Ziquan Chen, Hongxiang Zhan, Guowen Xu, Chuan He, Bo Wang, Renjie Yao
{"title":"Investigation on the reasonable application timing for composite structural system of deep buried tunnels using mechanized construction method","authors":"Ziquan Chen, Hongxiang Zhan, Guowen Xu, Chuan He, Bo Wang, Renjie Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106742","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106742","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Currently, the application of mechanized construction method in tunnel engineering is becoming increasingly widespread, which also poses new challenges to the rockmass stability and structural safety control. In order to determine the appropriate application timing of composite structural systems in the entire mechanized construction process, this paper takes the Maoxian tunnel along the Chengdu-Lanzhou railway in China as the engineering background. The reasonable application timing calculation method for advanced support, primary support and secondary lining is been established, and the impact of different rockmass grades and burial depths on surrounding rock stability and structural mechanics behavior are analyzed. The application timing and construction strategy of the composite structure systems are optimized to meet the high efficiency and safety requirements of mechanized construction operations. The results indicate that timely application of advanced support and primary support, appropriately increasing their parameters, can help ensure the stability of surrounding rock and delay subsequent processes, thereby meeting the requirements of mechanized construction method. As the surrounding rock quality weakens or the burial depth increases, the distance that requires advanced support gradually increases. The strategy of strengthening advanced support and delaying primary support is been proposed to enhance the adaptability of mechanized construction method in weak formations. For III-grade and IV-grade rockmass, the primary support can be delayed, and the installation sequence of steel arch and rockbolt can be changed to control the over-excavation during mechanized operations. For the V-grade rockmass, it is not only necessary to perform primary support immediately after excavation, but also to dynamically design and adjust the parameters of advanced support to delay the application of primary support within a safe range. In order to meet the longitudinal space requirements of the equipment line, the application of secondary lining needs to be delayed by 80 to 120 m, which can be achieved by strengthening primary support. The reasonable application timing of secondary lining should consider the rockmass stability during the construction phase, as well as the tunnel structural safety during the operation phase.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 106742"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144291603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shaolong Qin, Xingdong Zhao, Tong Wu, Jingyi Song, Xuewen Cao
{"title":"Comprehensive prevention and control research on rockburst in ultradeep shaft based on theoretical deepening and practical verification","authors":"Shaolong Qin, Xingdong Zhao, Tong Wu, Jingyi Song, Xuewen Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106805","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106805","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the continuous increase in underground engineering depth, rockburst—a highly destructive geological hazard—poses a significant threat to the safety and stability of engineering projects. This study focuses on the rockburst challenges in the −1915 m ultra-deep shaft project of the Sanshandao Gold Mine, situated 125 m from the active Sanshandao Fault Zone. By integrating theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and microstrain monitoring, this research systematically explores rockburst mechanisms, prediction models, and support optimization strategies. Through in situ stress measurements, rock mass quality evaluations, and structural plane analyses, the geological conditions and rockburst initiation environments in the study area are systematically characterized. A rockburst prediction model grounded in variation and functional theory incorporates stress tensors, strain energy density, and damage variables to accurately identify the intersections of structural planes in the surrounding rock at the −1561 m shaft depth as high-risk zones. Based on failure mechanisms and support action principles for different rockburst grades, corresponding support schemes are proposed, and support parameters for bolts and linings are meticulously calculated using composite arch theory. Numerical simulations and engineering monitoring confirm that the support schemes applied to rockburst-prone areas effectively reduce the plastic zone radius and control shaft convergence within 0.28 %. Field microstrain monitoring demonstrates that the support system significantly mitigates deformation in the maximum principal stress direction, with surrounding rock deformation stabilizing within 21 days. This study enhances the understanding of rockburst dynamics in ultra-deep shafts and offers a transferable methodology for global deep mining projects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 106805"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144261969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuxuan Xia , Dongming Zhang , Bo Zhang , Hongwei Huang , Yue Tong , Cong Nie
