Studies in History and Philosophy of Science最新文献_第7页

Descartes on certainty in deduction 笛卡尔关于演绎法中的确定性

IF 1 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-05-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.05.014

Jacob Zellmer

{"title":"Descartes on certainty in deduction","authors":"Jacob Zellmer","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.05.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.05.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article examines how deduction preserves certainty and how much certainty it can preserve according to Descartes's <em>Rules for the Direction of the Mind</em>. I argue that the certainty of a deduction is a matter of four conditions for Descartes. First, certainty depends on whether the conjunction of simple propositions is composed with necessity or contingency. Second, a deduction approaches the certainty of an intuition depending on how many “acts of conceiving” it requires and—third—the complexity or difficulty of the acts of thinking, which is determined by the content of the thoughts and on external factors. Fourth, certainty depends on the intellectual aptitude of the person using the deduction. A deduction lacks certainty when it relies on memory such that it is not apprehended with immediacy. However, the mental capacity and speed of a mind can be increased by training the special mental faculties of perspicacity and discernment. Increasing one's intellectual aptitude allows for more steps of a deduction to be inferred in fewer acts of conceiving, thereby helping preserve the certainty of a deduction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"105 ","pages":"Pages 158-164"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039368124000621/pdfft?md5=81349ecb42b17373994bc0fb4634870c&pid=1-s2.0-S0039368124000621-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141083209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Bringing thought experiments back into the philosophy of science 让思想实验回归科学哲学

IF 1 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.04.002

Arnon Levy , Adrian Currie

引用次数: 0

Delayed-choice entanglement swapping experiments: No evidence for timelike entanglement 延迟选择纠缠交换实验：没有证据表明存在时间纠缠

IF 1 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.04.001

Jørn Kløvfjell Mjelva

引用次数: 0

The problem of context revisited: Moving beyond the resources model 重新审视背景问题：超越资源模式

IF 1 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-05-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.05.012

Samara Greenwood

{"title":"The problem of context revisited: Moving beyond the resources model","authors":"Samara Greenwood","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.05.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.05.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The problem of context, which explores relations between societal conditions and science, has a long and contentious tradition in the history, philosophy, and sociology of science. While the problem has received little explicit attention in recent years, two contemporary positions remain evident. First is the <em>resources model</em>, which seeks to maintain the autonomy of scientists by denying contextual influence, restricting the role of contexts to providing a pool of ‘novel inputs’. Second is the <em>contextual shaping</em> position which recognizes that societal conditions influence science but remains conceptually vague and theoretically undeveloped. This paper argues, given current disciplinary conditions, the problem of context deserves renewed attention. In this paper I first review the history of the debate from the 1930s, highlighting several anxieties that continue to hamper the open study of the problem. After this historical review, I provide a critique of the resources model and assess the possibilities and shortfalls of the contextual shaping position. By addressing past and present perspectives, my goal is to move firmly beyond narrow accounts of context, as exemplified by the resources model. Instead, I propose a renewed program of research in which rich empirical studies are combined with equally rich theoretical work directed toward developing conceptual tools better able to capture the multiple intricacies evident in context-science relations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"105 ","pages":"Pages 126-137"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039368124000608/pdfft?md5=b41cffbfb6118039000b9e5bc7d056f9&pid=1-s2.0-S0039368124000608-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141078700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

R.A. Fisher, indeterminism, and the fundamental theorem of natural selection R.A.费舍尔、非决定论和自然选择基本定理。

IF 1 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-05-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.05.006

Brian McLoone

引用次数: 0

Computer simulation in data analysis: A case study from particle physics 数据分析中的计算机模拟：粒子物理学案例研究

IF 1 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.03.005

Brigitte Falkenburg

{"title":"Computer simulation in data analysis: A case study from particle physics","authors":"Brigitte Falkenburg","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.03.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The paper presents a case study of the data analysis in the CDHS scattering experiment of particle physics performed in 1983. The case study compares the function of computer simulation in the data analysis with recent philosophical work on the role of simulations in high energy physics (HEP) and the theory-ladenness of the data. In the data analysis of CDHS, computer simulations entered an iterative process of probabilistic data correction. The computer simulation was a crucial ingredient of the data analysis that served to increase the accuracy of the measurement. The way in which simulation was used corresponds in a certain sense to the function of “models as mediators” (Morgan and Morrison), by mediating knowledge about measurement errors and the way of correcting them. I argue that this use of simulation did not give rise to a vicious circle of adjusting data to theory and vice versa but only to a weak, or benign, theory-ladenness of the data compatible with scientific realism. In the publication of the CDHS results, the measurement outcomes are called “observed data”, indicating a realist attitude of the physicists towards the measured quantities which does not exactly fit in with entity realism or theory realism.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"105 ","pages":"Pages 99-108"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039368124000530/pdfft?md5=0b3e81a5e810013b00e08e90a9fa9401&pid=1-s2.0-S0039368124000530-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140968996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Explanation, teleology, and analogy in natural history and comparative anatomy around 1800: Kant and Cuvier 1800 年前后自然史和比较解剖学中的解释、目的论和类比：康德与居维叶

