Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology最新文献

{"title":"Dynamic response analysis of cross-fault tunnel considering source-to-structure seismic input and near-fault effect","authors":"Liqun Li ,&nbsp;Zhiyi Chen ,&nbsp;Ping Lu ,&nbsp;Yu Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106674","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106674","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tunnels crossing active faults are vulnerable to severe damage under near-fault earthquakes due to the combined effects of co-seismic dislocation and complex ground motion wavefields. To capture the spatiotemporal features of near-fault ground motion and their effects on tunnel structures, this study proposes a physics-based source-to-structure simulation framework. A frequency-wavenumber (F-K) integration method is used to reconstruct broadband seismic wavefields (0.1–10 Hz) based on the finite-fault source model of the 2022 Mw 6.6 Menyuan earthquake. These waveforms are discretized and applied to a nonlinear finite element model of the Daliang Tunnel, which experienced severe damage during the event. The simulated displacement time histories match well with classical finite fault solutions, and the spatial distribution of co-seismic displacements shows good agreement with InSAR observations, especially in amplitude and trend. Within 50 km of the epicenter, the simulated peak ground accelerations (PGAs) agree closely with strong motion records, and the Fourier spectra below 1 Hz are consistent with observed data. Directional velocity pulses and fling-step effects are captured by analyzing PGV/PGA ratios in strike and normal directions, and further confirmed by wavelet transform analysis of near-fault station responses. Structural analysis reveals that fault-crossing segments experience quasi-static shearing dominated by dislocation, while segments farther from the fault are mainly affected by directional velocity pulses. The dynamic stress induced by these pulses accounts for up to 57.1 % of the quasi-static stress. The results highlight the critical importance of low-frequency ground motion components and directional effects in evaluating the seismic response and damage mechanisms of cross-fault tunnels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106674"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear seismic analysis of subway station − layered site under obliquely incident shear waves with arbitrary angles","authors":"Yongguang Wang ,&nbsp;Mengtao Wu ,&nbsp;Jun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106660","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106660","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately capturing the seismic response of underground structures subjected to obliquely incident seismic waves, particularly when the angle of incidence surpasses the critical value, remains a challenging task in earthquake engineering. To address this gap, this paper presents a three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear seismic analysis of subway stations embedded in a layered site, specifically in response to obliquely incident shear (SV) waves at arbitrary angles. An innovative procedure, termed the coupled dynamic stiffness matrix–finite element method (DSM-FEM), is introduced to enable seismic input by transforming responses induced by arbitrarily incoming SV waves into equivalent nodal loads. To accurately simulate wave propagation within the site, a viscous-spring artificial boundary is utilized, while a nonlinear generalized Masing model that incorporates modified damping is employed. Using the Daikai subway station as a benchmark, the research examines the effects of varying oblique incident angles on the structural response, taking into account dynamic soil-structure interaction. The results reveal that the maximum response, including peak deformation, internal forces, Mises stress, occurs when the incident angle approaches the critical value. Beyond this critical angle, the seismic response notably diminishes. Additionally, the influence of horizontal incident angles is found to be noticeable, leading to variations in deformation patterns and internal forces across different structural components. Specifically, it has been observed that the drift ratio, displacement, shear force, acceleration, and Mises stress exhibit a decreasing trend as the horizontal incident angles increase. These findings highlight the significance of considering non-vertical input ground motion in seismic analysis, and offer valuable insights for the structural design and safety evaluation of underground structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"163 ","pages":"Article 106660"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Signal processing techniques for detecting leakage in urban water supply pipelines: Denoising and feature enhancement","authors":"Liang Ma ,&nbsp;Tengfei An ,&nbsp;Runhan Zhao ,&nbsp;Tianxiang Liu ,&nbsp;Wenli Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106670","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106670","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As urban water supply pipelines continue to expand, an increasing number of pipelines encounter issues such as aging and corrosion, resulting in frequent leakages. Accurately identifying leakage signals is challenging due to significant background noise complicating signal isolation. To address this issue, this paper proposes a signal denoising and feature enhancement method to capture leakage signals and amplifiy leakage feature based on rime optimization algorithm, variational mode decomposition and teager energy operator-symbolic entropy (RIME-VMD-TEOSE). First, the RIME is employed to optimize VMD, enabling the adaptive selection of key parameters. The bubble entropy of the denoised signal is computed to construct a fault feature vector, which is fed into the RIME-optimized extreme learning machine (ELM) for leakage condition identification. Second, the Teager energy operator is applied to enhance the intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) obtained from the RIME-VMD, and the symbolic entropy of the enhanced signals is calculated to construct a leakage feature vector, which is then input into the RIME-optimized ELM for leakage pressure identification. Finally, the proposed signal denoising and enhancement methods were validated using pipeline experimental data, achieving a recognition accuracy of 95.71 % for distinguishing between large leakage, small leakage, normal, and knock signals, and 97.69 % for identifying pipeline leakage pressures of 0.4 MPa and 0.6 MPa. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods in improving the accuracy and reliability of pipeline leakage detection and pressure identification, contributing to better monitoring and maintenance of urban water supply systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106670"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on flame characteristics over diesel pool fires under the longitudinal ventilation in curved and inclined tunnels","authors":"Xue Wang ,&nbsp;Li Yu ,&nbsp;Mingnian Wang ,&nbsp;Junqi Li ,&nbsp;Yuan Liu ,&nbsp;Keyi Liu ,&nbsp;Zan You","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106684","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106684","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compared to porous burners using gaseous alkanes or alcohols, the combustion characteristics of diesel pool fires more closely resemble actual tunnel fire scenarios. Diesel fires may exhibit more complex combustion behavior and higher flame burning rates under longitudinal ventilation, increasing the risk of fire spread within the tunnel. In a windy tunnel, the flame tilt angle and flame length are the two key parameters used to describe flame characteristics. This paper focuses on tunnels with steep gradients and small curvatures, establishing scaled models with varying curvatures and slopes to experimentally study the flame characteristics of diesel pool fires under the influence of longitudinal ventilation. The results show that a linear correlation between the logarithm of the mass loss rate and the logarithm of the measured fire source length in windless conditions. The square root of the ratio of longitudinal ventilation speed to the side length of the fire source is directly proportional to the fuel mass loss rate per unit area under longitudinal ventilation. Secondly, the flame title angle is linearly correlated with the tunnel slope in windless tunnel, and the flame tilt angle shows a slight increase as the curvature radius decreases. The flame title angle is linearly correlated with the longitudinal wind speed. Furthermore, Hu’s flame tilt angle model was refined for positive slope, low slope and negative slope tunnels under longitudinal ventilation. Finally, new flame length models for positive slope, low slope and negative slope tunnels under longitudinal ventilation were proposed based on theoretical analysis and experimental data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106684"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of impinging ceiling flame structure and flow characteristics in a corridor fire under various sub-atmospheric pressures","authors":"Fei Tang ,&nbsp;Ziwei Liu ,&nbsp;Xiepeng Sun ,&nbsp;Yajun Huang ,&nbsp;Longhua Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106664","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106664","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fire accidents in narrow and long spaces such as corridors occur frequently, resulting in casualties and property damage, which has attracted a lot of attention from scholars. The flame extension behavior after it impinges on a ceiling is a fundamental phenomenon of fire inside a confined space. The flame geometric boundary of ceiling thermal flow impingement determines its thermal impact to the building, which is more complex for fire in a narrow structure, <em>i.e.,</em> a corridor. Moreover, such fire can happen in high-altitude locations with naturally sub-atmospheric environment, which also alerts the fire behavior complicatedly. This study investigated the ceiling impinging flame structure and flow characteristics in a corridor fire under various sub-atmospheric pressures, for which the evolutionary mechanism of their coupling effects (narrow confined space; sub-atmospheric pressure) has not been revealed in the past. A series of experiments is performed under various source-ceiling heights, fire heat release rates, and reduced pressures (from 55 to 100 kPa). Results show that pressure significantly affects the ceiling flame geometry, and that for a given fire heat release rate, the flame extension length is larger under lower sub-atmospheric pressures. When the fire heat release rate is relatively low in normal pressure, the flame extension length in the central of the ceiling is larger than that in the two sides, and a half-ellipse geometry is presented (which is primarily controlled by fuel supply). However, the flame in the two sides extend farther compared with that in the central of the ceiling, presenting a “U” shape as the atmospheric pressure decreases and the fire heat release rate increases (primarily affected by the side wall constraint). A new correlation was proposed to describe the dimensionless flame extension area with a proposed dimensionless fire release rate. This study helps understanding the ceiling flame extension behavior in a corridor under sub-atmospheric pressures and provides a reference for fire prevention in high-altitude areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106664"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on propagation of leakage