{"title":"Real-time prediction of tunnel face deformations by multivariate construction information","authors":"Yuxuan Xia , Dongming Zhang , Bo Zhang , Hongwei Huang , Yue Tong , Cong Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106726","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106726","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under complex geological and construction conditions, the deformation prediction of drill-and-blast tunnel faces various challenges: limited generalizability of prediction models and acquisition of real-time deformation development data. To address these issues, this study develops a deep-learning model framework, CI<sub>embed</sub>-TFDF, for predicting deformation in the transversal section at tunnel faces. CI<sub>embed</sub>-TFDF utilizes two modules, TSMB and GIMB, to learn and input time series information (including deformation data and construction process data) and geological information. An improved linear attention module is then employed to integrate all multivariate information, and future deformation trends can be output by learning this information through the whole model. To achieve real-time prediction, an automatic wireless sensor network (WSN) monitoring system is developed. An Embedded Box for the placement of WSN based laser distance sensors (TCDS) is newly designed, so that real-time convergence deformation sequence can be acquired stably under the blasting environment at tunnel faces. With datasets collected from five diverse tunnel faces, ablation studies of CI<sub>embed</sub>-TFDF and performance comparison experiments with different baseline models were conducted. Validation demonstrates that CI<sub>embed</sub>-TFDF has high accuracy in single-tunnel prediction performance and generalization performance across different tunnel faces. This monitoring and early warning system offers significant benefits to tunnel construction safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 106726"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144261967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Failure mechanism and surface settlement analysis of tunnels in an inclined stratum based on the upper bound method","authors":"Tugen Feng , Ziang Chen , Daiguang Yu , Jian Zhang , Xiangcou Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106804","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106804","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shield tunnels are often excavated in mixed soil layer, in which the soil interface changes greatly. Such complex soil changes often lead to tunnel collapse and land subsidence exceeding limits. The coupling effects of formation inclination and composite ratio (ratio of soft soil thickness to tunnel diameter) on the failure mechanism and surface settlement deformation are investigated based on the upper bound finite element method. Fitting formulas are proposed to characterize the critical normalized surface settlement in an inclined stratum. The results show that the ultimate support forces of the tunnel in inclined stratum fluctuate increasing by 25 % or decreasing by 21 %. The maximum surface settlement area is shifted under the slope of the formation boundary. With the increase of formation inclination and composite ratio, the surface offset distance increases 76.19 % and decreases 58.5 % respectively. For further investigation, a simplified rigid block upper bound method is proposed which can effectively reflect the stability of tunnel in an inclined stratum.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 106804"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144270883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhenning Ba , Yeziqi Sun , Dongqiao Li , Shujuan Han , Yan Lu , Duzheng Sun
{"title":"Full-process seismic simulation method for urban underground rail transit networks considering source-path-structure effects","authors":"Zhenning Ba , Yeziqi Sun , Dongqiao Li , Shujuan Han , Yan Lu , Duzheng Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conducting seismic research on large-scale urban underground rail transit networks is a frontier topic in the development of resilient cities. However, existing studies excessively simplify the characteristics and physical mechanisms of regional seismic motion. A comprehensive seismic analysis method considering the whole process of source-path-structure has not been formed. Hence, to simulate the overall seismic response of urban underground rail transit network, this study proposes a process-based seismic simulation method for urban underground rail transit networks based on deterministic physical simulation. The proposed approach employs a kinematic hybrid source model in the Frequency-wavenumber (FK) domain to construct the seismic motion spatiotemporal field for the study site. The finite element method is used to determine the seismic response of the underground rail transit network. Taking the Tianjin underground rail transit network as an example, the proposed method is used to simulate the entire seismic response process from the source rupture to structural response analyzes. The dynamic response characteristics of the underground rail transit network under various intensities of near-fault seismic motion is analyzed. Additionally, the peak response distribution and potential damage risk assessments are obtained. The results show that the proposed method can reflect the characteristics of near-fault seismic motion, which means that the method could be used for the seismic disaster prevention and guidance for the urban-scale underground rail transit networks. The related research methods can provide references for urban seismic disaster relief, localized defense planning, and disaster scenario construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 106780"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144253519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dongxu Ouyang , Xiaojun Liu , Bo Liu , Zhirong Wang
