods on seismic behavior of the UHPC jacket strengthened the railway pier with low longitudinal reinforcement ratio remains unclear. This study investigated the crack distribution, failure mode, loading capacity, deformation capacity, energy-consuming capacity, stress-strain distribution of three pier specimens using the UHPC jacket-to-footing connection with or without dowels. The experimental results and numerical analyses showed that UHPC jackets with different interfacial connections affected the distribution of major cracks in pier specimens with low longitudinal reinforcement ratio, but not the failure mode (i.e., the fracture of reinforcements). The loading capacity and cumulative energy-dissipating capacity were increased, while the deformation capacity was attenuated. The UHPC jackets changed the stress distribution of the longitudinal reinforcement in the pier specimens. In the absence of any connecting measure between the UHPC jacket and footing, the enlargement of the cross-section of the pier specimen caused simultaneous development of concentrated cracks at the bottom of cross-section and an unstrengthened cross-section at the top position of the UHPC jacket. The reinforcement stresses in all major cracks went to the yield stage, increasing the energy dissipation capacity of the pier specimens. In the pier specimen using the UHPC jacket with dowels, the location of damage was shifted to the unstrengthened cross-section due to the synergistic effect of longitudinal reinforcements and dowels, which accelerated the growth of reinforcements strain in concentrated cracks. In summary, the UHPC jacket without dowels facilitates a balance between the loading capacity and deformation capacity of railway piers with low longitudinal reinforcement ratio.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109630"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dispersion characteristics of seismic wave reflection and transmission in porous media strata via the improved Biot model","authors":"Jiajun Shu ,&nbsp;Tao Li ,&nbsp;Ruiqi Yuan ,&nbsp;Yue Li ,&nbsp;Bingni Wu ,&nbsp;Zhengding Deng ,&nbsp;Jingzhu Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109633","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109633","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seismic exploration is a key technique for investigating subsurface structures, with reflected and transmitted waves carrying vital geological information. To improve imaging accuracy in complex fluid-bearing reservoirs, the traditional Zoeppritz equations are modified by explicitly introducing fluid factors and Poisson's ratios, enabling a more accurate characterization of the relationships among rock elasticity, wave velocity, and fluid properties. Building on this, the Biot model is extended via skeleton viscoelastic eigenstructure theory and evolving state variables to incorporate multiple energy dissipation mechanisms, thereby enhancing the simulation of complex wavefield responses in porous media. The proposed approach is applied to the Longmaxi shale reservoir in Hubei Province, China, through numerical simulations and parameter sensitivity analyses. The results show that in the 0.1–100 Hz low-frequency range, the improved Biot model agrees well with the experimental data, effectively capturing wave speed dispersion and energy dissipation characteristics. Compared with the classical model, the enhanced version more accurately reflects the frequency-dependent behavior of seismic wave reflection and transmission coefficients and is more sensitive to changes in incidence angle. Further analysis reveals that key reservoir parameters—such as fluid saturation, fluid type, and porosity—significantly influence wave propagation characteristics, especially in the high-frequency range, where nonlinear modulation effects on the wavefield become more pronounced. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed method in improving reservoir identification and seismic wavefield characterization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109633"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144490234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deterministic numerical analysis of excess pore water pressure induced by 2012 earthquake in Pieve di Cento (Italy)","authors":"Lucia Mele ,&nbsp;Fausto Somma","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109624","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109624","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A large area in the Po River Valley (northern Italy) experienced extensive liquefaction phenomena following the seismic event of 20 May 2012. Several indicators of liquefaction, including ground subsidence, lateral spreading, and the appearance of sand boils, were observed. A significant number of buildings were damaged, displaying signs of tilting or subsidence. A reliable estimate of the excess pore pressure induced by seismic shaking within the soil is crucial for predicting the behavior of the soil on a large scale and, consequently, the effects of the earthquake on the built environment. In this study, deterministic analyses of the excess pore water pressure generated during the 2012 Italian earthquake were conducted at the Pieve di Cento site. The analyses were carried out with varying levels of