Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology最新文献

{"title":"Data-driven causal factor analysis of metro construction incidents using complex network theory","authors":"Pan Zhang ,&nbsp;Michael C.P. Sing ,&nbsp;Albert P.C. Chan ,&nbsp;Shengyu Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107464","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107464","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Near misses and accidents remain two of the most prevalent undesired incidents in metro construction, posing significant threats to safety. While these incidents often share common causal factors, the large number of factors involved in these incidents and the intricate relationships among them make it difficult to identify potential hazards and formulate targeted prevention measures. To address this challenge, this study applied complex network theory to systematically examine the interrelationships among causal factors of metro construction incidents. A case study approach was adopted, drawing on more than 4,000 near-miss and accident reports collected from multiple sources, such as government websites and construction sites. Accident chains and near-miss causation-attribute chains were extracted based on a comprehensive list of causal factors and work attributes (i.e., construction phase, construction area, and worker type). They were then used to construct a two-layer Metro Construction Incident Network (MCIN), capturing the multifaceted interactions between factors. Robustness assessment indicated that strength-based attack was one of the most effective strategies for incident prevention. Also, network topology analysis identified critical causal factors of accidents and near misses and revealed their occurrence patterns across different work attributes. Integrating work attributes into analysis provides greater flexibility for developing targeted prevention strategies for safety risks that are prone to incidents. The findings offer both theoretical insight for advancing accident causation analysis and practical guidance for improving safety risk management in metro construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107464"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physics-based digital twin system for artificial ground freezing: implementation in Bangkok tunnel rehabilitation","authors":"Jie Zhou ,&nbsp;Chengjun Liu ,&nbsp;Chao Ban ,&nbsp;Zhenming Shi ,&nbsp;Hsinming Shang ,&nbsp;Huade Zhou ,&nbsp;Zeyao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107469","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107469","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the inaugural implementation of a physics-based digital twin (DT) system for artificial ground freezing (AGF) construction, demonstrated through Bangkok’s pioneering tunnel rehabilitation project. The work is situated within the broader challenge of urban underground infrastructure under complex geological and environmental constraints, which increasingly demands high-precision and adaptive technologies. This project faces severe challenges due to complex and uneven strata, extremely high ground temperatures, and strict requirements for disturbance control of adjacent structures, making it difficult to rely solely on traditional numerical simulations. The developed physics-data integrated DT system addresses these limitations by synergizing finite element modeling with real-time data assimilation, establishing a dynamically optimized virtual representation of the freezing process. Through calibrated initial parameters from comprehensive in-situ sampling and laboratory tests, coupled with custom-developed bidirectional data interfaces, the system achieves accurate full-field predictions (MAE &lt;0.6 °C) while maintaining computational efficiency. The successful field deployment validates the framework’s capability to enhance decision-making accuracy, optimize freezing parameters operationally, and mitigate risks in complex urban geotechnical environments, marking a significant advancement for sustainable underground infrastructure repair.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107469"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146110259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical study of smoke movement and heat confinement under the influence of the stack effect in passages with horizontal and inclined sections","authors":"Zekun Li ,&nbsp;Georgios Maragkos ,&nbsp;Miaocheng Weng ,&nbsp;Fang Liu ,&nbsp;Bart Merci","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107447","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107447","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Smoke propagation in passages with combined horizontal and inclined sections is examined through theoretical analysis and CFD simulations. The study explores the effects of heat release rate (HRR), passage geometry, and fire source location on buoyancy-driven flow, ventilation behavior, and upstream smoke flow, including heat outflow. Results show that geometric parameters such as ceiling height and elevation height play a crucial role in governing the smoke movement patterns. A critical induced airflow velocity, called ‘heat confinement velocity’, is identified, beyond which upstream heat outflow is effectively suppressed. Beyond the parameters mentioned above, it also accounts for the influence of fire position, especially near the lower entrance and near inclined sections. Additionally, a simplified theoretical model is established to estimate the induced airflow velocity, as well as a scaling relationship