Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology最新文献

{"title":"Study on the mechanical performance of large-diameter shield tunnel segments with DDCI connectors","authors":"Kai Wang ,&nbsp;Mingqing Xiao ,&nbsp;Sihang Ai ,&nbsp;Yihao Pan ,&nbsp;Jiantao Li ,&nbsp;Zhiguo Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106610","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106610","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the shield tunnel design, the joints of the lining segments are given special attention due to the relatively low strength and the risk of leakage. The stability and durability of the whole tunnel structure will significantly decrease once the joints fail, especially for large-diameter tunnels. In this paper, a new connector composed of major-D part, minor-D part, C part, I part and anchor bars (called DDCI connector) was proposed. Consequently, numerical simulations were conducted to optimize the design of the DDCI connector. Finally, the full-scale axial tensile and shear tests were carried out to investigate the mechanical response and failure process of large-diameter shield tunnel segments with DDCI connectors. The results show that the stiffness of the DDCI connector could be effectively enhanced by adopting the wedge-type I part, reducing the length of the cantilever end of the minor-D part, and increasing the thickness of the C and D parts. Moreover, the variation trends of joint opening, anchor bar stress, and joint dislocation in full-scale tests all exhibit a three-stage characteristic. Similarly, the failure process of both specimens can be summarized into the self-coordination stage, the cooperative bearing stage, and the cracking failure stage. After reaching the ultimate load, distinct crack propagation behavior is found, which can be divided into four steps according to the observed distribution characteristics. The results can provide guidance and data support for further improving the application of DDCI connectors in large-diameter shield tunnels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106610"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on interpretable graph neural network agent model for siltation diagnosis in Urban-Scale sewer systems","authors":"Junhao Wu ,&nbsp;Ling Ma ,&nbsp;Xi Chen ,&nbsp;Tim Broyd","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106666","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106666","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Regularly diagnosing sewer siltation (RDS) is critical for informed dredging decisions and mitigating urban overflow pollution. However, traditional sewer siltation diagnosing frameworks face two major obstacles: high detection costs and low diagnostic efficiency. This study aims to develop a diagnostic method based on readily accessible and limited data to diagnose siltation in urban sewer networks, reducing the reliance on manual inspections. We have pioneered an innovative research paradigm that integrates urban spatiotemporal knowledge mapping, which includes: (1) identifying key external environmental factors and intrinsic pipeline characteristics influencing sewer siltation through mechanistic and literature analysis; (2) employing spatial analysis techniques to systematically collect and quantify indicators affecting siltation, constructing a spatial–temporal knowledge database of city scale to support quantitative analysis; (3) developing a graph-based diagnostic agent model that combines a long short-term memory network (LSTM) with a graph convolutional network (GCN) to achieve intelligent diagnosis of sewer siltation; and (4) employing the Integrated Gradients algorithm to enhance the interpretability of the machine learning model and quantitatively assess the contribution of different factors to sewer siltation. A case study conducted in Wuhan demonstrated that sewer siltation thickness is significantly correlated with wastewater flow characteristics, sewer connectivity, catering density, and the normalized vegetation index (NDVI). The accuracy of the proposed diagnostic method is 87.33%, indicating its effectiveness in diagnosing siltation conditions in sewer systems. Overall, this research enhances the accuracy of sewer siltation diagnostics, offers a novel perspective on multiscale analysis of urban sewer systems, and provides valuable guidance for urban-scale dredging planning. By preventing unnecessary siltation inspections, this method saves costs and resources, supporting urban wastewater management in achieving smarter and more efficient operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106666"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A theoretical model to predict blast-induced vibration and its zoning characteristics in surrounding rock of a tunnel","authors":"Ling Ji ,&nbsp;Chuanbo Zhou ,&nbsp;Nan Jiang ,&nbsp;Xianzhong Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106650","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106650","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, a theoretical model for the vibration response of surrounding rock induced by a tunnel blasting is developed based on stress-wave theory and explosion characteristics of cylindrical charges. The theoretical results are validated through comparisons with simulations conducted using dynamic finite element software. Using the theoretical model, the particle vibration response of surrounding rock during the blasting excavation of a typical long and large high-speed railway tunnel is analyzed. The peak particle velocity (PPV) generated by P-, S- and R-waves is determined through the polarization analysis, a widely adopted method for wavefield separation. The findings highlight the distinctive PPV characteristics of surrounding rock across three regions along the axis of the tunnel’s excavated free surface: 1) Near-field (<em>r</em> &lt; 3<em>r</em>_e, where <em>r</em> and <em>r</em>_e represent standoff distance and equivalent tunnel radius, respectively): the maximum PPV is induced by P- and S-waves. 