{"title":"Thermal runaway properties of power cells under tunnel scenarios: Impact of state of charge, capacity, and chemistry","authors":"Dongxu Ouyang , Xiaojun Liu , Bo Liu , Zhirong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106802","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106802","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermal runaway risk of power cells inside tunnels is non-negligible, particularly considering the dramatic increase in electric vehicles and tunnels with the development of cities, thus an experimental investigation is performed in this research to disclose the thermal runaway properties of power cells at tunnel scenarios; in which, the impact of cell state of charge (SOC), capacity, and chemistry is involved. Power cells demonstrate two times gas/smoke releasing in the thermal runaway process, which occur after the safety valve opening and on the eve of the thermal runaway, respectively. The considerable gases released cause a dramatic decline of visibility inside the tunnel; taking the 40 Ah ternary (NMC) cell with 50 % SOC as the example, its thermal runaway results in an extinction coefficient of ∼ 0.67 m<sup>−1</sup>, indicating that the walking speed of human within the tunnel lower than that of a blind. It should be noted that the severity would further aggravate at the case with a lower SOC or higher capacity. There is an exponential decline between dimensionless temperature rise and dimensionless position for the tunnel ceiling, and the ceiling’s maximum temperature rise is found to grow linearly with the increasing the average heat release rate to the power of two-thirds and the tunnel’s height to the power of five-thirds. Finally, the smoke and toxic hazards inside the tunnel caused by the LFP cell’s thermal runaway are even worse than the NMC cell, due to the considerable amount of smoke released.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 106802"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144253520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Main issues and solutions in intelligent hole-position design for tunnel blasting","authors":"Haojun Wu, Min Gong, Zhenyang Cao, Xiaodong Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106769","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106769","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposed an intelligent hole-position planning method for tunnel blasting to address challenges such as inconsistent hole layout rules and the lack of mathematical methods to coordinate uneven hole positions. This method considered the initiation sequence and rock-breaking direction. A hole layout rule is established based on the burden uniformity. The impact of several design factors on the hole-position distribution is explored. By using intelligent algorithms, the hole positions are adaptively adjusted in double faces to ensure even distribution. The hole-positions planning was implemented in a section of the Dabashan tunnel, which has a width of 12.2 m and a height of 8.7 m. The burdens are all 953 mm at the hole bottom and 801 mm at the charge-column top for the relief holes on both sides of the cut zone. The row spacing between contour-hole entrances is 67 % of the average row spacing between relief-hole entrances. The study shows that the design advance and cut angle significantly affect the average and standard deviation of row spacing between relief-hole entrances. Different zones require distinct design priorities for hole layout. The proposed hole layout scheme satisfies multiple objectives, including uniform burdens, non-excessive burdens, and minimizing the number of holes. This advancement promoted the development of underground blasting towards accuracy, greenness, and intelligence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 106769"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144253521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xianlong Wu , Xiaohua Bao , Jun Shen , Xiangsheng Chen
{"title":"Seismic resilience assessment of shield tunnels under contact loss defects using a hybrid neural network model driven by machine learning and numerical simulation","authors":"Xianlong Wu , Xiaohua Bao , Jun Shen , Xiangsheng Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106801","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106801","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Contact loss defects (CLD) have a significant impact on the seismic performance of shield tunnels with segmental joints. Accurately evaluating the seismic resilience of tunnels under the influence of CLD is crucial for ensuring the safety of urban rail transit systems. In this study, a comprehensive dataset considering the effects of CLD was constructed using actual ground penetrating radar (GPR) detection data, combined with Monte Carlo sampling and finite element simulations. A machine learning and numerical simulation-driven MoE-BP (Mixture of Experts–Backpropagation) neural network model was proposed to