Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology最新文献

{"title":"Mechanistic impacts of extra-long tunnel construction on eco-environmentally vulnerable zones: Coupled system dynamics and LSTM-Transformer modelling","authors":"Yan Yin,&nbsp;Weixing Bao,&nbsp;Hanqing Lu,&nbsp;Zhiming Huang,&nbsp;Xuhui Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large-scale transport infrastructure construction creates environmental impacts with dynamic latency and nonlinearity. This study analyses an extra-long tunnel (22.026 km) in a high-altitude ecologically sensitive region. Using coupled system dynamics (SD) and LSTM-Transformer (L-T) models, it assesses impacts on water, atmospheric, solid waste, and soil erosion during construction/operation. Quantitative spatiotemporal analysis (2019–2030) shows tunnel water inflow dominated water loss, peaking at 4.12 million m³ in 2026; wastewater reuse and discharge standard upgrades (Level III to I) reduced cumulative SS and COD growth rates. Blasting dust contributed 58 % to the atmospheric pollution index (API); intelligent ventilation/dust suppression reduced peak PM_2.5 by 39.2 %. The L-T model achieved only 0.12 % error predicting post-blasting PM_2.5 dispersion. When tunnel spoil resource utilisation exceeded 38 %, soil erosion prediction error fell below 4.1 %; an 86 % peak utilisation rate substantially shortened the ecological recovery period, reducing the recovery time coefficient of ecological richness index by 25 %. 43 % vegetation coverage is the irreversible desertification threshold; increased environmental investment (sensitivity coefficient 0.73) with intervention shortens desertification recovery. The SD model is robust for long-term linear trends, while the L-T model captures nonlinearities (meteorological lag, pollutant synergy), improving short-term prediction accuracy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 107084"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bearing performance of a novel multiple resistance yielding support for tunnel lining in squeezing rock: Experimental, numerical and theoretical investigations","authors":"Jiayun Yang ,&nbsp;Pengfei Li ,&nbsp;Jun Gao ,&nbsp;Yongli Tao ,&nbsp;Lianjin Tao","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The yielding support structure can effectively address the destruction of tunnel lining by squeezing rock, but the existing yielding structure has limitations in applicability. This paper proposes a novel multiple resistance yielding support structure. The structure innovatively achieves low, medium, and high resistance combinations within a unified size design, enabling tailored support performance for diverse locations in the tunnel’s initial support system. The bearing performance of the structure was investigated by experiments, numerical simulation and theoretical analysis, focusing on its three distinct resistance combinations. The load–displacement curves obtained by the experiment validated the structure’s feasibility and innovative design concept. Following confirmation of consistency between numerical simulations and experiment results, finite element analysis was employed for parametric studies. Key factors influencing yield load and resistance load, such as wall thickness and inclination angle were studied. Based on simulation and parameter analysis, theoretical formulas for the yield load and resistance of the new structure were derived, and the reliability of these theoretical formulas was confirmed by comparison with the parameter analysis data. Experiment results demonstrate that the structure exhibits a distinct yield load and a stable controlled yielding process. The structural resistance load progressively increases by 31.8% from low to high resistance combinations. This gradient performance, achieved with identical size parameters, makes the structure suitable for varied demands along the tunnel’s initial support. Parameter analysis further reveals that the overall bearing capacity of the structure is significantly influenced by changes of wall thickness and inclination angle. The wall thickness of the major resistance sleeve governs the gap between different resistance combinations of the structure. These findings demonstrate the design viability and parametric tunability of the novel multiple resistance yielding support structure, providing a versatile and practical solution to deal with the destruction of tunnel lining by squeezing rock.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 107077"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on the mechanical behaviour of shape memory alloy flexible circumferential joint for seismic mitigation in shield tunnel","authors":"Yongtao Ma ,&nbsp;Yu Miao ,&nbsp;Chunde Lu ,&nbsp;Xiaopeng Gu ,&nbsp;Xiaohong Long","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shield tunnel lining has a large number of segmental joints, which are prone to damage under strong earthquakes, affecting the tunnel safety. This study applies the SMA flexible circumferential joint consisting of shape memory alloy (SMA) ring springs and circumferential joint bolts for longitudinal seismic mitigation in tunnels. The mechanical behaviour of SMA flexible circumferential joint is investigated by tests. Two forms of circumferential joints with straight and bent bolts are used to analyse the mechanical properties of SMA joints under varying force conditions. A numerical study is also conducted to compare and verify the accuracy of the tests. The test results indicate that both SMA-straight bolt joint