2) Middle-field (3<em>r</em>_e &lt; <em>r</em> &lt; 11 ∼ 14<em>r</em>_e): the maximum PPV is induced by P-wave. 3) Far-field (<em>r &gt;</em> 11 ∼ 14<em>r</em>_e): the maximum PPV is induced by R-wave. Both the amplitude of PPV and its rate of attenuation with <em>r</em> progressively decrease from the near-field to the middle- and far-fields. Along the tunnel axis, the maximum tensile stress (<em>σ</em>_tmax) and the maximum shear stress (<em>τ</em>_max) show a pattern of rapid increase followed by a sharp decline as <em>r</em> increases. In the near-field, P-wave are more likely to cause tensile failure in surrounding rock. In the middle- and far-fields, R-wave play a more significant role in affecting the stability of tunnel support structures on the surface of the surrounding rock.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106650"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intelligent self-evacuation path planning for fire emergencies in underground coal mines","authors":"Vasilis Androulakis ,&nbsp;Shawn Kingman ,&nbsp;Hassan Khaniani ,&nbsp;Mostafa Hassanalian ,&nbsp;Sihua Shao ,&nbsp;Pedram Roghanchi","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106623","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106623","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the case of fire emergencies in underground mines, the mine workers undergo significant psychological and physical stress in their battle with time to self-evacuate safely. This can impart their ability to correctly assess the fire-induced hazards in the vicinity of their location and therefore to choose the safest action or the safest escape route. At the same time, the workers do not have any way to know the state of the mine tunnels beyond the immediate vicinity that their senses can provide information about potential hazards. Moreover, the highly dynamic state of a mine, especially under a fire emergency, can render previously safe routes extremely dangerous in the blink of an eye. This study proposes a framework and presents proof of concept for a real-time smart evacuation route-planning approach based on graph theory. In the effort to assist mine workers to safely reach the surface or a refuge chamber, a smart system could provide invaluable acquisition of mine-wide situational awareness to the workers. An IoT of sensors, such as gas concentration, temperature, smoke, oxygen, and air speed sensors, combined with a real-time path planning algorithm could be a powerful tool to such situations. A mine can be represented by a topological map and every location can be assigned a real-time updated value that quantifies the fire-induced hazard based on data collected by a mine-wide IoT. This combinatory risk considers parameters such as concentrations of toxic gases, oxygen levels, heat, and visibility. Safety and health exposure limits as defined from the various regulatory entities are combined with simulated IoT data to calculate the combined risk. The optimized escape routes could significantly assist mine workers to reach a safe location.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106623"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Point cloud-based crack detection and measurement in masonry buildings subjected to settlement induced by underground construction","authors":"Yiyan Liu,&nbsp;Harvey J. Burd,&nbsp;Sinan Acikgoz","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106600","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106600","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Structural damage in masonry buildings subjected to settlement induced by underground construction often manifests in the form of cracking. In current practice, crack detection and monitoring rely on visual inspections and single point measurements. Research efforts to overcome the limitations of these techniques have focussed on image segmentation and anomaly detection tools, which do not provide information on displacements leading to crack development. This paper introduces an alternative non-contact procedure based on the use of point cloud data. The proposed <strong>P</strong>o<strong>i</strong>nt <strong>c</strong>loud <strong>c</strong>rack <strong>a</strong>nalyser (Picca) method exploits the subtle geometric features on masonry surfaces, and recasts the problem of crack detection and monitoring as a motion measurement problem. By characterising the motion around cracks as rigid-body movement of matched feature points before—and after—deformation events, Picca detects cracks via the relative displacements between clusters of rigid-body motions. Investigations with synthetic data reveal that the minimum detectable crack width with this method corresponds closely to the average point spacing. Picca is evaluated using data from a recent test campaign on brick masonry buildings, where crack detection and measurements from point clouds demonstrate good agreement with benchmark results. Since it uses geometry information only, Picca is insensitive to colour changes and light variations. It does not require fine tuning as the input parameters for the underlying feature calculation and robust registration algorithms are automatically set on the basis of geometric and statistical interpretations. These aspects highlight the suitability of Picca for future field applications. The research code is shared with this paper to facilitate its use and is available at: <span><span>https://github.com/yliu17lhr/pc_cr</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106600"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A UAV-based multi-defect