efficiently and accurately assess the seismic resilience of shield tunnels with segments joints. Based on the assessment results, targeted recommendations for defect repair strategies were developed. The results indicate that the shear wave velocity of the stratum and the circumferential angle of the CLD are the most critical factors influencing the seismic performance of tunnel; when the defects are located near segmental joints, which pose the most adverse impact on resilience. The proposed seismic resilience assessment indicators—combining damage variables and the inner contour area of the tunnel—effectively capture the coupling effects between CLD and segmental joints. Compared with a conventional BP neural network, the MoE-BP model achieves significantly higher accuracy and computational efficiency, with a 70% reduction in mean squared error and a 13% increase in correlation coefficient after 1000 training epochs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 106801"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144262092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hao Huang , Ziming Liu , Yongdan Wang , Hainian Wang
{"title":"Parametric modeling and safety simulation of pit excavation affecting adjacent tunnels based on BIM-FEM framework","authors":"Hao Huang , Ziming Liu , Yongdan Wang , Hainian Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106800","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106800","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research puts forward an intelligent analysis framework to tackle key issues in the collaborative analysis of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and the Finite Element Method (FEM) within urban foundation pit projects. These issues include model conversion distortion, poor mesh convergence, and low efficiency in multi – case iterations. By integrating BIM parametric modeling with FEM automated analysis, this framework enables the deformation analysis and safety assessment of existing tunnels during foundation pit excavation. Firstly, a 3D geology – support – tunnel parametric collaborative modeling workflow on the BIM platform is utilized to enhance collaborative design efficiency and facilitate dynamic updates. Secondly, through the secondary development of TCL (Tool Command Language) and Python scripts for the meshing software Hypermesh and the numerical simulation software ABAQUS, a hexahedral mesh optimization algorithm and an automated pre-processing process are established. This effectively resolves problems of geometric aberration and mesh convergence in traditional BIM-FEM data conversion. Finally, an interactive platform for multi-case analysis is employed to analyze the spatio-temporal evolution of neighboring tunnel deformation during excavation. Validation using typical soft-soil pit projects reveals that the simulation error for tunnel deformation is maintained within the range of 1.36% to 4.7%, while the errors for surface settlement and ground wall displacement remain below 6.31%. The displacement characteristics of the ground wall in the soft – soil layer are captured with an average accuracy of 97.45%. The study shows that the horizontal and vertical displacements of the tunnel decay exponentially with the distance from and depth of the foundation pit. It identifies the deformation – sensitive areas of existing tunnels and sets up critical position control parameters for displacement thresholds. This framework overcomes the efficiency bottlenecks of traditional manual modeling, reducing the time for a single design change from 8 to 12 h to less than 30 min. Thus, it offers a high – precision and efficient solution for safety assessments in sensitive surrounding environments through digital twin technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 106800"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144262093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Computed method for the thermal buckling performance of a constrained non-circular heated pipeline with an oval inverted arch","authors":"Qian Zhang , Shiyi Zhang , Meiling Shen , Zhaochao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106803","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106803","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on the thermal buckling analysis of a confined noncircular pipeline with an oval inverted arch subjected to thermal loads. A trigonometric formula is employed to illustrate the radial inward deflection of the pipeline resulting from the rigid confinement of the surrounding medium (soils/rocks). The governing equations are derived by integrating the classical shell theory with energy criteria. These equations are solved to obtain the temperature–displacement equilibrium paths and critical temperature variations. Furthermore, a comprehensive comparison is conducted to validate the accuracy of the proposed computational method. This favourable alignment with other available solutions substantiates the effectiveness of this investigation. Finally, the impacts of varying central angles, ovalities, and thickness-to-radius ratios on the thermal stability of a noncircular pipeline with an oval inverted arch are analysed. These conclusions indicate that an increased central angle and ovality significantly affect the thermal stability of the system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 106803"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144253522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}