and SMA-bent bolt joint can reduce the joint stiffness under axial tension and bending moment, and have energy dissipation effect. Compared with ordinary joints, the tensile and bending stiffness of SMA joints are reduced by about 80%, effectively enhancing the deformation capacity of the joints. Under combined axial pressure and bending moment, the bending deformation pattern of the SMA joint changes and the bending stiffness increases, but it still shows good performance. The SMA joints show excellent performance of reducing joint stiffness and energy dissipation during multiple cyclic loading, indicating the stability and reliability of SMA joints, and proving that SMA joints are suitable for seismic mitigation in shield tunnels. The numerical results are basically consistent with the tests, verifying that SMA joints can reduce joint stiffness and dissipate energy under various working conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 107078"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disasters caused by underground water pipe leakage in Chinese cities: Failure modes, influencing factors and prevention countermeasures","authors":"Jiawei Xu ,&nbsp;Jinxing Lai ,&nbsp;Junling Qiu ,&nbsp;Haidong Jiang ,&nbsp;Hao Sun ,&nbsp;Jinzhao Tang ,&nbsp;Guanhua Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>China is one of the countries with the highest frequency of underground pipeline disasters in the world. Underground pipeline leaks pose significant, sudden, and unpredictable risks, causing substantial damage to the surrounding environment. This paper reviews underground pipeline leakage disasters in China over the past five years, statistically analyzing the sources, destruction patterns, and distribution laws of these disasters. The results indicate that the environmental damage caused by underground pipeline leaks primarily falls into two categories: surface subsidence damage and instability of nearby subway structures. The disaster mechanisms and evolution patterns of underground pipeline leaks are analyzed. The key influencing factors for each destruction pattern are explored, revealing that surface subsidence damage mainly depends on soil gradation and crack size, while subway-related damage is influenced by factors such as the location of the leak, water pressure, and tunnel lining structure. Innovative monitoring technologies, such as distributed fiber optic sensing, ground-penetrating radar, and machine learning techniques, are introduced to monitor and prevent pipeline leaks. Through two typical case studies, the post-disaster response and reinforcement technologies for different destruction patterns are examined, providing new approaches for urban underground pipeline leakage disaster prevention and control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 107008"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of an innovative BMask R-CNN-DAT enhanced with feature extraction and boundary awareness in tunnel leakage detection","authors":"Yu Li ,&nbsp;Huai-Na Wu ,&nbsp;Hong-Zhan Cheng ,&nbsp;De-Sai Guo ,&nbsp;Ren-Peng Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To achieve precise segmentation of tunnel leakage, this paper proposed an automatic tunnel leakage detection method based on 3D laser scanning. Initially, a 3D laser scanner was used to acquire the tunnel point cloud. A point cloud density threshold filtering algorithm was proposed to screen and obtain the high-density point cloud within the ranging range of each measurement station, resulting in a high-quality subway tunnel image segmentation dataset. An innovative model BMask R-CNN-DAT based on Mask R-CNN was proposed for the accurate detection of tunnel leakage. The model integrates a Deformable Attention Transformer (DAT) module, combining Transformer and deformable convolution, into the backbone. Additionally, a boundary-preserving branch was introduced in the mask branch. Finally, a mask matching and merging algorithm based on the optimal sliding window step size was proposed to achieve panoramic image segmentation of leakage areas. The results indicate that: (a) the point cloud density threshold filtering algorithm improves the overall quality of point cloud data and increases the computational efficiency by 50%. (b) BMask R-CNN-DAT achieves superior performance in detection accuracy, with mask average segmentation accuracy and boundary average segmentation accuracy reaching 80.5<!--> <!-->% and 62.2<!--> <!-->%, marking a significant 14.4<!--> <!-->% and 19.3<!--> <!-->% improvement compared to the baseline model, Mask R-CNN. (c) Using 900 pixels as the optimal sliding window step size, the average Intersection over Union (IoU) reached 80.9<!--> <!-->%, enabling panoramic image segmentation of tunnel defects. This study provides a novel solution for tunnel defect detection based on 3D laser scanning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 107074"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on failure mechanism of tunnel face during shield tunneling beneath existing underground rectangular structure","authors":"Xing-Tao Lin ,&nbsp;Qi-Jia Wu ,&nbsp;Liqiang Cao ,&nbsp;Ze-Yu Zhao ,&nbsp;Dong Su ,&nbsp;Xiangsheng Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When shield tunneling crosses beneath existing underground rectangular structures, tunnel face instability has a significant impact on construction safety and ground stability. However, current research offers an insufficient understanding of the instability mechanisms and influencing factors, especially under the