real-time detection system for tunnel lining using attention mechanism-enhanced detection model","authors":"Yunlong Wang ,&nbsp;Wenfeng Li ,&nbsp;Shaoke Wan ,&nbsp;Rongcan Qiu ,&nbsp;Xiaohu Li ,&nbsp;Ke Li","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106630","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106630","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional tunnel lining inspection methods often require costly specialized equipment and manual involvement, making them labor-intensive and inefficient. To address these challenges, this study proposes a UAV(unmanned aerial vehicle)-based real-time tunnel lining multi-defect detection system, leveraging the attention-enhanced TunnelScan model. Specifically designed for UAV-based inspections, TunnelScan incorporates a novel channel mixer-based attention mechanism module, GLUConv, which raises feature selectivity by amplifying relevant information while suppressing irrelevant noise. By integrating depthwise convolution, GLUConv reduces computational overhead and adapts effectively to the special spatial textures of tunnel linings. The model further utilizes a multi-scale feature pyramid network (ms-FPN) and a refined loss function, Focusing Slide Loss (FS Loss), to increase the detection accuracy and efficiency across varying defect types. The proposed model is validated using the UAV-Tunnel dataset, which comprises diverse images of tunnel lining defects and maintenance objects captured by UAVs. The results demonstrate that the model outperforms both baseline and state-of-the-art models in detecting tunnel lining defects. Furthermore, the UAV-based system enables real-time data collection and multi-defect detection, which not only generates maintenance reports but also minimizes manual intervention and ensures efficient navigation in complex tunnel environments. Extensive experiments carried out in real tunnel scenarios demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the system with TunnelScan, showcasing notable improvements in the efficiency and reliability of tunnel lining inspections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106630"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A data-driven and knowledge graph-based research on safety risk-coupled evolution analysis and assessment in shield tunneling","authors":"Xuewei Li ,&nbsp;Shuchen Li ,&nbsp;Jingfeng Yuan ,&nbsp;Zeen Wan ,&nbsp;Xuan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106657","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106657","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shield tunneling encounters critical safety challenges stemming from spatiotemporal risk coupling and insufficient utilization of accident data. This study developed a hybrid entity–relationship extraction model called BBi-MA-DCGCN by integrating bidirectional encoder representations from Transformer embeddings, bidirectional long short-term memory architectures, multihead attention mechanisms, and densely connected graph convolutional networks. Subsequently, a risk-coupled evolution knowledge graph was constructed to support intelligent inference and probabilistic reasoning of accident scenarios. Furthermore, an interaction matrix framework was implemented within the graph structure to quantitatively evaluate risk interdependencies. Results showed that (1) the BBi-MA-DCGCN model achieved an F1 score of 90.33%, demonstrating robust capabilities in entity and relationship extraction. (2) The coupling evolution reasoning method enabled the rapid inference of the most probable risk evolution path and potential accident types from any given risk node. (3) Among the top 25 key risk factors obtained through quantitative risk assessment, 52% were attributed to organizational management factors, with management, supervision, and training identified as having the most substantial effects. This study provides a novel method for understanding the spatiotemporal coupling evolution mechanism of safety risks in shield tunneling and enhances the accuracy of risk identification, dynamic inference, and quantitative evaluation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106657"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new model and analytical solution for heat transfer in the heating section of energy tunnels considering the insulation layer","authors":"Chenglong Wang ,&nbsp;Jize Jiang ,&nbsp;Abdelmalek Bouazza ,&nbsp;Gangqiang Kong ,&nbsp;Xuanming Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106651","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106651","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy tunnels in cold regions represent an innovative integration of ground-source heat pump systems with tunnel lining technology. Harnessing geothermal energy to offer frost protection and warmth to the tunnel lining provides the dual benefits of environmental sustainability and economic efficiency. To evaluate the heating effect of energy tunnels in cold regions, a new semicircular heat transfer model is proposed in this paper; it describes the temperature field distribution of the tunnel lining and the surrounding rock. The analytical solution of the model was obtained using the superposition principle and the Laplace transform method, and its accuracy was verified through indoor model tests. The model was then used to analyze the effects of varying insulation thicknesses and different thermal conductivities of the insulation on the temperatures of the tunnel lining and surrounding rock. The findings reveal that the zone of temperature influence, using ground heat exchangers (GHEs) system, is approximately 0.5 times the diameter of the tunnel from the heat source. Besides, reducing the thermal conductivity of the insulation layer has a similar effect to increasing its thickness, and in tunnel lining