Studies in History and Philosophy of Science最新文献

{"title":"The sanctity of grief: A critique of the introduction of “prolonged grief disorder” in the DSM (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association)","authors":"Miriam Solomon","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2026.102128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2026.102128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Grief following bereavement can be an intense, painful, and incapacitating experience, with significant morbidity and even mortality. Nevertheless, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association (henceforth DSM), since its third edition in 1980, has been steadfast in claiming that (normal) grief is not a condition calling for psychiatric intervention but, instead, a natural process involving acceptance, adjustment and meaning making. The so-called “bereavement exclusion,” specified by DSM-III and DSM-IV from 1980 to 2013, explicitly ruled out the diagnosis of major depressive disorder (which shares significant symptoms with grief, e.g. sadness, sleep disturbances) for some time (two months to two years) following bereavement. The 2013 removal of the bereavement exclusion, in DSM-5, proved controversial, even though the intention was not (as some critics claimed) to “pathologize” grief but rather to distinguish it more carefully from psychiatric disorders (such as major depressive disorder) sometimes triggered by the <em>stress</em> of grief following bereavement. I will argue that a consequence of the DSM-5's removal of the bereavement exclusion is the introduction of a new diagnosis of “prolonged grief disorder” (PGD) in DSM-5-TR (2022). I have found that there are unacknowledged assumptions about the “normality”—indeed even the <em>sanctity</em>--of grief following bereavement as well as assumptions about the “abnormality” of psychiatric disorder that have shaped DSM deliberations. I am critical of these assumptions and argue that they resulted in a PGD category too narrowly defined to address the needs of many bereaved people, as well as the needs of those grieving losses other than bereavement. I make suggestions for approaching the issues with a stronger focus on two important goals of psychiatry, which are to address suffering and to avoid stigmatizing psychiatric disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 102128"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147311760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The views of Danylo Samoylovich (1744–1805) on the prevention, course and treatment of the plague","authors":"Olga Gaidai","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102099","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the paper I analyse Danylo Samoylovich's views on the prevention, course and treatment of the plague. In addition to the traditional method of source analysis, I also use other theoretical tools: anthropology of knowledge, theory of modernisation as well as institutionalisation, medicalisation and professionalisation. Both Russian and Ukrainian authors call Samoylovich the father of national epidemiology. There is no doubt that his accomplishments have been exaggerated in Russia and Ukraine, but in no way does this detract from Samoylovich's significance, both in his contributions to theoretical medical thought and to practical preventive and therapeutic measures, especially in epidemiology. Samoylovich was part of the modernisation of the Russian Empire, forced through by Catherine II and her entourage. As someone who served in a variety of roles in anti-plague actions, including quarantine physician and chief physician of plague hospitals, Samoylovich can be regarded as a symbol of the institutionalisation and professionalisation of health care in the Russian Empire. By promoting preventive and therapeutic principles, applying them on a large scale, he contributed significantly to the medicalisation of society.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 102099"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145821852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting the social contract for science","authors":"R.M. Morgan ,&nbsp;E.A. Levin ,&nbsp;R. Haslam ,&nbsp;M. Biriotti","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The conceptual framework that presents scientific researchers in a transactional relationship with wider society, receiving funding and autonomy in exchange for producing beneficial discoveries and outcomes, is generally known as the social contract for science. This contract has been revisited multiple times, with iterations evolving as ‘wicked problems’ have become identified by many as priorities for research, and as funding models have become more generally tied to predefined or applied outcomes. In parallel, within the Arts and Humanities, there has been growing discourse on the characteristics and ramifications of ‘Modernism’, ‘Postmodernism’, ‘Liquid Modernity’, and ‘Metamodernism’. This paper juxtaposes these two separate bodies of thought, and in doing so, identifies that both are underpinned by similar core themes: (1) ‘trust’ (including a loss of trust in professional researchers, or objective, unproblematic truth), (2) ‘acceleration’ (including acceleration of research outputs), and (3) ‘crisis’ (including narratives of risk, urgency, and emergency underpinning research). Comparison also reveals the importance of narrative, ‘polylogue’, and transparency in navigating modern research into ‘metacrises’. Considering the next iteration of the Social Contract for Science may be helpful in navigating uncertainty, complexity, and (in some quarters) dissatisfaction with the current funding model of university research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 102106"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A goal-directed approach to disease classification","authors":"Adrian Erasmus","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Disease classification plays an important role in numerous medical goals, from improving communication between researchers, physicians, and insurers to diagnosis and therapeutic prediction. Therefore, it's important to understand the principles behind our classificatory practices with a view to adopting the approach to disease classification that best serves the practical interests of medical science. In this paper, I discuss three prominent approaches to disease classification: the etiological approach, symptom-based approach, and pathophysiological approach, highlighting strengths and weaknesses of each. My main goal is to defend a pragmatic goal-directed approach to disease classification. I argue that choices about which classificatory approach to use should principally depend on the medical goal being pursued. Drawing from existing pragmatic accounts of classification in science, I suggest that the goal in question determines what kind of information about a disease is important and this, in