Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology最新文献

{"title":"Experimental investigation on the fire performance of novel multi-scale fiber reinforced UHPC segments","authors":"Yao Zhang ,&nbsp;Ruanxiang Xiong ,&nbsp;Panpan Cheng ,&nbsp;Yibo Chen ,&nbsp;Weigang Zhao ,&nbsp;Kaihang Han ,&nbsp;Xi Jiang ,&nbsp;Hehua Zhu ,&nbsp;Zhiguo Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107417","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107417","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The limitations of conventional reinforced concrete (RC) lining segments in complex geological and fire-prone environments have driven the demand for more durable and fire-resilient materials in shield tunnel construction. Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) offers outstanding strength and durability but is vulnerable to explosive spalling and rapid strength degradation at elevated temperatures. This study develops a multi-scale fiber-reinforced ultra-high-performance concrete (MSFUHPC) incorporating steel, polyethylene, and carbon fibers, together with fly ash cenospheres (CE), aiming to enhance thermal stability, suppress spalling, and reduce thermal degradation through their synergistic effects. Comparative experiments investigate the spalling behavior and mechanical performance of MSFUHPC segments with and without rebars, under both ambient conditions and hydrocarbon (HC) fire conditions. Results show that MSFUHPC segments exhibit superior fire resistance, reduced spalling depth, and improved load-bearing capacity compared with conventional concrete. CE-containing segments exhibit a maximum spalling depth of only around 5 mm and retain up to 2.9 times the post-fire load-bearing capacity of RC linings. Rebars further mitigate spalling and enhance post-fire ductility by improving heat dissipation and stress redistribution, and their partial strength recovery after cooling contributes to residual capacity retention. Overall, MSFUHPC demonstrates excellent mechanical stability, spalling resistance, and post-fire recovery, offering a practical and fire-resilient material solution for next-generation shield tunnel linings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107417"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation on the upstream–downstream thermal interactions during sequential artificial ground freezing (SAGF) of metro twin tunnels in high-seepage ground","authors":"Kangjian Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107484","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107484","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sequential artificial ground freezing (SAGF) provides improved frost heave control in urban tunnel engineering; however, its performance is challenged in high-seepage ground due to complex thermo-hydraulic interactions between the upstream and downstream freezing zones, where groundwater flow disrupts thermal symmetry and compromises curtain closure. This study focuses on the novel upstream–downstream interactions induced by sequential freezing under groundwater flow. A coupled thermo-hydraulic numerical model is developed to investigate the upstream–downstream effect during SAGF under various seepage velocities. The evolution of the temperature field, closure behavior, average temperature, and effective thickness of the frozen curtain is systematically analyzed. The results show that seepage velocities below 10 m/d cause asymmetric cooling that disrupts overall closure, whereas velocities exceeding 10 m/d lead to significant downstream cold energy transport, delayed closure, and potential non-closure of the frozen curtain. The closure time of the upstream freezing curtain increases exponentially when the seepage velocity exceeds a critical threshold of 7 m/d. In contrast, the closure time of downstream freezing exhibits a nonmonotonic response to seepage velocity, governed by the net cold energy balance. The frozen curtain develops pronounced asymmetry, with its consistently weakest zone located at approximately 225° relative to the tunnel center. These findings reveal the dominant mechanism of upstream–downstream thermal interaction under seepage conditions and provide quantitative design guidance for SAGF in high-seepage environments, highlighting the necessity of seepage-adaptive strategies in future engineering practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107484"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TTM: A concise yet effective surface reconstruction approach for tunnel point cloud from mobile mapping system","authors":"Hao Cui ,&nbsp;Jian Li ,&nbsp;Qingwu Hu ,&nbsp;Long He ,&nbsp;Yiwen Tao ,&nbsp;Lei Xu ,&nbsp;Qingzhou Mao","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tunnels are critical infrastructure, the surface reconstruction of their point cloud is essential for applications such as reality capture BIM and digital twin systems. While mobile mapping systems (MMS) represent an efficient approach for acquiring tunnel point clouds, existing surface reconstruction methods suffer from low efficiency and poor geometric fidelity in tunnel environments. This paper proposes TTM (topology transfer meshing), a concise yet efficient surface reconstruction method for MMS-acquired tunnel point clouds. The approach employs an occlusion-free projection to map 3D point clouds onto a 2D plane, constructs a 2D Delaunay triangulation, and subsequently transfers the mesh topology back to 3D space through a topology transfer mechanism. Qualitative and quantitative experiments conducted on point cloud datasets totaling over 6 km of subway, high-speed rail, and highway tunnels, comprising more than 1 billion points, demonstrate that our