between this induced velocity and the heat confinement velocity, for HRR values above and below the critical value as classically defined for tunnels. Finally, a significant impact is demonstrated if the location of the fire is close to an inclined section of the passage, with much weaker upstream smoke flow and much stronger flow into the inclined section of the passage. These findings are useful for performance-based smoke control design in inclined and semi-inclined underground spaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107447"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A two-stage robust optimization model for underground container logistics system investment under carbon tax and subsidies policies","authors":"Miaomiao Sun ,&nbsp;Chengji Liang ,&nbsp;Yu Wang ,&nbsp;Nikolai Bobylev","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid urbanization is causing severe traffic congestion and carbon emissions. Leveraging underground space for Underground Container Logistics Systems (UCLS) is a promising solution, but its adoption is hindered by substantial capital investment barriers. To overcome this hurdle, government interventions, such as carbon taxes and subsidies, are considered critical economic levers. However, the quantitative impact of these combined policies on an operator’s investment decision, especially under demand uncertainty, remains unclear. This study develops a Two-Stage Robust Optimization (2S-RO) model from the port operator’s perspective to address this gap. The model determines the optimal strategic investment in UCLS routes (Stage 1) and the corresponding tactical container flow allocation (Stage 2), minimizing total costs under the worst-case demand scenario characterized by a budget-of-uncertainty set. The model is solved using a Column-and-Constraint Generation (C&amp;CG) algorithm. A case study based on the Shanghai port region, consisting of 2 logistics parks and 3 container ports with annual demand of 20,500 Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit (TEU), analyzes 15 policy scenarios. Results reveal a policy combination “tipping point” effect: neither carbon tax nor subsidy alone triggers UCLS investment, but their combination at a threshold intensity (15 yuan/kg carbon tax + 15 % subsidy) makes UCLS economically viable, achieving 16.13 % cost savings, 59.08 % carbon emission reduction (from 2,847.6 to 1,165.2 tons/year), and a 2.9-year investment payback period. Flow allocation analysis shows that at this tipping point, 48.8 % of container flows shift from road transport to UCLS (37.6 % to shallow systems and 11.2 % to deep systems). Sensitivity analysis demonstrates that demand uncertainty, investment cost variations, and carbon emission caps significantly influence investment decisions: higher uncertainty requires stronger policy support, ±30 % cost variations substantially alter project viability, and emission caps must be set below 2000 tons/year (70 % of baseline) to effectively drive investment. This research provides a quantitative framework for operators to evaluate UCLS projects under uncertainty and offers evidence-based policy design guidance for policymakers, contributing to sustainable urban underground space utilization and port logistics decarbonization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107444"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145995547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermomechanical behavior and damage mechanism of the lining backfill body of high-temperature thermal energy storage reservoirs in mines","authors":"Gang Xu ,&nbsp;Pengfei Shan ,&nbsp;Xingping Lai ,&nbsp;Qinxin Hu ,&nbsp;Shangtong Yang ,&nbsp;Huicong Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107409","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107409","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The construction of underground thermal energy storage (UTES) systems using the space of abandoned mines is one of the most promising large-scale energy storage methods for the future. However, thermal fatigue damage caused by high-temperature environments may trigger potential destabilization of the backfill body that surround the thermal energy storage reservoir. It is therefore worthwhile to investigate the mechanism of mechanical weakening of the backfill body due to temperature effects. In this study, backfill body samples were subjected to heat treatment at six temperature levels and static mechanical testing. The thermomechanical behavior of the backfill body at different heating temperatures was investigated. Through acoustic emission (AE) technology and scanning electron microscope (SEM), the damage evolution law and instability precursors of the backfill body under thermomechanical effects were analyzed, revealing the crack propagation behavior and damage weakening mechanism of the backfill body. The results show that when the heating temperature rose from 25 °C to 500 °C, the compressive strength and elastic modulus of the backfill body decreased by 78.61 % and 84.21 %, and the peak strain increased by 62.54 %. High temperatures significantly weaken the mechanical properties of backfill body samples, promote plastic softening in the samples, and increase their ductility and deformation capacity. This is microscopically attributed to the structural damage to the backfill body caused by the progressive decomposition of ettringite, calcium silicate hydrate, and calcium hydroxide in high-temperature environments. This effect is visible in the SEM images of the microstructure of the backfill body and is dominated