Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology最新文献

{"title":"Flame extension characteristics and the temperature profile below the tunnel ceiling with various source-ceiling heights","authors":"Xiepeng Sun, Fei Ren, Yong Yang, Yu Han, Xiang Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2024.106277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2024.106277","url":null,"abstract":"Flame behavior of impinging on ceiling and spreading are fundamental phenomenon in tunnel fire accidents, it involves fundamental scientific issues such as heat and mass transfer, flow, and combustion (fire). The flame boundary extension along the tunnel ceiling is a crucial parameter of ceiling jet, directly impacting temperatures, heat fluxes, and heat radiations below the tunnel ceiling. Currently, there is no systematic analysis of the evolution of ceiling flame extension behavior and temperature profile during fire growth for various source-ceiling heights. In this paper, the impinging flame extension behavior and its evolution with heat release rate below the tunnel ceiling was explored by using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. A series of simulation tests were conducted, varying burner dimensions, source-ceiling heights, and heat release rates. The results show that, for a given source-ceiling height, a larger fire heat release rate results in a more extensive flame spread. For a given lower fire heat release rate, the flame extension length or higher temperature profile decreases with an increase in source-ceiling height. Notably, for higher fire heat release rates, the flame extension length remains relatively constant regardless of the source-ceiling height. A non-dimensional overall function has been developed to describe the evolution of ceiling flame extension length during fire growth, that takes into account both tunnel width and source-ceiling height. These novel findings, along with the proposed model provide an important basis for understanding tunnel fires.","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142867678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TBM jamming risk prediction method based on fuzzy theory and Bi-LSTM","authors":"Yaoqi Nie, Qian Zhang, Yanliang Du, Lijie Du","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2024.106329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2024.106329","url":null,"abstract":"Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) is an indispensable equipment in modern tunneling projects, but real-time safety risk assessment during its operation is still a major challenge. In this study, a method for real-time safety risk assessment of TBM interference accidents is proposed. The method combines the hierarchical analysis method (AHP) and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) for safety risk assessment before construction. When the pre-assessment result meets the standard, the construction stage can be entered; if it does not meet the standard, corresponding measures will be taken and re-assessed until the safety score meets the requirement. During the construction process, the study collected data from the normal boring section and utilized the Bi-LSTM model to predict the thrust and torque of the TBM in real time. Geological parameters were processed by solo thermal coding and label coding techniques, and the coded features were feature vector spliced with operational parameters from the Bi-LSTM layer in a fully connected layer. A 5-fold cross-validation method was used for model optimization. The study further evaluated the residual rate of the model and correlated it with the safety pre-assessment score through vector analysis. The results of the study showed that the pre-construction safety assessment classified the safety level as IV, which meets the criteria for tunnel boring. During the actual tunneling process, the safety level gradually decreased to level III due to changes in geological conditions. In addition, it was found that the fluctuating trend of the safety scores became more and more obvious as the TBM approached the blockage condition. Therefore, the rationality of the proposed method is verified. This study provides new perspectives and methods for the dynamic safety assessment of TBMs.","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142867676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation of large tunnel alignments under seismic loading: The Large Hadron Collider as a case study","authors":"A.G. Mubarak, J.A. Knappett, M.J. Brown","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2024.106315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2024.106315","url":null,"abstract":"Three-dimensional seismic analysis of large tunnel alignments using the continuum (Finite-Element; FE) modelling technique can be computationally expensive. This is due to the extended length of tunnels compared to their diameter (which controls the local ground-structure interaction and hence, the required maximum FE element size). Such models can become more intricate as the tunnel passes through different terrain and lithological profiles and with the complex fixity conditions provided by intermediate underground stations. Furthermore, the effect of asynchronicity of ground motions on the tunnel seismic performance may be non-negligible given the length scale. So far, existing modelling techniques lack the competence to simulate the seismic performance of large tunnels along their length with confidence and computational efficiency. Aiming to bridge this gap, this study proposes an efficient numerical methodology to model the seismic response of large tunnel alignments using a dynamic Beam-on-Nonlinear-Winkler Foundation (BNWF) approach. Ground-structure interaction was modelled using parallel springs and dashpots calibrated against 2D nonlinear FE analyses. These springs/dashpots were subjected to a free-field ground displacement time-history obtained from 2D nonlinear wave propagation analyses. The method was implemented for the circular Large Hadron Collider (LHC) tunnel network at CERN (Geneva, Switzerland), which is 