method outperforms both conventional and deep learning-based surface reconstruction approaches in both computational efficiency and geometric fidelity. Additional experiments confirm the method’s robust meshing capability with decimated point clouds while revealing heightened sensitivity to point clouds containing substantial measurement errors. Beyond tunnel engineering, this technique extends to digital modeling of linear infrastructure, including pipelines and utility tunnels, providing efficient technical support for intelligent operation and maintenance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107411"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An integrated in-situ evaluation grouting method based on multi-parameter fusion of probe drilling, water pressure tests, and horizontal cross-hole resistivity tomography","authors":"Lichao Nie ,&nbsp;Pengyu Jing ,&nbsp;Shixun Jia ,&nbsp;Zhi-Qiang Li ,&nbsp;Shimin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107480","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107480","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fractured, water-bearing rock ahead of tunnel faces is a principal cause of water and mud inrush. Quantifying the in-situ performance of pre-excavation grouting remains challenging because the process is not directly observable. This study proposes a multi-parameter fusion framework that integrates probe drilling, water pressure tests, and horizontal cross-hole resistivity tomography for evaluating tunnel grouting in-situ. Four normalized indicators—average resistivity (R), water inflow (V), rock-mass integrity (W), and water permeability (K)—are combined using a convex-combination weighting of AHP and entropy weights and a second-order Choquet integral to obtain the interpretable, segment-level grouting-effectiveness index, which ranged from 0.6624 to 0.7577 after grouting. The fusion captures interactions among indicators while preserving physical interpretability. This evaluation method also coordinates and validates the qualitative observations of various exploration techniques before and after grouting with the quantitative analysis results, enabling a more detailed and convincing evaluation of grouting effectiveness. Applied to a complex section of the No. 2 tunnel of Xianglu Mountain in Southwest China, the framework identified post-grouting increases in resistivity and integrity and reductions in water permeability and inflow through field experiments, consistent with post-excavation observations. The results demonstrate a robust, operational approach for in-situ assessment of grouting performance that is transferable to tunnels with similar hydrogeological settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107480"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New cutting tool wear testing method for evaluating the influence of foam additive on plowing effect during shield TBM tunnelling in dense sandy gravel ground","authors":"Shao-Hui Tang ,&nbsp;Xiao-Ping Zhang ,&nbsp;Quan-Sheng Liu ,&nbsp;Yu-Cong Pan ,&nbsp;Wei-Qiang Xie ,&nbsp;Xin-Fang Li ,&nbsp;Hao-Jie Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When shield TBM tunnelling in abrasive sandy gravel ground, the higher ripper tooth plows the excavation surface, and then the lower scraper cuts the loose sandy gravel. The plowing effect refering to the mitigation of ripper tooth on scraper wear by loosing the dense sandy gravel is related to cutter height difference, inherent soil properties and foam additive parameters. However, the previous studies focus mainly on the former two factors, and the influence mechanisms of foam additives on the plowing effect are unclear. To fulfill the evaluation of plowing effect under various foam additive conditions, the WHU-SAT test apparatus that can continuously change cutter height difference was developed. The plowing coefficient was proposed to quantify the plowing effect of ripper tooth on dense sandy gravel ground. The variations in plowing coefficient, ripper tooth wear and modelled cutterhead torque with foam additive parameters were analyzed under various cutter height difference conditions. The influence mechanisms of solution concentration and injection ratio on plowing effect were revealed based on particle contact analysis. Cutter height difference and foam additive parameters were optimized for abrasive sandy gravel ground tunnelling. The results indicate that under the lubrication of active material on particle surface and the cushion of air bubble on particle contact, the plowing coefficient increases rapidly and then slowly with increasing solution concentration and injection ratio. The ripper tooth wear and modelled cutterhead torque decrease first rapidly and then slowly with increasing solution concentration, while they decrease first and then stabilize with increasing injection ratio. The optimal cutter height difference stabilizes with solution concentration, while it decreases first and then stabilizes with increasing injection ratio. The present study provides a reference for optimizing cutter height difference and foam additive parameters in abrasive sandy gravel ground tunnelling using shield TBM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107499"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-driven causal factor analysis of metro construction incidents using complex network theory","authors":"Pan Zhang ,&nbsp;Michael C.P. Sing ,&nbsp;Albert P.C. Chan ,&nbsp;Shengyu Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107464","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107464","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Near misses and accidents remain two of the most prevalent undesired