by the temperature level. The evolution patterns of AE counts and <em>b</em>-values effectively characterize the damage process of the backfill body and provide valuable early warning information for its fracture instability. As the temperature increased, the proportion of shear cracks rose from 31.72 % to 74.18 %. High temperatures significantly accelerate the formation and propagation of shear cracks, ultimately leading to a tensile-shear hybrid failure in the backfill body dominated by shear cracking. The research results provide theoretical references for the reinforcement design and disaster warning of defect-sensitive areas in thermal energy storage reservoir in UTES projects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107409"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146033345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study on the impact of tunnel cross-sectional shape on the accidental dispersion and explosion characteristics of hydrogen","authors":"Lei Baiwei ,&nbsp;Guo Zekai ,&nbsp;Li Xiaotang ,&nbsp;Guo Changna","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To analyze the impact of different tunnel cross-sectional geometries on the accidental dispersion and explosion characteristics of hydrogen, In this study, we utilize the CFD tool GASFLOW-MPI to numerically simulate the leakage, dispersion, and combustion of hydrogen in a full-scale tunnel. Two different tunnel cross-sectional structures are considered: arched roof tunnel and trapezoidal roof tunnel. The DES turbulence models simulate the hydrogen leakage and combustion processes. The characteristics of hydrogen dispersion distribution, concentration stratification, flame acceleration zones, etc., under different tunnel structures are compared and analyzed. Additionally, the peak overpressure generated by hydrogen explosion under both tunnel structures is calculated. The results show that the arched roof tunnel has a wider dispersion range in the tunnel length direction, promoting the mixing of a larger amount of hydrogen with fresh air. However, the arched roof tunnel top is also more prone to forming high-concentration hydrogen accumulation zones in local areas, posing a risk of flame acceleration and detonation transition. The trapezoidal roof tunnel has a larger dispersion distance in the vertical and tunnel width directions, resulting in a more uniform mixing of the hydrogen cloud, and the risk of deflagration-to-detonation transition is relatively lower. The damage to the tunnel structure and personnel caused by the deflagration overpressure of the dispersed hydrogen cloud was evaluated. The results show that the arched roof tunnel has a larger range and more severe overpressure and high-temperature damage to the tunnel structure and equipment in the top space. The middle and lower spaces of the trapezoidal roof tunnel cause more damage to the personnel located there. This study can provide theoretical support for improving the prevention of hydrogen leakage accidents in highway tunnels, the ability to respond to emergencies, and tunnel design and management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107462"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new rock cutting and splitting method for hard-rock excavation: methodology, scaled model test and numerical modelling, and field validation","authors":"Jung-Woo Cho ,&nbsp;Hoyoung Jeong ,&nbsp;Sang-Hwa Yu ,&nbsp;Hee-Suk Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rock cutting and splitting is a new mechanical excavation method that consists of two steps: cutting with a saw and splitting with a wedge. The rock is cut to a prescribed depth in the first step, then each block is split by inserting a wedge into the cut. The main failure mechanism is tensile crack propagation from the base of the block towards the free face. We introduce an analytic solution to estimate the required indenting force. A series of scaled model tests confirmed that effective block separation occurs when the spacing-to-depth ratio is &lt;2.0. Numerical models reproduce the tensile fracturing mechanism and validate the experimental results. Finally, in situ excavation tests on a granite slope and a simulated tunnel face demonstrate the applicability of the method to real-world situations. In hard rock (UCS &gt; 100 MPa), the net cutting rate of CS method was 20 %–30 % higher than that predicted for roadheaders and more than 600 % higher than that of impact hammers. Photogrammetric surveys confirmed that the block shape matches the intended shape, suggesting the potential reuse of the blocks as construction material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107477"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cooling energy demand for maintaining frozen wall thickness in artificial ground freezing","authors":"Xu Li ,&nbsp;Rui-ming Li ,&nbsp;Xiao-kang Li ,&nbsp;Shuang Liu ,&nbsp;Zheng Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The frozen wall thickness (<em>E</em>) is critical for both freezing performance and expense in artificial ground freezing (AGF), while maintaining <em>E</em> precisely still poses a challenge. Accordingly, this study proposes a novel concept of cooling energy demand (<span><math><msub><mover><mi>Q</mi><mo>̇</mo></mover><mtext>d</mtext></msub></math></span>) at which <em>E</em> remains stable through a numerical orthogonal test on the heat exchange between the frozen wall and the surrounding stratum. Furthermore, a comprehensive <span><math><msub><mover><mi>Q</mi><mo>̇</mo></mover><mtext>d</mtext></msub></math></span> prediction model is developed