Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology最新文献

{"title":"Dynamic response of an underwater single-tube double-track tunnel under high-speed train loads: experimental and numerical investigation","authors":"Zhi Ding ,&nbsp;Chaofeng Chen ,&nbsp;Yang Chen ,&nbsp;Honglei Sun ,&nbsp;Hai Xia ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Chen ,&nbsp;Xiao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107425","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107425","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The single-tube double-track underwater tunnel has gained prominence in recent years due to its practicality. Given the unique structural configuration, systematic investigation into the dynamic responses of this type of tunnels under train loads holds substantial practical value. This study adopts a technical route combining physical model testing and numerical simulation, conducting systematic research on the coupled scenario of “high water pressure–high-speed train load–large-diameter tunnel–single-tube double-track”. Peak particle acceleration (PPA) and frequency response function (FRF) were employed as key indicators to evaluate dynamic behavior. The results indicated that higher train speeds elevated the intensity of dynamic response magnitude along the segments, while the overall shape of the envelope remained consistent. Additionally, key response quantities (e.g., PPA and excess PWP) in the surrounding soil increased with train speed, showing nonlinear variation characteristics, with higher values observed in the upper and lower zones. While initial saturation amplified the dynamic response compared to dry conditions, both the peak acceleration and displacement were suppressed as hydrostatic water pressure increased. The similar suppressive effect was observed in the excess PWP response (whether overall magnitude or oscillations induced by train loads) of soil, possibly due to the additional lateral constraint effects. Compared to unidirectional loading, bidirectional loading notably increased the peak acceleration response and fluctuation amplitude of internal forces in the tunnel structure as well as the excess PWP response in the surrounding soil, while the magnitudes of these increases varied across different locations. Meanwhile, stress and strain responses in the surrounding soil concentrated primarily above and below the tunnel during the meeting of train crossings. The findings of this study provide insights for the construction and design of single-tube double-track underwater tunnel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107425"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a predictive, risk-based model to assess the effects of maintenance decisions on vertical mine shaft structures","authors":"J.W. Wannenburg,&nbsp;G.N. Ngcobo,&nbsp;J Wannenburg,&nbsp;P.S. Heyns","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107481","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>The study addresses the challenge of effective long-term maintenance of the structures of vertical mine shafts. These structures face significant degradation over time due to corrosion, the impact of falling objects, and exposure to harsh environments with high humidity, chemical contamination, and poor ventilation. Current maintenance practices often prioritise short-term needs, neglecting the long-term consequences for structural integrity and operational sustainability. To bridge this gap, the research introduces a novel predictive risk-based maintenance decision-making model.</div></div><div><h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3><div>The model incorporates finite element analysis and Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the failure modes caused by corrosion, fatigue and falling objects while accounting for uncertainties in degradation rates and impact probabilities. The analysis calculates the energy of falling objects and estimates corrosion rates based on environmental conditions, enabling accurate predictions of the remaining useful life (RUL) of critical steel components. This is combined with an Integrated Structural Inspection and Maintenance Management (iSIMM) system, which combines structural inspection data with Computerised Maintenance Management Systems (CMMS).</div></div><div><h3>Originality/value</h3><div>This model enables informed decision-making, enhancing safety, reliability, and cost-efficiency in mining operations. The research’s novelty lies in the integration of predictive and risk-based maintenance strategies, offering new insights into managing mine shaft structural integrity whilst integrating quantitative FEA-derived damage models (for impact) with stochastic, inspection-driven lifecycle simulation as a key methodological that enables the transition from qualitative inspection to predictive, risk-informed planning.