constraints imposed by existing structures. To address this gap, this study conducts laboratory model tests to investigate the failure mechanism of tunnel face during shield tunneling beneath existing underground rectangular structure. Stress and displacement sensors are used to monitor changes in earth pressure and surface settlement, while the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique is applied to analyze displacement fields and shear strain distributions in the soil. The results indicate that, during the tunneling process, the active failure of the tunnel face is primarily influenced by the position of the existing structure, the spacing between structures, and the thickness of the overburden. The soil arching effect gradually forms in the early stage of excavation and provides a stabilizing effect on the surrounding soil within a certain range. In particular, the limit support pressure was about 0.35<em>P</em>₀ at the left side, 0.20<em>P</em>₀ at the centerline, and 0.15<em>P</em>₀ at the right side beneath the rectangular structure (<em>P</em>₀ = initial earth pressure acting on the tunnel face), attained at a normalized tunnel face retreat of about 0.02<em>D</em> (<em>D</em> = tunnel diameter). However, as excavation displacement increases, the arching effect weakens, leading to an expansion of the instability zone. Furthermore, surface settlement and earth pressure distribution exhibit nonlinear variations, and are significantly affected by the constraints of the existing structures. The findings of this study provide important references for ensuring the safety of shield tunneling beneath underground structures and for controlling ground stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 107072"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Failure-prone region identification for extreme circumferential joint dislocation based on shear behavior analysis of oblique bolts","authors":"Dongming Zhang ,&nbsp;Haolan Feng ,&nbsp;Jinzhang Zhang ,&nbsp;Hongwei Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Circumferential joint dislocations frequently occur in shield tunnels, particularly within soft ground environments where joints are more susceptible to dislocation under surrounding loads. The load borne by oblique bolts varies based on their position during dislocation, making joints more vulnerable to failure in regions subjected to heightened loads. Given that increased shear resistance indicates a position bearing greater load under identical dislocation, this study presents the first comprehensive investigation into the shear resistance variations of oblique bolts at various positions during circumferential joint dislocation. Initially, the shear angle between the shear direction induced by dislocation and the bolt’s orientation is defined. Three standard shear angles—0° (ordinal shear), 90° (tangential shear), and 180° (reverse shear)—are emphasized. The analytical shear resistance model for these standard shear angles is then applied to scenarios involving the simultaneous shearing of two circumferential joints in three-ring segments and the shearing of a single circumferential joint to demonstrate its applicability. Subsequently, the analytical solution for shear resistance across shear angles ranging from 0° to 180° is derived and validated through finite element modeling based on a soft ground shield tunnel. The shear resistance of oblique bolts, as calculated by the analytical model, indicates that shear resistance is highest for ordinal shear (0°), moderate for tangential shear (90°), and lowest for reverse shear (180°) in standard shear modes. Across all shear angles, oblique bolts’ shear resistance initially rises with the shear angle and subsequently declines. The bolt location exhibiting the highest shear resistance is identified, highlighting a region susceptible to bolt failure and potentially causing damage to the reinforced concrete segment. As dislocation intensifies, DAMAGEC and DAMAGET volume ratios for damage grades of 0.9–1.0 in the fixed segment surpass those in the shearing segment. Furthermore, concrete damage surrounding the stretched bolt is more extensive. By proactively identifying failure-prone regions of circumferential joints during dislocation, preventive measures such as steel plate reinforcement can be implemented to mitigate structural failure risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 107064"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical solution of longitudinal seismic response of circular tunnel with flexible connection system across soil-rock stratum","authors":"Jingqi Huang ,&nbsp;Mi Zhao ,&nbsp;Huifang Li ,&nbsp;Weizhang Liao ,&nbsp;Nan Zhou ,&nbsp;Lihui Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The soil-rock interface is the controlling point in the seismic design of long tunnels, which are not well considered in the existing design methods, where “soil-rock” means two different stratums, not just the soil and rock ground. In this paper, an analytical solution is derived to investigate the longitudinal seismic response of the tunnel across soil-rock stratum, where the tunnel adopts flexible connection system to reduce the seismic responses. The proposed analytical solution is based on an improved elastic foundation beam model, with considering tangential contact conditions at the ground-tunnel interface. Based on wave propagation theory, the free field reaction from the incident sinusoidal shear wave considers the displacement patterns including the reflection and transmission