GHEs systems, both lower thermal conductivity and greater thickness of the insulation layer lead to greater heat accumulation at the lining interface. Therefore, when designing energy tunnels in cold regions, it is essential to consider the thickness and type of insulation layer according to actual conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106651"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-factor orthogonal optimization and engineering application of turbulent wind curtain intelligent control dust removal system in large cross-section anchor excavation underground space","authors":"Gang Zhou ,&nbsp;Yongwei Liu ,&nbsp;Wenqi Shao ,&nbsp;Liang Qiao ,&nbsp;Qiangqiang Liang ,&nbsp;Xi Chen ,&nbsp;Jingxu Chen ,&nbsp;Biao Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106643","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106643","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To solve the problem of dust pollution in large cross-section anchor face, this study proposes a turbulent wind curtain intelligent dust control system based on the principle of “first blockage − later removal”, determines the optimal combination of ventilation parameters for the working face by combining numerical simulation, orthogonal test and engineering application, and evaluates the effects of three factors, namely, distance between the wind curtain generator and the header, shaft diameter wind volume ratio and dust removal wind volume, on the diffusion distance of highly concentrated dust and the average dust quality concentration in the breathing zone. The results show that the importance of the influence of the diffusion distance of high concentration dust is ranked as the distance between the wind curtain generator and the header &gt; axial diameter ratio &gt; dust removal wind volume, and the importance of the influence of the average dust mass concentration in the respiratory zone is ranked as the axial diameter ratio &gt; dust removal wind volume &gt; distance between the wind curtain generator and the header. When the wind screen generator is 20 m from the headland, the shaft diameter ratio is 1:9, and the dust removal airflow is 180 m³/min, the diffusion distance of the highly concentrated dust in the working face of the anchor digging is 5.2 m, and the average dust quality of the breathing belt is 133.69 mg/m³, and the management effect of the dust pollution in the working face has been significantly improved. The effectiveness of the optimized parameters was further verified through engineering application, and the average dust reduction rate of total dust and breathing dust was 92.4 % and 88.5 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106643"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Invalidation and adaptation of vehicle control under environmental perturbations in spiral tunnels: Effects of alignment radii and perturbation locations","authors":"Guanyang Xing,&nbsp;Yongfeng Ma,&nbsp;Shuyan Chen,&nbsp;Junjie Zhang,&nbsp;Yaqian Xing","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106661","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106661","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>At tunnel portals, drivers experience a brief environmental perturbation period due to factors like cross-sectional transitions and lighting changes, during which they must rapidly adapt to regain vehicle control of both lateral and longitudinal. In spiral tunnels with small-radius continuous steering demands, the tunnel alignment radii and perturbation locations (entrance and exit) may present unexpected perturbations to vehicle control. This study used the Midicun Tunnel as a real-world engineering prototype and conducted driving simulations based on three alignment designs. Grounded in motor control and learning theory, this study proposed a sample entropy with sliding window method to reveal the adaptation process of a driver’s vehicle control to environmental perturbations, introducing two key metrics: model invalidation time (MIT) and environmental adaptation time (EAT). Weibull Accelerated Failure Time (AFT) model with clustered heterogeneity and gamma frailty was developed to examine the effects of tunnel alignment radii, perturbation locations, vehicle dynamics, and driver demographics on the MIT and EAT of lateral steering and longitudinal speed controls. Results indicate that, compared to straight tunnels, spiral tunnel portals impose greater environmental perturbations on steering control. Smaller radii lead to longer invalidation times for steering control, though they do not significantly extend the driver’s adaptation times to the novel environment. In contrast, longitudinal speed control adapts more quickly to environmental perturbations in the spiral tunnel, as evidenced by the reduction in invalidation and adaptation times. This disparity between lateral and longitudinal control becomes more pronounced as the radius decreases. Tunnel entrances impose stronger perturbations to steering control than exits, but the opposite is true for speed control. Demographic variables reveal that professional drivers outperform non-professional drivers in speed control but take longer to adapt to the novel environment in steering control. Gender differences show that males require more time than females to adjust to environmental perturbations in speed control. These insights enhance understanding of the mechanisms of drivers’ motor control during the environmental perturbation in spiral tunnels, supporting alignment optimization and safety management at spiral tunnel entrances and exits. Furthermore, the study offers methodological insights for exploring the impact of perturbation on motor control recovery mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106661"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}