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>The model is used in a case study of a South African gold mine and demonstrates the practical application, showcasing its ability to optimise maintenance planning, reduce life cycle costs, and extend the lifespan of mine shafts, and to quantify the cost-risk trade-off between different multi-year maintenance strategies, a decision-support feature often missing in practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107481"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-system modeling and analysis of cascading failure propagation in large-scale metro stations under extreme flooding events","authors":"Hai-Yun Li ,&nbsp;Dong-Mei Zhang ,&nbsp;Huan-Feng Duan ,&nbsp;Xu-Wei Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107483","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107483","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate-driven intensification of extreme precipitation is significantly increasing unprecedented flooding risks for underground transportation infrastructure. Current flood risk assessment approaches for large-scale metro stations, characterized by extensive subsystem integration, high passenger volumes, and complex spatial configurations, often fail to capture critical cross-system interactions. This limitation arises mainly from the artificial separation of simulations using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) from cross-system network analysis, which hinders the accurate prediction of cascading infrastructure failures. This study develops an integrated framework that combines CFD simulations with multi-layer network theory to concurrently analyze flood dynamics and system interdependencies. This framework models four critical subsystems of large-scale metro stations, including power, drainage, communication, and pedestrian, as interconnected networks based on established engineering standards. Flood-depth-dependent functions determine infrastructure node states, with thresholds calibrated from engineering standards to ensure physical consistency. The validations with the Shanghai Eastern Hub during a 500-year rainfall event (327 mm over 6 h, with a peak intensity of 90 mm/h) demonstrate that power systems exhibit the highest vulnerability, with functionality declining to 51.5% within 60 min. Furthermore, an analysis of 13,241 cascading failure events reveals that 67.3% are driven by water depth, while 32.7% are influenced by inter-system dependencies. Network analysis uncovers a critical importance-vulnerability paradox: power systems, serving as the network backbone with the highest importance score (0.446), simultaneously exhibit disproportionately elevated vulnerability (0.172) compared to other subsystems. The developed framework incorporates minute-level temporal coupling, validated to capture the dominant characteristics of infrastructure responses while maintaining computational tractability for engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107483"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation into the stress corrosion behavior of cable bolts under different tensile stresses","authors":"Yongliang Li ,&nbsp;Sheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Renshu Yang ,&nbsp;Shuaiyang Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cable bolts are essential support materials in underground engineering. While subjected to long-term tensile stress, they are also exposed to harsh corrosive environments. The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) failure problem of cable bolts, caused by the coupling effect of stress and corrosion, is prominent and seriously threatens the safety and stability of underground engineering. To investigate the effect of different tensile stresses on the stress corrosion behavior of cable bolts, stress corrosion tests of cable bolts under different tensile stresses were carried out by using ammonium thiocyanate corrosion solution (NH₄SCN). The variation law of cable bolt SCC failure time was studied, and the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of cable bolt SCC fracture surface were analyzed. The propagation laws of SCC cracks in cable bolts were obtained, and the influence mechanism of tensile stress on the stress corrosion behavior of cable bolts was revealed. The results indicate that an increase in tensile stress accelerates the SCC process of the cable bolt, and the failure time of the cable bolt SCC is negatively correlated with the stress level. As the stress increases, the range of the crack propagation zone decreases while the range of the overload fracture zone increases, and the crack deflection angle decreases. There are significant differences in the microscopic morphology of the crack initiation zone, crack propagation zone, and overload fracture zone of the cable bolt fracture under different tensile stresses. Tensile stress affects the initiation and propagation of stress corrosion cracks by affecting the passive film and microstructure of the cable bolt, stress intensity factor at the crack tip, diffusion and aggregation of hydrogen atoms in the solution. The greater the tensile stress, the higher the risk of SCC failure of the cable bolt.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107452"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Muck particle transport behavior and Cutterhead-Agitator synergistic optimization for EPB shield tunneling in sandy pebble strata","authors":"Yuxiang Yao,&nbsp;Jian Cui,&nbsp;Zhigang Yao,&nbsp;Xiongyu Hu,&nbsp;Yong Fang,&nbsp;Chuan He","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sandy pebble strata, characterized by high pebble content, high uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of pebbles, poorly-sorted grain size distribution, and low flowability, often induce muck accumulation, cutterhead clogging, and chamber caking during earth pressure balance (EPB) shield tunneling, thereby reducing construction efficiency and compromising safety. Existing studies, predominantly relying on macroscopic indicators, often fail to elucidate the mesoscopic particle transport behaviors and the synergistic mechanism of the cutterhead-agitator system. This study develops a full-scale, three-dimensional finite difference method-discrete element method (FDM–DEM) coupled model to simulate particle transport within the cutterhead and soil chamber, to systematically reveal the transport mechanisms and guide equipment optimization. Results