Turk Gogus Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Dergisi-Turkish Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery最新文献

{"title":"D-Valine as a mirror-image antifibrotic agent: Inhibiting fibroblast proliferation and attenuating airway fibrosis.","authors":"Mehmet Akif Ekici, Ahmet Uluşan, Maruf Şanlı, Demet Kahraman, Cansu Bağcı Özyaşar, Ahmet Feridun Işık","doi":"10.4274/tjtcs.2026.28842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4274/tjtcs.2026.28842","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Postintubation tracheal stenosis is a fibroproliferative airway disorder with limited pharmacological treatment options. Excessive fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition play a central role in its pathogenesis. D-amino acids such as D-Valine are thought to modulate L-Valine-dependent protein synthesis, thereby suppressing fibroblast activity. This study aimed to evaluate the antifibrotic effects of D-Valine in experimental models.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study evaluated the antifibrotic effects of D-Valine using both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> models. Primary human bronchial epithelial cells and fibroblasts were cultured and treated with increasing concentrations of D-Valine (120 mM), and cell viability was assessed with the MTT assay (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide). For the <i>in vivo</i> model, tracheal stenosis was surgically induced in 20 New Zealand rabbits, randomized into four groups: Control, physiological saline (PS), dexamethasone, and D-Valine. Submucosal thickness, fibrosis, and inflammatory infiltration were analyzed histopathologically.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong><i>In vitro</i> assays showed a concentration-related decrease in fibroblast viability, as assessed by the MTT assay; however, this trend did not reach statistical significance (mean absorbance values ranged from 0.84±0.31 to 0.97±0.44 compared with 0.95±0.31 in the PS group; p=0.326). Epithelial cell viability also declined slightly at higher doses (mean 0.85±0.36 vs. 0.90±0.72, p=0.214). A moderate positive correlation was observed between epithelial and connective tissue viability at 20 mM D-Valine (r=0.494, p=0.002, n=6). In vivo, submucosal thickness was highest in the saline group (1.08±0.44 mm) and lowest in the control group (0.28±0.08 mm; p=0.011). The dexamethasone and D-Valine groups showed reduced submucosal thickening (0.98±0.13 mm and 0.86±0.24 mm, respectively), though differences versus saline were not statistically significant (p=0.989 and p=0.534). The fibrosis rate was greatest in the saline group (74±15.17%) and lowest in controls (37±12.55%, p=0.001). D-Valine (56±11.4%) and dexamethasone (56.25±4.79%) groups exhibited markedly lower fibrosis than saline (p=0.057 and p=0.056, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provides experimental evidence that D-Valine suppresses fibroblast proliferation and attenuates fibrosis in a New Zealand White rabbit model of tracheal stenosis. The antifibrotic effects observed may be related to interference with valine-dependent protein synthesis. However, considering the concurrent effects on epithelial cells and the inherent limitations of experimental models, further mechanistic and translational studies are required before potential clinical implications can be considered. These findings suggest that D-Valine represents a promising experimental antifibrotic candidate for airway fibrosis r","PeriodicalId":49413,"journal":{"name":"Turk Gogus Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Dergisi-Turkish Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147845099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perioperative ultrasonography in surgical stabilization of rib fractures: A single-center retrospective analysis of its utility in surgical planning and post-discharge follow-up.","authors":"Bayram Altuntaş","doi":"10.4274/tjtcs.2026.2026-3-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4274/tjtcs.2026.2026-3-14","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Surgical stabilization of rib fractures (SSRF) improves outcomes in severe chest trauma. computed tomography is the gold standard for diagnosis, but real-time intraoperative localization remains a challenge. This observational study aimed to describe our single-center evaluation with perioperative ultrasonography for intraoperative localization of displaced rib fractures during SSRF.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively analyzed 16 patients with three or more displaced rib fractures who underwent SSRF between January 2020 and December 2025. All patients underwent ultrasonography in the operating room immediately prior to incision using a 4.4 MHz convex array transducer for fracture marking and incision planning. A standardized perioperative protocol was applied to all study participants to evaluate the feasibility of fracture localization. Post-discharge ultrasonography was performed as part of routine outpatient evaluation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean postoperative hospital stay was 5.5 days. Associated thoracic injuries included pneumothorax (n=6), hemothorax (n=6), pulmonary contusion (n=2), traumatic pneumatocele (n=1) and hemopneumothorax (n=1). Perioperative ultrasonography enabled identification of displaced fracture sites and facilitated skin marking prior to incision. In all patients, cortical disruption was visualized as a step-off or discontinuity of the hyperechoic rib line using the convex probe. Postoperative complications were limited to two cases of superficial skin infection (12.5%). During follow-up, ultrasonography identified two cases (12.5%) of small, asymptomatic pleural effusions, which were subsequently confirmed by chest radiography.