complexity, ranging from loosely coupled to fully coupled dynamic approaches. The strong agreement in terms of excess pore pressure ratio (r_u) suggests that, if properly calibrated, both loosely and fully coupled models can accurately predict earthquake-induced excess pore water pressure and, consequently, liquefaction-induced damage. Additional insights into the impact of soil-structure interaction on excess pore water pressure buildup were also provided. The results suggest that structural loading alters the effective stress state within the soil, which in turn may significantly influence the excess pore pressure ratio relative to free-field conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109624"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144490235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic retrofit and performance evaluation of controlled dual-fused strengthening system for bridges","authors":"Bingda Wang ,&nbsp;Shengshan Pan ,&nbsp;T.Y. Yang ,&nbsp;Hui Qin ,&nbsp;Qingfei Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109631","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109631","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bridges are critical yet vulnerable components of terrestrial transportation networks, susceptible to severe damage during earthquakes. Traditional strength-based seismic design methods have often led to insufficient seismic resilience, resulting in excessive residual deformation and poor post-earthquake recoverability. To address these challenges, this study proposes an innovative seismic resilient bridge strengthening system, termed Controlled Dual-Fused Strengthening (CDFS) system. The CDFS system can be implemented by replacing the bearings in the original bridge with two types of specially designed lead rubber bearings (LRBs). To achieve multiple performance objectives at different levels of earthquake intensities and ensure the safety of design values, the equivalent energy design procedure (EEDP) was optimized, resulting in the development of the energy equivalence-based strengthening design (EESD) method. The EESD method is adopted to design the CDFS system to meet multi-level performance objectives without requiring iterative processes. The comprehensive three-dimensional finite element model was developed in OpenSees, and extensive nonlinear time history analyses were conducted. Simulation results demonstrate that the prototype bridge equipped with CDFS effectively meets multi-level performance objectives across varying hazard intensities. The analysis validates EESD method as a robust methodology for designing CDFS systems, highlighting its potential as an efficient and reliable retrofitting solution to enhance the seismic resilience of vulnerable bridges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109631"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144490288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic damage analysis of tunnel structure across multiple fault fracture surfaces based on Hilbert transform coupled with improved wavelet packet transform","authors":"Xi Zhang ,&nbsp;Yusheng Shen ,&nbsp;Mingyu Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An improved wavelet packet threshold (IWPT) function combined with the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) denoising method is proposed. Coupling with Hilbert transform, seismic damage dynamic identification on tunnel structure through multiple fracture surfaces is analyzed, based on the data obtained by shaking table test. The results reveal that the IWPT method significantly enhancing signal denoising performance compared to traditional threshold function methods. The IMFs optimal method based on the Composite Multiscale Permutation Entropy (CMPE) markedly improves accuracy of signal decomposition and reduces noise interference. The proposed damage identification method enables precise analysis of degree and opportunity of damage on tunnel structure crossing multiple fracture surfaces, surpassing traditional analytical methods. By analyzing the Hilbert marginal spectrum, instantaneous power, and instantaneous energy spectrum of tunnel structure, it is concluded that seismic damage is most severe near the main fault fracture surface (FFS) on hanging wall, followed by the main FFS on footwall, with the least damage occurring in the central of fault fracture zone. The method provides valuable reference for the seismic technology and damage identification analysis of tunnel engineering in high-intensity earthquake regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109551"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinematic response of single piles with arbitrary cross-sections to vertically incident P-waves","authors":"Huan Liu ,&nbsp;Qijian Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The kinematic response of piles to seismic waves differs from the free-field motion due to soil–pile interaction. The modified Vlasov model is a powerful tool for evaluating the seismic response of pile foundations. However, difficulties in determining the attenuation function hinder its application to piles with arbitrary cross-sections. Herein, an analytical solution is proposed to examine the kinematic response of single piles with arbitrary cross-sections under vertically incident