noise of pipelines in utility tunnels based on voiceprint recognition","authors":"Qi-wen Tian ,&nbsp;Hui-qing Lan ,&nbsp;Yu-xiu Zuo ,&nbsp;Si-wan Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiao-wei Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106686","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106686","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pipeline leakage is one of the most failures in utility tunnels, highlighting the critical need for effective leakage monitoring. Voiceprint recognition, as an emerging fault monitoring technique, is particularly suitable for monitoring pipeline leaks in these environments. To effectively implement voiceprint recognition for utility tunnel monitoring, it is necessary to obtain information about the propagation of leakage noise. However, the existing simulation methods cannot solve the complex multiphysical field coupling problem for leakage noise propagation in utility tunnel. To address the issue, this paper presents a simulation method based on a fluid–structure-acoustic (FSA) coupling to model the propagation of pipeline leakage noise in utility tunnels. The paper first experimentally investigates the effects of leak aperture size and pipe pressure on the leakage noise, then analyzes the propagation and attenuation of the noise in the utility tunnel. Additionally, it compares the experimental and simulation results, optimizes the simulation method, and reduces the simulation error to within 3 dB. Finally, the validated simulation method is applied to an actual utility tunnel in China, revealing the propagation patterns of tunnel noise under various leakage conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106686"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143854616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploration of thermo-fluid-heat transfer evolution in salt cavern compressed air energy storage system under high-frequency injection and production conditions","authors":"Jun Huang ,&nbsp;Xinbo Ge ,&nbsp;Hongling Ma ,&nbsp;Xilin Shi ,&nbsp;Yinping Li ,&nbsp;Chunhe Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106688","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106688","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Salt cavern compressed air energy storage (CAES) is an efficient, flexible, and large-scale clean energy storage technology. This study analyzed the thermo-fluid-heat transfer coupling behavior of the salt cavern CAES system under high-frequency injection and production conditions and explored the dynamic evolution of thermodynamic parameters between the gas and surrounding rock. The results show that during injection and production cycles, gas pressure and temperature exhibit a periodic trend of rising and falling. When the injection temperature increases, gas pressure, temperature, and wall temperature rise correspondingly, while increased injection pressure has the opposite effect. High injection and production mass flow rates improve energy storage efficiency but exacerbate thermal effects and system fluctuations. Variations in surrounding rock thermal conductivity and surface heat transfer coefficients lead to crossing patterns: low thermal conductivity and low heat transfer coefficients enhance gas temperature rise but intensify thermal stress. Optimizing injection and production strategies and thermal parameters is key to ensuring long-term system stability and operational efficiency. This study provides theoretical support for the design and optimization of salt cavern CAES system and offers technical assurance for the efficient utilization of clean energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106688"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143854462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deformation and damage assessment of segmentally designed tunnel under normal fault dislocation","authors":"Xiangyu Guo ,&nbsp;Junbo Chen ,&nbsp;Bingxiong Tu ,&nbsp;Qipeng Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106652","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106652","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Segmental design is an effective measure for mitigating tunnel damage under normal faulting. In this study, to assess disaster mitigation levels based on the deformation and damage behaviors of segmentally designed tunnels, three numerical models with varying segment-lining lengths were established, and compared with a large-scale model test. Findings indicate that the segmentally designed tunnels exhibit a step-like longitudinal deformation pattern, and 6 m long segment linings outperform 12 m linings. The peak stresses at the tunnel crown and invert for 6 m linings decreased substantially compared to those for 0 and 12 m. The volumes of tension damage elements for damage values exceeding 0.9 for 6 m linings were substantially less than those for 0 and 12 m. In the model test, the segmentally designed tunnel displayed a step-like deformation pattern, consistent with the numerical simulations. Longitudinal bending of the tunnel was indicated by the maximum longitudinal compression and tension strain measurements. Segment linings damage in the normal fault zone manifested as longitudinal cracks and dislodged blocks in the crown, invert, and arch waist areas, consistent with the numerical simulation. Segmental design prevents complete failure, but localized lining damage is experienced through the redistribution of the longitudinal displacement and release of fault energy, resulting in only slight lining damage. The segment lining damage volumes for segments 6 m long were substantially less than for tunnels without joints. Considering that high-grade tunnel linings often use form jumbo construction with form jumbo lengths ranging from 6–12 m, it is recommended that the segment lining length for tunnels crossing normal-fault sections be set to 6 m.