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Perioperative ultrasonography appears to be a feasible adjunct for intraoperative localization of displaced rib fractures during surgical stabilization. Even with a lower-frequency convex probe, displaced fracture segments were identifiable. Larger prospective and comparative studies are required to determine its impact on operative metrics and clinical outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":49413,"journal":{"name":"Turk Gogus Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Dergisi-Turkish Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147787336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of subxiphoid and lateral intercostal approach in anterior mediastinal pathologies.","authors":"Irmak Akarsu, Muhammet Tarık Aslan, Ayşegül Kurtoğlu Turan, Günel Ahmadova, Muhammet Sayan, Ali Çelik","doi":"10.4274/tjtcs.2026.2026-2-37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4274/tjtcs.2026.2026-2-37","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The anterior mediastinum is the compartment where mediastinal lesions are most frequently seen. Both subxiphoid approaches (SVATS) and lateral intercostal approaches (LVATS) are used in anterior mediastinal lesions. In this study, we aimed to compare the outcomes and advantages of SVATS and LVATS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Between January 2013 and December 2024, the patients who underwent minimally invasive surgery for anterior mediastinal lesions were retrospectively analyzed. The study's main objectives were the characteristics of the patients, operation time, length of hospital stay, drain type, drain duration, postoperative complications, and visual analogue scale (VAS) analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 79 patients were included in this study. Of these, 58.2% (n=46) cases were operated via LVATS and 41.8% (n=33) via SVATS. No significant difference was found in operation time, length of hospital stay, and complication. The most common postoperative complication was serous wound drainage. In one patient in the LVATS group, hence hemothorax was seen on postoperative day 1, revision surgery had to be done. Drain removal time was shorter in the subxiphoid group, but no statistical difference was found (p=0.059). In patients whose drain removal time was under 2 days, the length of hospital stay was also significantly shorter (p<0.001). The mean VAS was 2.24±1.25 in the SVATS group and 4.22±1.31 in the LVATS group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study shows that SVATS significantly affected VAS. However, no süperiority was observed between SVATS and LVATS regarding operation time, length of hospital stay, and perioperative complications. Therefore, SVATS may be preferred over LVATS in anterior mediastinal lesions and may improve patients' quality of life with less pain.</p>","PeriodicalId":49413,"journal":{"name":"Turk Gogus Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Dergisi-Turkish Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147647284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Seesaw technique: A novel hybrid single-bar approach for asymmetric pectus excavatum correction.","authors":"Caner İşevi, Mehmet Gökhan Pirzirenli, Elif Sarıkaya Özel, Yasemin Büyükkarabacak","doi":"10.4274/tjtcs.2026.28935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4274/tjtcs.2026.28935","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Asymmetric pectus excavatum (PE) is surgically challenging due to combined depressive and protrusive components. We describe a novel hybrid \"Seesaw\" technique that integrates the Nuss and Abramson principles using a single pectus bar. In six patients with asymmetric PE, the bar followed an extra-thoracic path on the protruded side to provide compression and an intra-thoracic path on the depressed side to provide elevation through a single-incision access. Early outcomes were favorable, with excellent cosmetic correction, high patient satisfaction, and one case of bar rotation. The Seesaw technique appears to be a simple, minimally invasive, and promising option for selected patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":49413,"journal":{"name":"Turk Gogus Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Dergisi-Turkish Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147628905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aortic dissection complicated with multiple hepatic and renal cysts.","authors":"Hisato Takagi","doi":"10.4274/tjtcs.2026.2026-1-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4274/tjtcs.2026.2026-1-14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49413,"journal":{"name":"Turk