indicate that: (1) the soil chamber exhibits a “core–ring” dual-flow structure, characterized by a low-velocity “dead-zone column” at the center and a high-velocity annular channel at the periphery, attributed to the limited opening ratio in the central area and insufficient agitator coverage; (2) a “barrier–channel–dead-zone column” triple-control mechanism is proposed to explain the constraints imposed by energy barriers, geometric confinement, and cascade migration on particle transport; and (3) a synergistic optimization strategy is proposed, which includes increasing the opening ratio in the cutterhead’s central region, installing vertical agitators at the chamber center, and relocating the inner-ring agitator to R = 1.8 m. These findings provide significant theoretical insights for understanding muck transport behaviors and optimizing EPB shield design in sandy pebble strata.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107473"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146033321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Operational safety assessment of cracked tunnel linings reinforced with polypropylene fiber: investigation, field validation and numerical simulation","authors":"Luoyin Li ,&nbsp;Xinrong Liu ,&nbsp;Ninghui Liang ,&nbsp;Ganwen Hu ,&nbsp;Kan Zhou ,&nbsp;Xiaohan Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Crack control is essential for ensuring the safety and durability of lining structures during tunnel operation. This study investigates the effectiveness of polypropylene fiber-reinforced concrete (PFRC) as a superior alternative to ordinary Portland cement concrete (OPC) for rehabilitating deteriorated linings. Through a combination of field investigations and numerical modeling, a comparative analysis of the mechanical properties and structural performance of OPC and PFRC linings was conducted. The results demonstrated that the secondary lining concrete strength in sections with severe tunnel deterioration fell below the required standards, classifying the lining safety level as Grade III, which necessitates urgent replacement. The incorporation of polypropylene fibers significantly enhances the load-bearing capacity and crack resistance of tunnel linings. Numerical simulations of cracked linings revealed that the stress intensity factor increases, and the stability safety factor decreases with increasing crack depth and width. Crack location and depth exerted a more pronounced influence on structural stability than crack width. Across all crack scenarios, PFRC consistently exhibited a higher safety factor than OPC, attributed to the fibre’s ability to mitigate stress concentration at crack tips. This research confirms the innovative application of PFRC in tunnel rehabilitation, providing a theoretical basis and practical strategy for improving crack resistance and long-term stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107426"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calculation and prediction of CO2 concentrations inside a ventilation gallery of Madrid Calle 30 urban tunnels","authors":"Lucía López-de Abajo,&nbsp;Marcos G. Alberti,&nbsp;Jaime C. Gálvez","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2025.107423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban tunnels are exposed to high CO₂ concentrations, which can lead to concrete carbonation and considerably reduce the life span of the infrastructure. Carbonation prediction models are powerful tools to forecast the evolution of this phenomenon, with CO₂ concentration as a key input parameter. In this work, CO₂ concentrations inside a ventilation gallery of the Madrid Calle 30 urban tunnels were calculated since their construction in 2007 based on the evolution of the measured traffic intensity inside the tunnels and the evolution of the circulating fleet. A forecast of CO₂ concentrations until 2057 was also performed, considering the evolution of traffic in the area. Regarding the circulating fleet, two different scenarios were studied: one based on the evolution analysed from 2007 to 2022, and another accounting for measures to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. It was concluded that CO₂ concentrations inside an urban tunnel can be calculated and forecasted from traffic intensity data and the composition of its circulating fleet. Also, the methodology presented can be used and adapted to calculate CO₂ concentrations in other urban tunnels for concrete carbonation analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107423"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advance prediction of rock mass classification in tunneling using improved D-S fusion and hybrid machine learning","authors":"Shikuo Chen ,&nbsp;Yifan Hou ,&nbsp;Rui Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107453","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107453","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate prediction of rock mass classification is imperative for optimizing safety and cost-efficiency in underground tunnel engineering. Despite its critical importance, conventional single-classification models often exhibit limitations in robustness and accuracy, hindering reliable risk assessment and design optimization. To overcome these persistent challenges, this study proposes a multi-model fusion framework grounded in D-S evidence theory, significantly enhancing classification reliability. Furthermore, an LSTM-based model is developed for ahead-of-face rock class prediction, leveraging geological data from excavated sections. Utilizing 325 field case datasets, unsupervised learning and SMOTE preprocessing were applied, with t-SNE visualization