27 km in circumference with six large underground caverns housing the particle detectors (station analogues) with large vertical circular shafts to the ground surface. The results show the generation of seismic actions at the global scale of the tunnel alignment which are not captured by conventional 2D plane-strain analyses. The approach can identify key critical tunnel locations where more subsequent detailed local (3D) analyses should be focussed.","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142867682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on comprehensive rating of integrity index Kv for CHN-BQ method based on cloud model","authors":"Qi Zhang, Yixin Shen, Hehua Zhu, Xiaojun Wang, Xiaojun Li, Yuechao Pei","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2024.106305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2024.106305","url":null,"abstract":"The basic quality (CHN-BQ) method is a national standard for rock mass classification in China. The integrity index <ce:italic>K<ce:inf loc=\"post\">v</ce:inf></ce:italic> in the CHN-BQ method can be determined by the acoustic wave test and quantitative or qualitative approaches, which are flexible and need to be controlled in the determination. This is not sufficiently concise compared with other widely used classifications. Inspired by the RMR (Rock mass rating) classification, a comprehensive rating of <ce:italic>K<ce:inf loc=\"post\">v</ce:inf></ce:italic> is required to determine the index directly as an alternative approach. In this study, the cloud model is adopted to obtain quantitative results from the qualitative evaluation of the interconnection degree of structural planes. Then the cloud model is further used to obtain quantitative results of rock mass integrity by combining the interconnection degree and the mean spacing of structural planes. Based on quantitative results of the interconnection degree and rock mass integrity and the quantitative correspondence between the volume joint number <ce:italic>J<ce:inf loc=\"post\">v</ce:inf></ce:italic> and <ce:italic>K<ce:inf loc=\"post\">v</ce:inf></ce:italic>, a comprehensive rating of <ce:italic>K<ce:inf loc=\"post\">v</ce:inf></ce:italic> for the CHN-BQ method is proposed by referring to the RMR, in which the geometric and physico-mechanical properties of rock mass integrity account for 55 and 45 <ce:italic>points</ce:italic>, respectively. The comprehensive rating is validated by quantitative results of the interconnection degree and rock mass integrity, as well as the effective samples generated by Monte Carlo simulation methods. The results of the comprehensive rating agree well with quantitative results, with a maximum relative error of 11.3%. The <ce:italic>K<ce:inf loc=\"post\">vt</ce:inf></ce:italic> assessed by the 30% quantitative approach and 70% qualitative approach is highly consistent with <ce:italic>K<ce:inf loc=\"post\">vc</ce:inf></ce:italic> determined by the comprehensive rating, with an average relative error of 13%. The results demonstrate that the comprehensive rating of <ce:italic>K<ce:inf loc=\"post\">v</ce:inf></ce:italic> reasonably combines quantitative and qualitative approaches. To address the fuzzy uncertainty of stepped ratings at rating boundaries, the fuzzy comprehensive rating of <ce:italic>K<ce:inf loc=\"post\">v</ce:inf></ce:italic> is proposed based on the Mamdani fuzzy inference. Finally, the comprehensive rating of <ce:italic>K<ce:inf loc=\"post\">v</ce:inf></ce:italic> and its fuzzy version are applied to 95 excavated surfaces which are conducted in detailed geological investigations in the Mingtangshan tunnel. The <ce:italic>K<ce:inf loc=\"post\">vc</ce:inf></ce:italic> and <ce:italic>FK<ce:inf loc=\"post\">vc</ce:inf></ce:italic> obtained by comprehensive rating and fuzzy comprehensive rating of <ce:italic>K<ce:inf loc=\"post\">v</ce:inf></ce:italic> accurately approxima","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142867685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the multi-scale DFN-DEM equivalent modelling method for jointed rock masses and the collapse law of block structures","authors":"Peng He, Zhiqiang Yan, Gang Wang, Shaoshuai Shi, Chengcheng Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2024.106316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2024.106316","url":null,"abstract":"The development scale, distribution characteristics and combination mode of structural planes in the construction of underground rock mass engineering projects are extremely uncertain. Determining how to fully consider the “real distribution” of conventional structural planes in response to the deformation and damage of surrounding rock while taking into account the exact influence of the “same type, weak scale” structure on the mechanical properties of rock masses is one of the current development directions of synthetic rock mass technology. In this paper, by comparing the theoretical formulas of self-similar grade sequence classification and verification through numerical simulation, the delineation standards for joint sizes of different scales were determined. Based on the representative elementary volume (REV) consideration of the equivalent continuum properties of jointed rock mass, a multi-scale DFN-DEM equivalent modeling method with joints of different sizes and block structures is proposed. Through the systematic analysis of joint combination models of different scales, the feasibility of this method for simulating rock masses with serial joints of different scales is verified by taking the Erlangshan Tunnel of the Linlin Expressway in Shandong Province, China, as the engineering background. The collapse block of the surrounding rock is analysed via mathematical statistics and analysis of shape, volume, quantity, etc., to reveal the spatial collapse distribution rules and response characteristics of block groups during tunnel construction. The following research results were obtained. 1) Fine joints mainly affect the mechanical properties and degree of fragmentation of the block group. The combination mode of large-scale joints directly affects the spatial collapse distribution of the block group. The occurrence characteristics of joints of different scales can be used to comprehensively determine the surrounding rock mass of the tunnel. 