incidents in metro construction, posing significant threats to safety. While these incidents often share common causal factors, the large number of factors involved in these incidents and the intricate relationships among them make it difficult to identify potential hazards and formulate targeted prevention measures. To address this challenge, this study applied complex network theory to systematically examine the interrelationships among causal factors of metro construction incidents. A case study approach was adopted, drawing on more than 4,000 near-miss and accident reports collected from multiple sources, such as government websites and construction sites. Accident chains and near-miss causation-attribute chains were extracted based on a comprehensive list of causal factors and work attributes (i.e., construction phase, construction area, and worker type). They were then used to construct a two-layer Metro Construction Incident Network (MCIN), capturing the multifaceted interactions between factors. Robustness assessment indicated that strength-based attack was one of the most effective strategies for incident prevention. Also, network topology analysis identified critical causal factors of accidents and near misses and revealed their occurrence patterns across different work attributes. Integrating work attributes into analysis provides greater flexibility for developing targeted prevention strategies for safety risks that are prone to incidents. The findings offer both theoretical insight for advancing accident causation analysis and practical guidance for improving safety risk management in metro construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107464"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A numerical study of damage evolution and crack propagation in backfill bodies of high-temperature thermal energy storage cavities in mines","authors":"Rui Zhan,&nbsp;Bo Zhang,&nbsp;Lang Liu,&nbsp;Chao Huan,&nbsp;Huisheng Qu,&nbsp;Huicong Xu,&nbsp;Jin Zhang,&nbsp;Hongjun Xi","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107362","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107362","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The utilization of goafs for building high-temperature thermal energy storage cavities is an effective approach to large-scale solar thermal energy storage. However, its long-term stability is constrained by the damage evolution and crack propagation of the backfill body under thermo-mechanical coupling effects. To address this, this study establishes a thermo-mechanical-damage coupled model based on elastic damage theory to describe the damage behavior of the backfill body under thermal expansion effects. Damage evolution is jointly governed by the maximum tensile stress criterion and the Drucker-Prager criterion. The model’s accuracy is validated through numerical simulations, high-temperature uniaxial compression tests on backfill bodies, and comparisons with analytical solutions. Based on this model, the crack propagation and damage evolution patterns during long-term operation of the thermal energy storage cavity are investigated. Results indicate that the circular thermal energy storage cavity, due to its axisymmetric structure, facilitates a uniform distribution of thermal stresses. Radial thermal expansion is converted into uniform circumferential stresses, thereby reducing local stress concentrations. Storage temperature is a key factor controlling backfill body damage. The damage growth rate reaches as much as 56.8 % in the high-temperature range of 400 °C to 450 °C, significantly higher than the 16.8 % growth rate observed between 300 °C and 350 °C. Under low vertical stress conditions, damage zones in the backfill body remain controllable without crack propagation. Conversely, high vertical stress induces coupling between stress concentration and the thermal softening effect, leading to tensile damage at the top and bottom of the thermal energy storage cavity and ultimately resulting in crack formation. Furthermore, maintaining a spacing between adjacent thermal energy storage cavities on the same level that exceeds 1.5 times the cavity diameter effectively mitigates the risk of overall instability caused by the interconnection of damage zones. This study provides theoretical foundations and technical references for the safe design of high-temperature thermal energy storage cavities in mine goaf areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107362"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical response characteristics and influencing factors analysis of non-parallel complex subway station-tunnel groups close proximity construction","authors":"Xinrong Liu ,&nbsp;Lei Fang ,&nbsp;Xiaohan Zhou ,&nbsp;Qiang Xu ,&nbsp;Kun Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107472","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107472","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanical response characteristics of the adjacent structures involving non-parallel complex subway tunnels significantly affect the stability of tunnel structures and ground settlement. To analyze the mechanical stability of both the main and auxiliary tunnels in the vicinity of the subway station, an integrated methodological framework that combines physical model testing with advanced numerical simulation techniques was adopted to precisely identify the deformation characteristics of adjacent non-parallel main and auxiliary tunnels. In addition, the study systematically investigated the influence mechanisms associated with construction sequence, construction methods, and excavation step spacing on the mechanical behavior of the tunnel structures and the stability of stratum. The results