turn, determines which classificatory approach to apply in service of that goal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 102098"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145806311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social emergence and unpredictability","authors":"Simon Lohse","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>I analyse arguments for social emergentism based on the notion of unpredictability. After examining and ultimately rejecting weak emergentism as relevant theoretical counterpart to (predictive) reductionism, I discuss three arguments asserting that social phenomena should be considered strongly emergent as they are in-principle unpredictable. The main results are a clearer grasp of the premises underlying an emergentist case for unpredictability and that none of the discussed arguments succeeds when confronted with the actual practice of contemporary social science. This conclusion contributes to a deeper understanding of the concept of unpredictability and the prospects of a theory of emergence in social science.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 102096"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145766168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Farr's cholera law of elevation a counterexample to selective realism?","authors":"Chrysi Maria Malouchou Kanellopoulou","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>William Farr, a renowned nineteenth-century disease theoretician, successfully predicted mortality rates due to cholera in London and Liverpool through the law of elevation, a law inversely correlating mortality from cholera with the elevation of the land. Farr's elevation law and its successful predictions were made within the framework of miasma theory – a theory now considered false, which postulated that diseases, such as cholera, were caught when inhaling toxic odours. Tulodziecki (2021, 2017) points out that Farr's elevation law is a counterexample to selective realism, the position according to which the theoretical elements essentially responsible for the success of a theory are likely to be true. This paper argues that Farr's elevation law was an empirical discovery, essentially independent of the false assumptions of miasma theory, even though the law was considered compatible with these assumptions. Given the empirical nature of Farr's discovery, the success-to-truth inference defended by selective realists does not apply in the first place, and Farr's elevation law is not a counterexample to selective realism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 102105"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145878992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"","authors":"Oscar Westerblad","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102087","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 102087"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pragmatic pluralism and problem framing: Why pragmatism demands pluralism","authors":"Erman Sözüdoğru","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper I focus on the benefits of scientific pluralism in practice. My main motivation is to investigate how do these benefits play out in practice, and how do different systems of knowledge come together to address particular questions? One might accept the epistemic benefits of plurality, yet still deem it undesirable for pragmatic reasons. My argument responds to this objection, which assumes that pragmatic demands can supersede the epistemic benefits of pluralism based on the problems at hand.</div><div>I argue that this objection fails because it assumes problems are independent of inquirers. Building on classical pragmatism, I argue that problems are framed by inquirers and cannot be seen as separate from practices. Rather than facing predefined problems, inquirers confront indeterminate situations, requiring judgements on how to formulate the situation. Different framings are possible based on who is involved in making these judgments. A lack of plurality among inquirers leads to frameworks that overlook certain aspects and complexity. Therefore, pluralism is pragmatically beneficial when framing a problem, enabling inquirers to explore various dimensions of complex situations and enrich problem framing.</div><div>I illustrate my argument by analysing the early responses to the UK COVID-19 outbreak, showing how the problem was initially framed as biomedical, neglecting social, logistical, and psychological aspects. The lack of plurality in the inquirer community led to shortcomings in the official response. Building on this case, I show that pragmatism demands pluralism when dealing with complex situations, demonstrating that plurality must be promoted in practice, going beyond recognized epistemic benefits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 102109"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145918846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"","authors":"Sabine Maasen","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102071","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 102071"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consciousness and the measurement problem","authors":"Denizhan Eren,&nbsp;Majid D. Beni","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper examines two approaches to the measurement problem in quantum mechanics, invoking the concept of consciousness and highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each. The first approach is the model proposed by David Chalmers and Kelvin McQueen, based on the idea of the Consciousness Collapses Wave Function (CCWF), originally attributed to John von Neumann and Eugene Wigner. The second approach is the phenomenological framework known as the London-Bauer-French (LBF) approach. We contend that significant challenges have been raised against key features of the CCWF model. However, these criticisms require further arguments to effectively undermine its most crucial claim: that the model can be tested to determine whether consciousness collapses the wave function. We will demonstrate that while CCWF offers a mathematically defined <strong>collapse</strong> mechanism that yields straightforward, experimentally testable predictions about collapse <strong>per se</strong>, these tests do not, by themselves, establish that <strong>consciousness</strong> is the cause of collapse. Nevertheless, despite this limitation, their model provides conceptual clarity in addressing the measurement problem, as it utilizes a mathematically defined collapse mechanism that offers a straightforward and testable solution. In contrast, the LBF approach lacks conceptual clarity regarding the measurement problem, as it continues to depend on the standard quantum formalism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 102102"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145792137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}