Studies in History and Philosophy of Science最新文献_第2页

Of atoms, bricks and cells: A historical critique of historical criticisms of classical cell theory 原子、砖块和细胞：对经典细胞理论的历史批判的历史批判

IF 1.8 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2026.102124

Ariane Dröscher

{"title":"Of atoms, bricks and cells: A historical critique of historical criticisms of classical cell theory","authors":"Ariane Dröscher","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2026.102124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2026.102124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The essay argues against historical accounts that portray classical cell theory as having established an atomistic and/or building block vision of life and hence as being diametrically opposed to the organismic standpoint. The cell-atom analogy came up in the mid-nineteenth century as a rhetorical creation <em>against</em> cell theory. Yet, the historical fact that opponents, such as Thomas Huxley, Adam Sedgwick, and Charles Otis Whitman interpreted and rejected cell theory as an atomistic theory does not mean that it actually was an atomistic theory. Nevertheless, their criticisms passed from one critic to the next over a considerable period and continue to influence present-day ideas about a supposedly reductionist cell theory. A look into the original texts of some protagonists of early cell theory, such as Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, Franz Unger, Albert von Koelliker, and Rudolf Virchow, shows that no one defended such a view. On the contrary, they explicitly spoke against any form of cell–atom or cell–building block analogy. Nor did they consider cells as completely independent and interchangeable units, or organisms as mere cell aggregates. I demonstrate that their views of cells and their role in vital organization were more complex, more uncertain and more hypothetical than their critics have admitted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 102124"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Proto-externalist analyses of Darwinism in Polish philosophy at turn of 19th century: How disputes of A. Chałupczyński and B. Dybowski anticipated later controversies among historians of biology 19世纪初波兰哲学中达尔文主义的原始外在主义分析：A. Chałupczyński和B. Dybowski的争论如何预示了后来生物学史家之间的争论

IF 1.8 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102111

Michał Jakub Wagner

{"title":"Proto-externalist analyses of Darwinism in Polish philosophy at turn of 19th century: How disputes of A. Chałupczyński and B. Dybowski anticipated later controversies among historians of biology","authors":"Michał Jakub Wagner","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article revises the genealogy of “externalism” in Darwin studies by foregrounding two nineteenth-century Polish figures – Adam Chałupczyński and Benedykt Dybowski. Against the usual line from Marxism, pragmatism, and sociology of science, it shows that Marx/Engels and C. S. Peirce criticized Social Darwinism and reception dynamics rather than reducing Darwin's theory to capitalist ideology. Chałupczyński offers an explicit non-Marxist/pragmatist externalism: reading natural selection as an expression of British imperial capitalism and proposing a cooperation-cantered, pacifist evolutionism shaped by Polish nation-building ambitions. Dybowski anticipates “essentialist story” of J. Dewey and E. Mayr by attacking “mutational” (typological) thinking and tying resistance to Darwinism to church authority, idealist philosophy, and social hierarchy. Set alongside Russian and German politicizations of biological discourse, these cases show externalist analyses emerging from diverse East-European contexts. Recovering them complicates the internalism/externalism binary, decouples externalism from a narrow Anglophone lineage, and significantly widens the archive for Darwin-studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 102111"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145981862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Rethinking psychological measurement: Validity potential versus realised validity 重新思考心理测量：效度潜力与实现效度

IF 1.8 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2026.102123

Wendy C. Higgins , David M. Kaplan , Alexander J. Gillett , John Sutton , Robert M. Ross