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106652"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143854485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the possible use of sound waves for fire safety in tunnels: a fundamental study on flame dynamics and the extinguishment criteria of gas leak jet fires","authors":"Qiang Wang ,&nbsp;Ben Wang ,&nbsp;Adriana Palacios ,&nbsp;Yongzheng Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106663","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106663","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The increasing demand for clean, low-carbon energy has led to a growing number of electric vehicles, underground utility tunnels, and natural gas vehicles, further amplifying the potential risks of jet fire accidents caused by gas leaks in tunnels. Research on clean and efficient fire extinguishing technology during the early development stage of tunnel fires will effectively control the fire’s progression and significantly reduce fire losses. This paper aims to investigate the possible use of sound waves as an early fire extinguishing technology in tunnels. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of low-frequency sound waves, which are known to destabilize flames, on the diffusion flames of propane jets. The study evaluates the impact of sound waves on flame behavior and blowout limits. The experiment utilized a sound fire extinguishing test system equipped with a 2.5 mm nozzle, installed in sound waves with frequencies of 30 and 70 Hz. During the experiments, we carefully observed and analyzed the variation of the flame’s length at different sound frequencies and sound pressures. We studied the critical sound frequency and sound pressure at the critical condition of flame blowout. The results demonstrate that the lower the frequency, the more pronounced the influence of the sound wave on the flame, leading to a decrease in flame length with an increasing level of sound pressure. A model is proposed to predict the flame length under different sound wave conditions. Through the study of flame blowout behavior under the influence of sound waves, a non-monotonous transition in the extinction limit of non-lifted and lifted jet flames is found. Subsequently, a theoretical model to characterize flame blowout behavior, considering the effect of sound wave fields based on the Damköhler number theory, is developed. This study has confirmed that sound waves can extinguish gas leak jet fires and have the potential to be applied to control fires in confined spaces, such as tunnels. It should also be emphasized as a limitation that the present study is focused on smaller-scale diffusion fires under controlled laboratory conditions, which differ significantly from the high-pressure, large-scale jet fires typically encountered in natural gas or hydrogen vehicle fires. The findings of this study, therefore, should not be directly applied to those types of fires. Further research is needed to extend these findings to high-pressure jet fires, such as those that might occur in vehicle scenarios, where the dynamics and flame behavior are influenced by much higher pressures and different fuel characteristics. Moreover, it should be noted that the present study only investigates the fundamental characteristics of jet flames under controlled conditions, with a particular focus on their stability. By analyzing the effects of factors such as sound waves and jet velocity, this research contributes to the foundational understanding of flame extingu","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106663"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methods for determining multiple hazards and response analysis of metro shield tunnels considering existing structural damage","authors":"Tongsheng Yu,&nbsp;Yuxin Zhang,&nbsp;Zhiguo Yan,&nbsp;Hehua Zhu,&nbsp;Kai Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106662","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.106662","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The article proposes a method for determining multiple hazards during the operational period of metro shield tunnels and preliminarily investigates the multiple hazards response of tunnel structures considering existing structural damage. Specifically, the study first identifies the components of multiple hazards for metro shield tunnels based on historical disaster data. Then, Bayesian theory is used to develop a method for determining the types of multiple hazards relevant to a specific tunnel, considering hazard impact factors and propagation mechanisms. Furthermore, the load probability distribution function for each hazard and hazard chain is given based on a large amount of disaster data. Finally, numerical calculations are used to examine the structural response and damage characteristics under different existing damage conditions (including cracks, material deterioration, segment dislocation, and varying degrees of convergence) and multiple hazards (including train impact, fire, and continuous action of both). The main conclusions are as follows: The proposed method addresses the inadequacy in existing codes that consider fire and earthquake by incorporating various other hazards other than as outlined. The degree of convergence significantly influences the subsequent structural hazard response. Both the percentage of concrete damage and the maximum damage factor for the chain hazard were significantly greater than for the single hazard. The findings enhance the understanding of structural response and damage characterization of shield tunnels in multiple hazards, with consideration of existing structural damage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 106662"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143854461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}