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Understanding data uncertainty 理解数据的不确定性
IF 1.4 2区 哲学
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.06.003
Alisa Bokulich , Wendy S. Parker
{"title":"Understanding data uncertainty","authors":"Alisa Bokulich ,&nbsp;Wendy S. Parker","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.06.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Scientific data without uncertainty estimates are increasingly seen as incomplete. Recent discussions in the philosophy of data, however, have given little attention to the nature of uncertainty estimation. We begin to redress this gap by, first, discussing the concepts and practices of uncertainty estimation in metrology and showing how they can be adapted for scientific data more broadly; and second, advancing five philosophical theses about uncertainty estimates for data: they are substantive epistemic products; they are fallible; they can be iteratively improved; they should be judged in terms of their adequacy-for-purpose; and these estimates, in turn, are essential for judging data adequacy. We illustrate these five theses using the example of the GISTEMP global temperature dataset. Our discussion introduces a novel adequacy-for-purpose view of uncertainty estimation, addresses a weakness in a recent philosophical account of data, and provides a new perspective on the “safety” versus “precision” debate in metrology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"112 ","pages":"Pages 90-101"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144522034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
G.G. Simpson's changing attitude towards quantum evolution g·g·辛普森对量子进化态度的转变
IF 1.4 2区 哲学
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.06.007
Harrison Payne
{"title":"G.G. Simpson's changing attitude towards quantum evolution","authors":"Harrison Payne","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.06.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.06.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper conducts a study of the published responses to a key process – quantum evolution – in G.G. Simpson's paleontological masterpiece <em>Tempo and Mode in Evolution</em> (1944), with the primary goal of revealing the reasons for Simpson's changed views, as indicated in his next book <em>Major Features of Evolution</em> (1953), on the importance of quantum evolution. I argue that the primary force that drove this change was not pressure from other leading synthesis thinkers like Mayr and Dobzhansky but rather empirical paleontological considerations. I consider the implications this has for the supposed hardening of the synthesis as defended by Stephen Jay Gould and for our understanding of the status of paleontology in the post-synthesis period. I claim that paleontology's secondary status in the immediate post-synthesis period resulted from the internal workings of paleontology and not merely pressures from allied biological disciplines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"112 ","pages":"Pages 60-69"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144366889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The French crisis: Rethinking the phenomenology of quantum mechanics 法国危机：重新思考量子力学的现象学
IF 1.4 2区 哲学
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.002
Arezoo Islami , Harald A. Wiltsche
{"title":"The French crisis: Rethinking the phenomenology of quantum mechanics","authors":"Arezoo Islami ,&nbsp;Harald A. Wiltsche","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In his book, <em>A Phenomenological Approach to Quantum Mechanics: Cutting the Chain of Correlations</em>, Steven French argues that quantum mechanics, understood through the phenomenological lens of London and Bauer, turns physics into a “genuine science”, and thus completes the project Edmund Husserl had started in his last major publication, <em>The Crisis of European Sciences</em>. What makes quantum mechanics a genuine science, according to French, is that it is fully grounded in the “lifeworld and transcendental subjectivity”, just as Husserl dreamt. While we agree with French that London and Bauer’s reading of quantum mechanics is inspired by and thus makes a step towards Husserl’s phenomenology, we argue that a more encompassing phenomenological investigation is still needed if we are to avoid another crisis. More specifically, our claim is that French underestimates the “constitutional history” of the kinds of mathematical idealities that underlie quantum mechanics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"112 ","pages":"Pages 33-43"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Eddington teacher of general relativity another tale of two textbooks 爱丁顿广义相对论的老师，另一个关于两本教科书的故事
IF 1.4 2区 哲学
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.06.005
Florian Laguens
{"title":"Eddington teacher of general relativity another tale of two textbooks","authors":"Florian Laguens","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.06.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.06.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Arthur S. Eddington (1882–1944) is known as one of the most influential astronomers of the interwar period, and a promoter of Einstein's theory of general relativity. This article focuses on two of his books, namely <em>Space, Time and Gravitation</em> (1920) and <em>The Mathematical Theory of Relativity</em> (1923). The first section claims that Eddington intended both to be textbooks, the role and content of which is detailed as well as Eddington pedagogical views. This then leads to instantiate the porosity and plasticity of the textbook genre, and to draw attention to a less studied aspect of relativistic textbooks, namely their philosophical scope. The closing section comments, for the first time, on Eddington's courses on Einstein's theory, based on archival sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"112 ","pages":"Pages 47-56"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144330828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Metrological legitimacy and the human sciences 计量合法性与人文科学
IF 1.4 2区 哲学
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.06.008
Alistair M.C. Isaac
{"title":"Metrological legitimacy and the human sciences","authors":"Alistair M.C. Isaac","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.06.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.06.008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"112 ","pages":"Pages 79-89"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144489491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reactivity, validity, and measurement in the social sciences 社会科学中的反应性、有效性和测量
IF 1.4 2区 哲学
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.006
Rosa W. Runhardt