indicate that the disturbance-induced settlement of the main tunnel crown gradually decreases as adjacent non-parallel auxiliary tunnels are excavated upward. Meanwhile, as the vertical elevation difference between the main and auxiliary tunnels increases, the principal stress borne by the main tunnel lining is gradually transferred toward the lining of the auxiliary tunnel. Excavation of Auxiliary Tunnel No. 6 and the wind pavilion trigger sudden mutual deformation and abrupt stress release in the intervening rock mass; therefore, particular attention should be paid to its stability and reinforcement. The deformation of the tunnel group and the ventilation shaft structure mainly occurs during the excavation process. Construction method and step length significantly affect vault deformation and surface settlement of the tunnel group, whereas construction sequence mainly impacts stress disturbance among individual tunnels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107472"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unified nonlinear modelling of longitudinal equivalent bending stiffness for circular and non-circular shield tunnels","authors":"Xumin Huang ,&nbsp;Linchong Huang ,&nbsp;Yu Liang ,&nbsp;Yanli Zhang ,&nbsp;Zuxian Wang ,&nbsp;Yuyong Jiao ,&nbsp;Wengang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107485","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107485","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The longitudinal equivalent bending stiffness (LEBS) governs the deformation behavior of shield tunnels. Conventional methods for determining LEBS, however, are restricted in both universality and computational efficiency by their dependence on specific geometric equations of the tunnel cross-section for internal force integration. Through discretization and numerical integration, this paper introduces a unified circumferential joint fiber section model (U-CJFM) to evaluate the nonlinear LEBS of a tunnel with arbitrary cross-sections, enabling the identification of joint bending modes via the relative positions of the neutral and yield axes. Validation against experimental and analytical results for tunnels with circular, quasi-rectangular (QR), and double-O-tube (DOT) cross-sections confirms the accuracy of U-CJFM, with computational efficiency improved by factors of 11.5, 8.1, and 5.7, respectively. Parametric analysis demonstrates the model’s ability to uniformly characterize the nonlinear bending evolution of the tunnel joint under different interface states. When the influence range factor of the circumferential joint (λ) is within the internal [0,1], the longitudinal equivalent bending stiffness efficiency (<em>η</em>) decreases significantly with the increase of <em>λ</em>. When <em>λ</em> exceeds 1, <em>η</em> remains stable while the neutral axis shifts downward. With the increase of the height-width ratio of tunnel cross-sections, the stiffness efficiency <em>η</em> and the compression area of the joint increase, especially under partial contact conditions. Post-yield constitutive behavior of the joint bolt is decisive for stiffness efficiency <em>η</em>, as it declines sequentially with hardening, ideal, and softening constitutive models. Under the identical functional requirements, the quasi-rectangular section demonstrates superior space utilization, and the circular section exhibits optimal bending resistance. This work provides a theoretical basis for predicting the nonlinear longitudinal responses and assessing the safety of shield tunnels with diverse cross-sections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107485"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physics-based digital twin system for artificial ground freezing: implementation in Bangkok tunnel rehabilitation","authors":"Jie Zhou ,&nbsp;Chengjun Liu ,&nbsp;Chao Ban ,&nbsp;Zhenming Shi ,&nbsp;Hsinming Shang ,&nbsp;Huade Zhou ,&nbsp;Zeyao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107469","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107469","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the inaugural implementation of a physics-based digital twin (DT) system for artificial ground freezing (AGF) construction, demonstrated through Bangkok’s pioneering tunnel rehabilitation project. The work is situated within the broader challenge of urban underground infrastructure under complex geological and environmental constraints, which increasingly demands high-precision and adaptive technologies. This project faces severe challenges due to complex and uneven strata, extremely high ground temperatures, and strict requirements for disturbance control of adjacent structures, making it difficult to rely solely on traditional numerical simulations. The developed physics-data integrated DT system addresses these limitations by synergizing finite element modeling with real-time data assimilation, establishing a dynamically optimized virtual representation of the freezing process. Through calibrated initial parameters from comprehensive in-situ sampling and laboratory tests, coupled with custom-developed bidirectional data interfaces, the system achieves accurate full-field predictions (MAE &lt;0.6 °C) while maintaining computational efficiency. The successful field deployment validates the framework’s capability to enhance decision-making accuracy, optimize freezing parameters operationally, and mitigate risks in complex urban geotechnical environments, marking a significant advancement for sustainable underground infrastructure repair.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107469"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146110259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}