2) The larger the scale of the endowed joints, the larger the average volume of the collapsed blocks, and the statistics show a clear positive correlation law between the average volume of the collapsed blocks and the size of the joints.The research results provide a scientific basis for the prediction of dangerous rock collapse hazards, disaster identification, prevention and control during the construction of tunnels and underground projects in jointed rock mass areas and have important theoretical significance and engineering application value.","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142867681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conditional generative adversarial networks for the data generation and seismic analysis of above and underground infrastructures","authors":"M. Dalmasso, M. Civera, V. De Biagi, C. Surace, B. Chiaia","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2024.106285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2024.106285","url":null,"abstract":"Estimating the resilience of civil infrastructures is crucial for disaster prevention (i.e. earthquakes), encompassing both above- and underground constructions. However, while below-ground infrastructures are generally acknowledged as less vulnerable than their over-ground counterparts, this aspect has not yet garnered widespread attention. Thus, noting the limited number of seismic response comparisons for underground structures and the virtual absence of comparative analysis between above- and below-ground infrastructures in the scientific literature, this work aims to address this research gap. Nevertheless, data scarcity strongly hampers this endeavour. Not only do very few tunnels have permanent dynamic monitoring systems installed, but even fewer recorded major earthquakes are in proximity to similarly instrumented bridges and viaducts. This study focuses on three infrastructures of the San Francisco Bay Area: the Bay Bridge, the Caldecott Tunnel and the Transbay Tube. The chosen infrastructures represent a unique combination of nearby, continuously monitored case studies in a seismic zone. Yet, even for these selected infrastructures, few comparable data are available – e.g., only one earthquake was recorded for all three. Hence, a Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (CGAN) technique is put forward as a strategy to build a hybrid dataset, thereby incrementing the available data and overcoming the data scarcity issue. The CGAN can generate new data that resemble the real ones while simultaneously comparing different datasets via binary classification. With this dual objective in mind, the CGAN algorithm has been applied to various cases, varying the input given in terms of selected acquisition channels, infrastructure pairs, and selected strong motions. In conclusion, each pair underwent a postprocessing phase to analyse the results. This research’s outcomes show that the classifications performed with the Support Vector Machine reached excellent results, with an average of 91.6% accuracy, 93.1% precision, 93.3% recall, and 92.9% F1 score. The comparison in the time and frequency domain confirms the resemblance.","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"249 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142816610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theoretical prediction on supply air performance and CO dilution effect of the pressed-in ventilation system during the construction period","authors":"Jie Liu, Lin Xu, Wei Yu, Chao Ding, Kongfei Yu, Shengzhong Zhao, Shao Chen, Longyue Li","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2024.106304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2024.106304","url":null,"abstract":"The effectiveness of pressed-in ventilation system significantly affects the environmental condition inside the tunnel after blasting. Previous studies rarely focus on the ventilation scenario with two fans installed in series at a certain interval on the leaky ventilation ducting, which is very common for super long tunnel. The concept of the combined fan is introduced to consider the equivalent pressure rise created by the fan 1#, air leaky ducting 1 and the fan 2#. A theoretical model of long-distance air supply calculation suitable for this scenario is proposed to predict the flow rate to the working face and the fans’ actual operating parameters. The temporal-spatial gas distribution inside tunnel after blasting is predicted as well. This theoretical model is proven to be suitable for other ventilation scenarios in tunnel under construction. The accuracy of the theoretical model is verified by 4 tunnel on-site measurements data. Taking a tunnel project as illustration, this model is used to evaluate the air-supply effectiveness of the ventilation system during the construction period. With the increasing air supply length, the flow rate delivered to the working face is predicted. The maximum air supply length of fan 1# is determined under different fan’s rotating speed and air duct leakage situation. For three installation locations of fan 2#, the increased air supply length, the fans’ operating parameters and fans’ power are further compared. The rational installation location of fan 2# is given out. Under different air duct leakage situation, the temporal and spatial distributions of CO concentration inside the tunnel after blasting are predicted. The effect of air duct leakage situation on the safe re-entry time for the workers is given out. This research can provide theoretical support for engineers to evaluate the effectiveness of pressed-in ventilation system during the construction period.","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142816585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advantages of low-cost LiDAR sensors in surveying underground utility networks","authors":"Angelina Jerjomina, Sander