Gogus Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Dergisi-Turkish Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147628813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The prognostic value of perioperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as a predictor of outcomes after pediatric cardiac surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Fegita Beatrix Pajala, Sylvia Alicia Salim, Raden Haryo Aribowo","doi":"10.4274/tjtcs.2025.28680","DOIUrl":"10.4274/tjtcs.2025.28680","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been suggested as a valuable indicator of poor outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. However, its prognostic role in pediatric patients undergoing open-heart surgery is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between the perioperative NLR and clinical outcomes after pediatric open-heart surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature search was conducted from their inception to July 19, 2024 in PubMed Central, ProQuest, Sage, ScienceDirect and Ovid. We included studies that investigated the perioperative value of NLR as a predictor of outcomes after pediatric cardiac surgery under CPB. A meta-analysis was performed according to preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the study quality, while JAMOVI statistical software was used to perform the meta-analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of six studies were included based on our eligibility criteria; however, only four were included for meta-analysis. The results showed a significant correlation between postoperative NLR with hospital (r=0.34 [95% confidence interval [CI] 0.10-0.58]) and intensive care unit (r=0.25 [95% CI 0.04-0.46]) length of stay.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>NLR has shown potential as a simple and affordable inflammatory marker in pediatric cardiac surgery under CPB. However, its moderate to weak correlation with clinical outcomes necessitates cautious interpretation. Further research in the form of impact studies is warranted to strengthen these findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":49413,"journal":{"name":"Turk Gogus Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Dergisi-Turkish Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"159-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13051746/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146167695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A rare case of midaortic syndrome: Vascular Behçet's disease or Takayasu arteritis?","authors":"Zeynep Ece Demirbaş, Abdullah Kemal Tuygun","doi":"10.4274/tjtcs.2025.27274","DOIUrl":"10.4274/tjtcs.2025.27274","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This case report describes a 44-year-old man with midaortic syndrome and resistant hypertension, presenting a diagnostic challenge due to overlapping features of Behçet's disease and Takayasu arteritis. Imaging studies revealed severe aortic stenosis accompanied by aortic wall thickening, findings typically associated with Takayasu arteritis; however, the patient's clinical history and a positive pathergy test supported a diagnosis of Behçet's disease. Immunosuppressive therapy led to symptomatic improvement, and surgical management with thoracic endovascular aortic repair was successfully performed to address the aortic stenosis. This report discusses the possibility of Behçet's disease presenting with aortic stenosis-a rare vascular complication-or the coexistence of Behçet's disease and Takayasu arteritis.</p>","PeriodicalId":49413,"journal":{"name":"Turk Gogus Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Dergisi-Turkish Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"172-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13051765/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146127096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of preoperative vitamin B12 levels on postoperative outcomes in CABG patients.","authors":"Işıl Taşöz Özdaş, Ertan Demirdaş, Muharrem Emre Özdaş, Bilgehan Savaş Öz, Celalettin Günay, Kubilay Karabacak, Murat Kadan, Cengiz Bolcal","doi":"10.4274/tjtcs.2026.28459","DOIUrl":"10.4274/tjtcs.2026.28459","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cardiac surgery has seen significant improvements, but reducing complications like vasoplegic syndrome remains a priority. Vitamin B12 is emerging as a treatment for vasoplegia. We investigated if preoperative serum vitamin B12 levels could predict the need for postoperative inotropic support in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a retrospective study of 166 patients who underwent isolated elective conventional CABG between 2019 and 2023. We collected patient demographics, comorbidities, and preoperative vitamin B12 levels. Postoperative data on the need for inotropic agents (adrenaline, dopamine, dobutamine) and cardiac assist devices were also analyzed. Mann-Whitney U tests with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons and multivariable logistic regression adjusting for confounders were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients who required adrenaline, dopamine, or dobutamine support had significantly lower median preoperative