{"title":"Rethinking psychological measurement: Validity potential versus realised validity","authors":"Wendy C. Higgins , David M. Kaplan , Alexander J. Gillett , John Sutton , Robert M. Ross","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2026.102123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2026.102123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We propose a concept of validity with a novel feature that we argue can facilitate improved measurement validation practices in the psychological sciences. Following Borsboom and colleagues, our concept of validity is measurement-specific and causal. This contrasts with current guidelines linking validity to the acceptability of both measurement and non-measurement-based interpretations of test scores. Benefits of a measurement-specific concept of validity are that it can make the requirements for valid measurement clearer and make validity claims easier to interpret, which we illustrate by comparing the use of test scores for measurement versus prediction. Our concept of validity also maintains that a causal relationship of sufficient strength from the attribute being measured to the measurement outcomes is necessary and sufficient for valid measurement. This places causal explanations at the centre of the validation process. While causal complexity will make the evaluation of psychological measurements as causal inferences extremely challenging, we describe how the interventionist theory of causation and related work on causal inference can serve as a starting point for addressing this challenge. The novel feature of our concept of validity is that it makes a distinction between the <em>validity potential</em> of measurement procedures <em>in abstracto</em> (e.g., tests) and the <em>realised validity</em> of concrete measurement outcomes (e.g., specific test scores). We describe key benefits of this novel distinction, including its potential to encourage the theoretical refinement of concepts, guide the selection of appropriate measurement procedures for use in research, and increase sample-specific validity evidence reporting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 102123"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Moving beyond anecdotes: An empirical investigation of scientists' and engineers' views about and engagement with philosophy of science 超越轶事：科学家和工程师对科学哲学的看法和参与的实证调查。

IF 1.8 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2026.102125

Kathryn S. Plaisance , Sara Doody , Chad Gonnerman , Aaron M. McCright

{"title":"Moving beyond anecdotes: An empirical investigation of scientists' and engineers' views about and engagement with philosophy of science","authors":"Kathryn S. Plaisance , Sara Doody , Chad Gonnerman , Aaron M. McCright","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2026.102125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2026.102125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Several prominent scientists have publicly expressed negative views about philosophy of science—and philosophy more generally—ranging from declarations that philosophy is dead to assertions that philosophy of science is a waste of time for scientists. Some philosophers of science have responded by defending the relevance of philosophy to scientific practice, illustrating how philosophical concepts, skills, and approaches can help make scientific research more epistemically and ethically sound. Such defenses are often motivated at least in part by claims that many scientists are antagonistic towards philosophy of science. A recent empirical study even suggests that philosophers of science perceive a ‘lack of interest from scientists’ as one of the main barriers to fruitful engagement between the two. These claims raise the question: How widespread <em>are</em> negative views of philosophy of science across the broader scientific community? We empirically investigated this and other research questions with data from a standardized survey administered to a probability-based sample of over 2000 scientists and engineers at 54 universities across Canada and the USA. Our findings indicate that the negative sentiments mentioned above are not representative of the wider scientific community. Many respondents even expressed interest in pursuing research collaborations with philosophers of science. Moreover, a majority of respondents reported having informally engaged with philosophers of science in one way or another. This study demonstrates why it is essential to empirically examine scientists' views rather than generalizing from a few cases, regardless of how prominent they may be.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 102125"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146183167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Blindspots of empiricism in the discovery of chaos theory 混沌理论发现中的经验主义盲点。

IF 1.8 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2026.102133

Brett Park

引用次数: 0

Medicine, healthcare and the environment: from the salutogenic approach towards the salutogenic environments 医学、保健和环境：从有益健康的方法到有益健康的环境。

IF 1.8 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2026.102115

Laura Menatti

{"title":"Medicine, healthcare and the environment: from the salutogenic approach towards the salutogenic environments","authors":"Laura Menatti","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2026.102115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2026.102115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research in medicine is increasingly calling for greater attention to the importance of the environment and the effects of climate change. In this paper, I propose that the ecological dimension of health and its role in current medicine can be better addressed and its understanding enhanced through the salutogenic approach, first introduced by Aaron Antonovsky. I discuss this approach, and I reframe it to apply it to the study of the health-environment coupling. I do so by introducing the concept of salutogenic environments to provide a comprehensive framework for health that goes beyond disease prevention to understand how environments may foster health and well-being. After a historical and theoretical introduction of the concepts of salutogenesis and pathogenesis, I analyse the role of salutogenic environments, by focusing on their epistemological and practical implications for medical theory and healthcare, with the aim to 1) capture the positive and preventive aspects of the environment as related to health, and 2) clarify the relationship between the pathogenic and positive (salutogenic) aspects of the environment. Integrating the concept of salutogenic environment into medical education and practice can provide healthcare professionals with a more nuanced understanding of environmental impacts on patients’ health. Yet, scientific rigour should be applied to this field to ensure credibility and applicability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 102115"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146020466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evidence-based medicine and the promises and limits of digital health and wearable technology 循证医学以及数字健康和可穿戴技术的承诺和限制。