Varbla","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2024.106325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2024.106325","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate knowledge of underground utility networks’ placement facilitates various tasks, such as urban development. The most accurate data can be acquired via geodetic surveys using total stations during construction while the trench has yet to be backfilled. However, the period between networks’ instalment and trench backfilling is often short, meaning that surveyors may arrive at construction sites after backfilling, making geodetic surveys impossible. A solution to this problem could be for contractors to measure the networks themselves right after the installation has been finalised. Accordingly, this study proposes an alternative surveying approach to conventional geodetic surveys. The recent emergence of low-cost LiDAR sensors provides novel data collection possibilities, making point cloud surveys accessible to many new users like construction contractors; this study evaluates the suitability of an Apple LiDAR sensor. In addition to a controlled office experiment for apprising different surveying approaches, surveys were conducted at three construction sites. Accuracy estimates generally in the range of 2…5 cm were obtained. Furthermore, the outer diameters of over 200 mm pipes and slopes of gravity flow pipelines could also be determined relatively reliably. Compared to conventional total station surveys or terrestrial laser scanning, which is employed for validation, the low-cost LiDAR surveys are also significantly faster, taking only a few minutes when utility networks span up to 100 m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2</ce:sup>. It is concluded that Apple LiDAR sensors could mitigate problems associated with fast-paced construction schedules that typically hinder underground utility networks’ surveys by allowing quick and operational data collection before trench backfilling. Practical tests demonstrate that contractors can conduct such surveys independently after training.","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142816582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study on seismic response of a shallow buried underground structure in coral sand and coral gravelly sand by centrifuge modeling","authors":"Zhongxiang Zhang, Su Chen, Yongzhi Wang, Xiaojun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2024.106318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2024.106318","url":null,"abstract":"Coral sand, as a geological material for foundation filling, is widely used for reclamation projects in coral reef areas. The coral sand is characterized by a wide grain size distribution. A series of centrifuge shaking table tests were conducted to explore the seismic response of a shallow buried underground structure in saturated coral sand and coral gravelly sand. The emphasis was placed on comparing the similarities and differences in the dynamic behavior of the underground structure at the two sites. The responses of excess pore pressure, acceleration, displacement, and dynamic soil pressure of the structure were analyzed in detail. The results indicated that the underground structure in coral sand had a significant influence on the development of excess pore pressure in the surrounding soil, but this effect was not evident in coral gravelly sand due to well-drained channels. Liquefaction was observed in the soil layer around the structure in coral sand, but it did not occur in coral gravelly sand. In coral sand, the liquefaction of the soil layer at the bottom of the structure caused a significant attenuation in the acceleration of the structure. Compared to coral gravelly sand, the acceleration response of the soil layer near the bottom of the underground structure was higher in coral sand. During the shaking, the displacement pattern of the structure in coral gravelly sand was slight subsidence-slight uplift-significant subsidence, while it exhibited a significant uplift in coral sand. The maximum dynamic soil pressure distribution on the structural sidewalls presented a trapezoidal distribution, and the dynamic soil pressure had a strong connection with the development of excess pore pressure in the surrounding soil.","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142816583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of water-based fixed fire fighting systems in road tunnels: A review","authors":"Tao Deng, Stuart Norris, Mingnian Wang, Li Yu, Zhiguo Yan, Rajnish N. Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2024.106313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2024.106313","url":null,"abstract":"A review concerning the development and performance of water-based fixed fire fighting systems (WFFFS) in road tunnels is presented. Conventional WFFFS types, including automatic sprinkler system, deluge system, and water mist system, have gained recognition as valuable supplements to ventilation systems in combating tunnel fires. Full-scale projects through international collaborations have been instrumental in formulating guidelines for facilitating the installation and optimal functioning of WFFFS in road tunnels. Extensive small-scale experiments, along with numerical investigations documented in literature, greatly contribute to complete exploring the performance of WFFFS. Owing to these efforts, advantages of WFFFS, such as reducing fire size, cooling hot smoke, and limiting smoke spread are well affirmed, and the shed mechanisms behind these fire fighting effects now have been well understood. However, WFFFS also present challenges from aspects such as disrupting smoke stratification and augmenting the production of toxic combustion products. From the review, further development of WFFFS in road tunnels relies on establishing methods of specifying design fires that accounts for suppression effects of WFFFS, as well as gaining deeper insights into the cooperative and interactive mechanisms between WFFFS and mechanical ventilation systems.","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142816584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}