vitamin B12 levels compared to those who did not. Specifically, adrenaline-dependent patients had a median B12 level of 97.00 (84.00-107.00) pg/mL, while non-dependent patients had 259.00 (187.50-385.00) pg/mL (p<0.001, effect size r=0.87). After Bonferroni correction, low B12 levels remained significantly associated with adrenaline (p<0.001) and dopamine (p=0.0005) requirements. In multivariable analysis adjusting for age, sex, left ventricular ejection fraction, comorbidities, and operative times, vitamin B12 remained independently associated with adrenaline requirement (odds ratio=0.781 per 10 pg/mL, 95% confidence interval: 0.708-0.861, p<0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Low preoperative serum vitamin B12 levels are independently associated with the need for postoperative inotropic support after CABG, particularly adrenaline requirement. These findings suggest that preoperative B12 levels may be a valuable predictive marker for identifying high-risk patients and could guide prophylactic strategies. Further research is needed to explore this relationship in more detail.</p>","PeriodicalId":49413,"journal":{"name":"Turk Gogus Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Dergisi-Turkish Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"130-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13051728/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147534125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carotid artery stent extrusion following carotid blowout syndrome.","authors":"Osman Fehmi Beyazal, Şahin Öğreden, Abdussamet Asaroğlu, Nihan Kayalar, Mehmed Yanartaş","doi":"10.4274/tjtcs.2025.28430","DOIUrl":"10.4274/tjtcs.2025.28430","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carotid blowout syndrome is a rare but fatal complication of head and neck cancer. A 62-year-old female patient underwent carotid artery stent implantation for a carotid pseudoaneurysm following multiple surgeries. However, she subsequently presented to the emergency department with bleeding secondary to carotid artery stent extrusion. She underwent emergency surgery, and the carotid artery stent was removed. This case highlights the importance of long-term surveillance of carotid stents in cancer patients who are at risk for tissue necrosis and recurrence.</p>","PeriodicalId":49413,"journal":{"name":"Turk Gogus Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Dergisi-Turkish Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"175-177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13051738/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146127153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surgical outcomes of left atrial resection for lung cancer: A single-center study.","authors":"Aysun Kosif, Elçin Ersöz Köse, Meltem Ağca, Sevinç Çıtak, Rıza Serdar Evman, Abidin Levent Alpay, Volkan Baysungur","doi":"10.4274/tjtcs.2025.27976","DOIUrl":"10.4274/tjtcs.2025.27976","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Left atrial invasion is classified as T4 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Surgical outcomes vary in selected patients. This study presents outcomes of left atrial resection at our center.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Between August 2008 and May 2022, surgical outcomes of 41 NSCLC patients with left atrial invasion were retrospectively analyzed. Demographics, tumor characteristics, surgical procedures (pneumonectomy, lobectomy), nodal status (N0, N1, N2), and margin status (complete [R0], incomplete [R1]) were recorded. In-hospital mortality, morbidity, and long-term survival were evaluated. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to assess all-cause mortality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean age was 61.8 (±11.6) years, and 90.2% of patients were male. Median tumor diameter was 4.5 cm (interquartile range, 3.5-5.5 cm), 53.7% of tumors were right-sided. Squamous cell carcinoma was the predominant subtype (78%). Pathological nodal status was N0 in 25 patients and N1/N2 in 8 patients each. Complete resection was achieved in 35 patients (85.4%). In-hospital mortality was 4.8%, and long-term mortality was 70.8%. Median overall survival was 2.11 years (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17-3.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified N2 disease and incomplete (R1) resection as independent predictors of poor survival (N2: hazard ratio [HR], 3.7; 95% CI, 1.22-11.19; p=0.021; incomplete R1 resection: HR, 4.46; 95% CI, 1.42-14; p=0.010). Age (≥65 vs. <65), smoking, tumor size, side of surgery and neoadjuvant therapy were not significant in either univariate or multivariate analyses (all p>0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In NSCLC with left atrial invasion, surgery is feasible in selected patients, and long-term survival depends on excluding N2 disease and achieving complete resection.</p>","PeriodicalId":49413,"journal":{"name":"Turk Gogus Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Dergisi-Turkish Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"178-184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13051729/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147311906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}