P-waves. A novel displacement model is formulated by utilizing conformal mapping to characterize the motion of the soil–pile system under vertical seismic excitation. Then, the governing equations for the displacement function and the attenuation function are derived by using Hamilton’s principle. The governing equation for the displacement function is solved explicitly. Instead, the governing equation for the attenuation function is addressed by designing a one-dimensional central difference scheme. The unknowns in these functions are determined by satisfying the relevant boundary conditions and following an iterative procedure. The model is validated by comparing the pile responses with those obtained by the available results and with those by the Finite Element Method (FEM). Focusing on rectangular single piles, the study reveals that an increase in the aspect ratio enlarges the amplitude of the kinematic response factor for a low stiffness ratio, the amplitude of the axial force, and the influence radius.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109597"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144472131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison between constant-volume and fully undrained cyclic simple shear tests using the strain-based energy concept","authors":"Betegard Jeudy ,&nbsp;Ibrahim Lashin ,&nbsp;Mourad Karray","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109628","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cyclic direct simple shear (C<em>DSS</em>) test has been widely used for dynamic analysis, including soil liquefaction. C<em>DSS</em> enables the replication of shear wave propagation and considers more representative stress conditions during earthquakes. Several studies have investigated the drawbacks of C<em>DSS,</em> including the prominent artificial pressure jump (<em>R</em>_<em>u</em><em>∗ jump</em>) produced in the first few cycles during constant-volume tests, as demonstrated in the pioneer works of Prevost and Høeg (1976) [37]. However, the effect of this pressure jump on the overall C<em>DSS</em> results, including the number of cycles to produce liquefaction or cyclic mobility, has not yet been investigated experimentally. Therefore, this study investigated this aspect using a series of strain- and stress-controlled fully undrained triaxial simple shear (<em>T</em>_<em>x</em><em>SS</em>) and constant-volume C<em>DSS</em> tests. Strain-controlled test results were used to establish relationships between dissipated energy and <em>R</em>_<em>u</em> to examine the difference between the fully undrained and constant-volume tests conducted on the same basis. The results show that the artificial <em>R</em>_<em>u</em><em>∗</em> leads to the overestimation of the <em>R</em>_<em>u</em> values and underestimation of the cyclic resistance. However, consistency between the C<em>DSS</em> and <em>T</em>_<em>x</em><em>SS</em> results was achieved after correcting the <em>R</em>_<em>u</em><em>∗ jump</em> error. The agreement between the experimental and numerical results confirms the efficiency of the stain-based energy concept to improve the cyclic C<em>DSS</em> test results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109628"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144481012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on mechanical response and mechanism analysis of bored piles under different grouting combinations in coastal regions","authors":"Zhiyuan Ji ,&nbsp;Guoliang Dai ,&nbsp;Yunfeng Hu ,&nbsp;Hongbo Liu ,&nbsp;Yufan Xiang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The bearing capacity of piles in coastal soft soil regions is of critical importance. Combined tip and side grouting is a practical technique for effectively enhancing pile capacity. To specifically meet the demands of superstructure loading, engineers are particularly concerned about the improvement in pile capacity under different combined grouting methods. In this study, four field test piles were utilized to investigate various combinations of tip and side grouting. By comparing static load test results before and after grouting, the effect of different side grouting ring configurations on the axial bearing characteristics of piles was analyzed. Additionally, the borehole coring tests and standard penetration tests (SPT) were conducted to reveal the grouting mechanisms and the extent of its influence. Furthermore, numerical simulations were employed to explore the effect of different tip grouting parameters on pile bearing capacity. The results indicate that combined grouting significantly enhances pile capacity by mobilizing both tip and side resistance. Increasing number of side grouting rings led to an improvement in pile capacity by 67.98 %–107.94 %. Moreover, in coastal silty clay layers, side grouting primarily occurs in the form of fracture grouting, whereas tip grouting forms a cement-gravel mixture through compaction and infiltration. Finally, numerical simulation results validated that increasing the strength of the tip grouting material has a limited effect on enhancing pile capacity, whereas expanding the grout diffusion range is more effective in improving pile capacity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109621"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}