{"title":"Reactivity, validity, and measurement in the social sciences","authors":"Rosa W. Runhardt","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reactivity takes place when being measured or classified affects a subject's attitudes and behaviour to such an extent that this affects results in (subsequent) measurement or classification. How one should recognize and evaluate such changes over time is a prominent topic in the psychometric literature, where it falls under the broader concept of <em>response shift</em>. A key question in that literature is if reactive changes are ever <em>natural</em>, that is, whether there are cases in which the measurement results before and after the shift are both accurate to the underlying phenomenon. This is thought to depend on what causal regularities obtain in the area of study, but also on whether the phenomenon is in part constituted by normative and changeable evaluations by the respondent. While the naturalness of reactivity is typically discussed exclusively at the level of measures of individual respondents, much philosophical attention has also been spent in recent years on the reactivity in measurement of <em>macro</em>-social entities, like countries and institutions. This article offers conceptual clarification for that new field by mapping concepts from psychometrics to the measurement of macro-social phenomena. In particular, this article distinguishes two existing arguments about the naturalness of reactivity in psychometrics (‘the argument from regularity’ and ‘the argument from strong evaluation’) and shows what is needed to extrapolate them fruitfully, by focusing on two examples of public measures, viz., democracy indicators and university rankings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"112 ","pages":"Pages 1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144243309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Trialability Trialability
IF 1.4 2区 哲学
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.07.002
Sven Ove Hansson
{"title":"Trialability","authors":"Sven Ove Hansson","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A directly action-guiding experiment (trial) is an experiment performed to determine whether or to what extent some potential practical intervention has the desired effects. Clinical trials and agricultural field trials are prominent examples. Directly action-guiding experiments have been used in farming and various crafts since long before modern science. The <em>trialability</em> of a desired outcome is the (degree of) facility with which interventions that bring it about can be found and experimentally verified. This article introduces a framework for analyzing trialability in terms of eleven dimensions. The framework is applied to a comparison between trialability in traditional agriculture and traditional (prescientific) medicine. It turns out that trialability is in several respects greater in agriculture than in medicine. This finding can contribute to explaining why directly action-guiding experiments were common in agriculture long before they were introduced in medicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"112 ","pages":"Pages 153-160"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144588657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Does diversity promote exclusion? 多样性促进排斥吗？
IF 1.4 2区 哲学
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.06.009
Yael Silver , Ayelet Shavit
{"title":"Does diversity promote exclusion?","authors":"Yael Silver ,&nbsp;Ayelet Shavit","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.06.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.06.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We argue that the typical meanings and operationalizations of <em>diversity</em> are practically linked to <em>dichotomy</em> and hamper equity practices in the academia. Scientists and scholars in mainstream Western society widely agree that achieving social justice requires promoting diversity in science and society. Diversity refers to differences existing in a set of entities, and ‘human diversity’ in academic research and social practice typically refers to racial, ethnic or gender differences in designated groups. Diversity is expected to promote inclusion by recognizing these differences and demanding equal representation in science and society. However, we argue that the operationalization of ‘diversity’ is actually disposed to produce dichotomy, thus often ending in a stereotypic portrayal of underrepresented groups rather than promoting their inclusion. We describe the informal and formal meanings of diversity measures and their usage in an academic course devoted to equity in education. We explain – at least partly – why this discourse tends to dichotomize a complex social phenomenon, inadvertently exacerbating the challenges faced by underrepresented groups. To conclude: promoting social justice requires inclusion; inclusion requires diversity, yet the implementation of a particular set of practices of diversity leads to a dichotomy that increases divergence, distancing us from inclusion. Thus, current practices of ‘diversity’ may actually undercut rather than encourage the reduction of social injustice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"112 ","pages":"Pages 133-140"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144580587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Interaction, pluralism, and community in conflictual contexts 冲突环境中的互动、多元主义与社群
IF 1.4 2区 哲学
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.004
Helen E. Longino
{"title":"Interaction, pluralism, and community in conflictual contexts","authors":"Helen E. Longino","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Three concepts from Critical Contextual Empiricism are resonant in the context of “expert”-“lay” interactions: Interaction, pluralism, and community. These are broad concepts applied in many different contexts. I will engage with them here in several specific ways: 1. Their role in Critical Contextual Empiricism and in recent philosophical work on pluralism; 2. Their introduction in two contexts of expert-lay engagement in areas of center-margin social tension in northern Israel and 3. Reflections on the experience of engaging with those communities and the different ways they took up the concept.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"112 ","pages":"Pages 12-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144243308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pierre Duhem's rejection of special relativity 皮埃尔·迪昂对狭义相对论的否定
IF 1.4 2区 哲学
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.06.002
Miguel Agustín Aguilar Sandoval
{"title":"Pierre Duhem's rejection of special relativity","authors":"Miguel Agustín Aguilar Sandoval","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, I analyze Pierre Duhem's rejection of Albert Einstein's special relativity. Duhem published his most influential contributions to the philosophy of science during the same years that Einstein published the theory we now call special relativity. There are numerous coincidences in the conceptions of both authors about scientific methodology to the point that it has been stated that Einstein's philosophy is supported by Duhem's. It is surprising to discover that Duhem nevertheless rejected special relativity completely. Analyzing this rejection sheds light on aspects of Duhem's philosophy of science that have not been clearly recognized, namely how he conceived of the continuity between common sense concepts, scientific concepts, and measurement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"112 ","pages":"Pages 70-78"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144471818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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