confirming markedly enhanced feature separability. Based on seven key geological indicators, five predictive models spanning classical rock mass rating systems and data-driven machine learning methods were established. These outputs were fused via a D-S evidence theory framework, significantly enhancing classification robustness. Furthermore, hyperparameters of the BP and RF models were optimized via global search algorithms to enhance base classifiers performance. Building upon their test-set metrics, we propose a refinement of the Basic Probability Assignment (BPA) function by integrating precision and accuracy. This modified BPA is adopted as the fusion index with an improved D-S evidence theory framework, establishing a robust rock mass classification model. Validated across three tunnels, the improved D-S model achieved 89.13% accuracy—outperforming all base classifiers. The integrated LSTM predictor further demonstrated robustness to temporal parameter variations. This integrated approach effectively mitigates single-model instability, significantly boosting classification accuracy and robustness. Crucially, its short-range ahead-of-face predictive capability enables proactive support design, enhancing tunnel construction safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107453"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146001005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model tests and discrete element simulations on the cracking characteristics of layered soft rock tunnel under different bedding features","authors":"Wenbo Yang ,&nbsp;Haoyu Li ,&nbsp;Changhui Zhao ,&nbsp;Fangyin Wu ,&nbsp;Liangliang Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107454","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The angle and direction of bedding have a significant influence on the cracking and damage observed in tunnels excavated through layered soft rock. To investigate the cracking characteristics of tunnel lining structures under varying bedding conditions, this study initially conducted layered soft rock tunnel cracking tests. By analyzing the acoustic emission signals, lining deformation, and evolution of mechanical behavior during the loading process, the spatial distribution of lining cracking locations was determined for different bedding characteristics. Based on this, the cracking characteristics and crack patterns of the lining and surrounding rock were revealed using discrete element simulation. The study results indicated that bedding planes in their normal orientation represented a high-risk area for lining cracking due to stress concentration and inward compression of the lining, which resulted in the rupture of contact force chains and the initiation of cracks. Besides, the bedding characteristics exerted a significant impact on the crack pattern of the tunnel lining. Among these, the crack pattern of the lining evolved from tension/compression to shear, and then back to tension/compression, with deformation and internal forces showing an increasing and then decreasing trend, reaching a peak at an angle of 45°. As the bedding direction increased, cracks transitioned from a dispersed distribution to longitudinal penetration, while shear failure became more pronounced. The deformation and internal forces continued to increase, and the tunnel’s bearing capacity was weakest at a direction of 90°. This study systematically uncovers the failure mechanisms of layered soft rock tunnels, offering direct support for optimizing tunnel support parameters and a theoretical basis for maintaining existing tunnels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107454"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146048428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural fire behavior of tunnel sections: assessing the effects of full burnout and spalling effects","authors":"Amin Emadi ,&nbsp;Nima Tajik ,&nbsp;Alexandre Gomes ,&nbsp;Negar Elhami-Khorasani","doi":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tust.2026.107461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper outlines a study to evaluate the structural response of a reinforced concrete (RC) tunnel lining subjected to a full-burnout RABT ZTV (train) fire using a coupled thermo-mechanical finite element model that simultaneously accounts for soil-structure interaction, cooling phase of fire, and concrete spalling, aspects often neglected in performance evaluations. A simplified, rate-based spalling model to bound outcomes (no-spalling maps to lower bound; spalling maps to upper bound) is implemented, and damage is classified using four indicators: reinforcement temperature, depth of concrete above 300°C, residual displacements, and cracking potential on the soil-facing side. Results show that spalling increases heat penetration and shifts damage class: circumferential rebar peaks at about 650°C with spalling versus about 400°C without; the heated-concrete depth above 300°C increases from 75 mm to 105 mm; and peak steel temperature occurs during cooling, underscoring the need to model the cooling phase. Soil stiffness mainly affects residual crown displacements (dense: 5 mm; loose: 9 mm) but does not change damage class for the considered case study, and no cracking was found on the unexposed side. The framework supports post-fire assessment and performance-based design of tunnel linings where spalling risk is non-negligible, acknowledging the use of a uniform spalling representation with a 2D plane-strain model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49414,"journal":{"name":"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107461"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}