IF 1 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.05.003

Hein van den Berg

{"title":"Explanation, teleology, and analogy in natural history and comparative anatomy around 1800: Kant and Cuvier","authors":"Hein van den Berg","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.05.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper investigates conceptions of explanation, teleology, and analogy in the works of Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) and Georges Cuvier (1769–1832). Richards (2000, 2002) and Zammito (2006, 2012, 2018) have argued that Kant's philosophy provided an obstacle for the project of establishing biology as a proper science around 1800. By contrast, Russell (1916), Outram (1986), and Huneman (2006, 2008) have argued, similar to suggestions from Lenoir (1989), that Kant's philosophy influenced the influential naturalist Georges Cuvier. In this article, I wish to expand on and further the work of Russell, Outram, and Huneman by adopting a novel perspective on Cuvier and considering (a) the similar conceptions of proper science and explanation of Kant and Cuvier, and (b) the similar conceptions of the role of teleology and analogy in the works of Kant and Cuvier. The similarities between Kant and Cuvier show, contrary to the interpretation of Richards and Zammito, that some of Kant's philosophical ideas, whether they derived from him or not, were fruitfully applied by some life scientists who wished to transform life sciences into proper sciences around 1800. However, I also show that Cuvier, in contrast to Kant, had a workable strategy for transforming the life sciences into proper sciences, and that he departed from Kant's philosophy of science in crucial respects.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"105 ","pages":"Pages 109-119"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039368124000451/pdfft?md5=cd5fb5ff123085b428b62c7f3e3ce594&pid=1-s2.0-S0039368124000451-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140960579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Computer simulation in data analysis: A case study from particle physics. 数据分析中的计算机模拟：粒子物理学案例研究

IF 1 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.03.005

Brigitte Falkenburg

{"title":"Computer simulation in data analysis: A case study from particle physics.","authors":"Brigitte Falkenburg","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.03.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The paper presents a case study of the data analysis in the CDHS scattering experiment of particle physics performed in 1983. The case study compares the function of computer simulation in the data analysis with recent philosophical work on the role of simulations in high energy physics (HEP) and the theory-ladenness of the data. In the data analysis of CDHS, computer simulations entered an iterative process of probabilistic data correction. The computer simulation was a crucial ingredient of the data analysis that served to increase the accuracy of the measurement. The way in which simulation was used corresponds in a certain sense to the function of \"models as mediators\" (Morgan and Morrison), by mediating knowledge about measurement errors and the way of correcting them. I argue that this use of simulation did not give rise to a vicious circle of adjusting data to theory and vice versa but only to a weak, or benign, theory-ladenness of the data compatible with scientific realism. In the publication of the CDHS results, the measurement outcomes are called \"observed data\", indicating a realist attitude of the physicists towards the measured quantities which does not exactly fit in with entity realism or theory realism.</p>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"105 ","pages":"99-108"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140960576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Scientific realism, scientific practice, and science communication: An empirical investigation of academics and science communicators 科学现实主义、科学实践与科学传播：对学者和科学传播者的实证调查

IF 1 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.05.005

Raimund Pils , Philipp Schoenegger

{"title":"Scientific realism, scientific practice, and science communication: An empirical investigation of academics and science communicators","authors":"Raimund Pils , Philipp Schoenegger","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.05.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.05.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We argue that the societal consequences of the scientific realism debate, in the context of science-to-public communication are often overlooked and careful theorizing about it needs further empirical groundwork. As such, we conducted a survey experiment with 130 academics (from physics, chemistry, and biology) and 137 science communicators. We provided them with an 11-item questionnaire probing their views of scientific realism and related concepts. Contra theoretical expectations, we find that (a) science communicators are generally more inclined towards scientific antirealism when compared to scientists in the same academic fields, though both groups show an inclination towards realism and (b) academics who engage in more theoretical work are not less (or more) realist than experimentalists. Lastly, (c), we fail to find differences with respect to selective realism but find that science communicators are significantly less epistemically voluntarist compared to their academic counterparts. Overall, our results provide first empirical evidence on the views of scientists and science communicators on scientific realism, with some results running contra to the theoretical expectations, opening up new empirical and theoretical research directions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"105 ","pages":"Pages 85-98"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039368124000475/pdfft?md5=34afc60a745edbaba1be67cc7942a889&pid=1-s2.0-S0039368124000475-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140947997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Design principles as minimal models 作为最小模型的设计原则

IF 1 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.03.003

Wei Fang

引用次数: 0