by the soil-rock interface. Explicit formulations are obtained for tunnel displacement, rotation angles, bending moments and shearing forces. The proposed solution is verified by comparing with the numerical results, as well as other solutions based on traditional foundation beam model. Finally, a parametric study is conducted to investigate the influence of traveling wave effect, earthquake frequency, stiffness and width of flexible connections, shear wave velocity ratio of two stratums, and tangential interaction on tunnel seismic responses. The proposed analytical solutions can be used to predict the longitudinal seismic response of the flexible connection tunnel crossing soil-rock stratum in engineering design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 107049"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suggested deformation control approach for braced excavations incorporating corner and soil arching effects","authors":"Xin Dong ,&nbsp;Feng Zhou ,&nbsp;Chungsik Yoo ,&nbsp;Xudong Wang ,&nbsp;Rui Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107059","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107059","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes a deformation control approach for braced excavations by incorporating both corner and soil arching effects into an integrated optimization framework. The corner effect was quantitatively described using the plane strain ratio, which served as the basis for deriving an optimization formula for the retaining pile diameter. In parallel, a governing equation for the horizontal soil arch axis was developed under static equilibrium conditions, and then the ultimate arch span was determined using the twin-shear unified strength theory. A comprehensive effectiveness assessment for the approach was conducted on an actual deep-braced excavation adjacent to a subway tunnel using finite element analysis. The results show that the proposed approach effectively reduced the diameter of retaining piles within the high and medium impact zones of the corner effect, while strategically placed arch foot piles (AFPs) facilitated the formation of soil arching. The deformation pattern of the retaining piles displayed a multi-arch profile, with the maximum lateral displacement reduced by approximately 0.032 % of the excavation depth (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>e</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>). The extent of the sharp decrease zone of soil horizontal displacement decreased from 1.1<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>e</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> to 0.9<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>e</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>. Among the geometric parameters of the AFPs, the sectional width was found to have the more significant influence on deformation control. Furthermore, the applicability of the proposed approach was assessed in different soil conditions. The results indicate that soil properties affect the effectiveness of deformation control. Among the soils tested, silty sand was the most conducive to soil arching, followed by silt, whereas silty clay exhibited the weakest arching behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 107059"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts on the maximum lateral deflection and adjacent shield tunnels from the ground stiffness of an excavation","authors":"Fan-Yan Meng ,&nbsp;Bo Hu ,&nbsp;Mu-Chun Liu ,&nbsp;Bin-Chen Benson Hsiung ,&nbsp;Muhammad Dwiyanto Agung Prakasa","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107060","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An excavation with a maximum depth of 23.4 m near existing shield tunnels in a weathered mudstone stratum was selected to examine the ground response to excavation and the related impacts on the tunnels. Details such as the ground surface settlement, lateral ground and retaining pile displacements and tunnel displacements and stresses were measured and analysed. First, inclinometer measurement analysis indicated that the plane strain ratio (PSR) along the excavation is in the range of 0.692 to 1.000. The ground conditions were likely the main reason for the different PSR values interpreted from previous case histories. The stress relief of the ground caused by nearby excavation can significantly increase the lateral displacement, but the existing tunnels has only a very limited influence. The ground stiffness is an important factor in defining the maximum wall deflection, but this factor was excluded in an empirical approach. Thus, the concept of equivalent ground stiffness is adopted, and an additional ground stiffness coefficient is included and interpreted to predict the maximum lateral displacement of the retaining pile reasonably. Moreover, the impacts on nearby tunnels were examined. The distribution of the circumferential bending moment of the tunnel is closely related to the locations of the tunnel bolts, which can withstand greater tensile strain, and this also affects the position at which the maximum deformations and stresses arise in the tunnel. The maximum longitudinal lining strains occur around the excavation centre, corresponding to the distribution of the maximum tunnel displacement. The inflection point of the longitudinal strain at which the strain was equal to zero corresponds to the point of the maximum shear strain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 107060"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}