IF 1.8 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102097

Stefano Canali, Viola Schiaffonati, Andrea Aliverti

{"title":"Evidence-based medicine and the promises and limits of digital health and wearable technology","authors":"Stefano Canali, Viola Schiaffonati, Andrea Aliverti","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102097","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102097","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>New approaches to biomedical evidence are emerging in relation to innovative technologies and data sources. These include digital health, which promises to revolutionise established paradigms such as Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) and address longstanding criticism from philosophy and beyond. In this paper, we investigate the promises and show the limitations of digital health for the epistemology of medicine. Focusing on a paradigmatic type of digital health technologies – wearable devices – we specify the key epistemic assumptions at the basis of digital health and show their grounding on ideas of internal and external validity that come from EBM and promise to fix its limitations. Hence, digital health is expected to address longstanding issues of EBM and expand and reinforce its paradigm, and yet going in this direction exacerbates and creates concerns for the epistemology of medical evidence, with ethical and social implications too. In observational studies, we show that wearables are used with the assumption of extending EBM approaches to internal validity. Yet new and different issues emerge, leading to complicated trade-offs and concerns about overdetection and high false positive rates. In intervention studies, wearables are used with the assumption of creating a larger and more diverse evidential basis, potentially mitigating concerns about external validity. However, we argue that this can exacerbate and create new issues of representativity. Behind the hype, we thus paint a nuanced picture of the contribution of digital health to EBM and biomedical research and show the need to acknowledge limitations to avoid harmful applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 102097"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146012417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The conceptual evolution of exclusion rules in the DSM: Problems with determining when one diagnosis should rule out another DSM中排除规则的概念演变：确定一种诊断应排除另一种诊断的问题

IF 1.8 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102107

Rachel Cooper

{"title":"The conceptual evolution of exclusion rules in the DSM: Problems with determining when one diagnosis should rule out another","authors":"Rachel Cooper","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For each mental disorder listed in the <em>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</em> (DSM), the classification provides diagnostic criteria which list the symptoms required for diagnosis. Most sets of diagnostic criteria incorporate exclusion criteria, which state that a diagnosis can only be made in the absence of certain other diagnoses (for example, a specific learning disorder can usually only be diagnosed in the absence of intellectual disability). Exclusion criteria make it clear whether diagnoses can be made together or are exclusive. In the absence of such guidelines, diagnoses will not be reliable and the prevalence of conditions cannot be measured. Through tracing the conceptualisation of exclusion criteria across the DSM series, I show that exclusion criteria are necessary, but that determining what they should be has been intractably difficult. The exclusion rules employed by a classification reflect basic ontological and theoretical judgements about the causal structure of psychopathology. Pragmatic judgements also often play a role. As such, exclusion criteria introduce multiple tensions into the DSM system. On the one hand, exclusion criteria are required. On the other hand, the fact that exclusion criteria often rely on theoretical suppositions undermines any claims that the DSM can avoid controversial commitments. At the same time, the role played by pragmatic concerns, which are by nature often context dependent, threatens the employment of the DSM as a multi-purpose classification used world-wide. More fundamentally, difficulties around determining exclusion rules can arise because it is often unclear how mental disorders might be individuated, and such difficulties undermine hopes that the DSM might describe ‘natural kinds’ of disorder.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 102107"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145981861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Value-freedom & patient autonomy 价值自由与病人自主。

IF 1.8 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2026.102129

Anke Bueter, Thor Hennelund Nielsen, Somogy Varga

引用次数: 0

Interpreting the quantum mechanics of cosmology 解释宇宙学的量子力学。

IF 1.8 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102101

David Wallace

引用次数: 0