and validated considering the initial stratum temperature, thermal conductivity of soil particles, saturated water content, and target frozen wall radius. Results show that heat flux between frozen wall and stratum remains uniform at the steady freezing state across an arbitrary section, laying a foundation for introducing the <span><math><msub><mover><mi>Q</mi><mo>̇</mo></mover><mtext>d</mtext></msub></math></span>. Additionally, the initial temperature and thermal conductivity of stratum are primary factors governing <span><math><msub><mover><mi>Q</mi><mo>̇</mo></mover><mtext>d</mtext></msub></math></span>, with a contribution rate of 70% and 24%, respectively, while the rest are secondary factors that can be normalized. Moreover, it has been verified that the proposed <span><math><msub><mover><mi>Q</mi><mo>̇</mo></mover><mtext>d</mtext></msub></math></span> model achieves higher precision than empirical approaches in controlling <em>E</em>. Overall, this study offers not only a theoretical basis but also practical guidance for precisely controlling frozen wall thickness in AGF engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107407"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145903400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering the time-dependent behavior of underground rock tunnels: Insights from a generalized non-associative thermo-viscoplastic damage model","authors":"Zhi-Jie Wen ,&nbsp;Jian Tao ,&nbsp;Yu-Jun Zuo ,&nbsp;Xing Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The time-dependent deformation of underground rock tunnels in coupled geopressure and geothermal environments poses significant challenges to sustainable resource extraction and subsurface space utilization. In this study, a novel non-associative thermo-viscoplastic damage model is proposed within the thermodynamic framework for characterizing the rock creep behavior. By integrating the temperature and damage variables directly into the free energy and energy dissipation functions, the derived yield criterion can automatically capture the pressure- and thermally-induced rock hardening/softening response. The proposed model is systematically validated by laboratory triaxial compression and creep tests, and is then applied to investigate the long-term creep performance of underground rock tunnels at different temperatures. The underlying mechanisms responsible for time-dependent tunnel deformation and cracking are quantitatively elucidated through stress-displacement-damage coupling analysis. The calculated results reveal that the surrounding rock in major principal stress directions generally exhibits limited damage but significant displacement, prone to inducing rock extrusion and bulging. In contrast, the tunnel region in minor principal stress directions will experience smaller time-dependent deformation yet severe damage accumulation, rendering it susceptible to localized rock fracturing. Moreover, elevated temperatures are shown to accelerate the creep failure of underground tunnels owing to thermally-induced rock deterioration, and the timely support measures are thus indispensable for ensuring tunnel stability in geothermal settings. The findings of our study are believed to enhance the understanding of time-dependent rock deformation in coupled thermal–mechanical conditions and can thus provide a theoretical basis for guiding the adaptive support design of deep geothermal tunnels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107428"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intelligent identification and deformation analysis of subsurface cavities in deep excavations using CNN-based inverse modeling","authors":"Wei Zhang ,&nbsp;Ya-Dong Xue ,&nbsp;Jin-Zhang Zhang ,&nbsp;Gang Zheng ,&nbsp;Zeng-Zhi Qian ,&nbsp;Yu-Xin Zhai","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107419","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107419","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Subsurface cavities in soft soil poses significant geotechnical challenges to the rapid expansion of urban underground spaces. This study presents a comprehensive framework for quantifying cavity-induced deformation amplification during deep excavation and develops an intelligent inversion system for cavity characterization using monitoring data. Through 1,800 finite element simulations, parametric analyses reveal that cavities located within 0.5 times the excavation depth (<em>H</em>_e) horizontally from the diaphragm wall and at depths of 1.5 <em>H</em>_e to 2.25 <em>H</em>_e constitute the most critical influence zone, amplifying horizontal wall displacement by up to 1.67 times and ground settlement by up to 2.2 times. K-means clustering analysis identifies five distinct settlement deformation patterns (Modes I–V) strongly correlated with cavity size and location. A convolutional neural network (CNN) based inversion model is developed to predict cavity dimensions and positions from deformation monitoring data, achieving over 85 % accuracy (R² &gt; 0.85) on test datasets. The model demonstrates robust performance under soil parameter uncertainties modeled with random fields, maintaining acceptable prediction accuracy when spatial variability is considered. This integrated framework provides a practical tool for real-time cavity detection and risk mitigation in deep excavation projects within cavity-bearing strata, offering valuable guidance for construction safety management in complex urban geological conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107419"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}