Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology最新文献

{"title":"Validation of Muscle Ultrasound Speckle Tracking and the Effect of Nordic Hamstring Exercise on Biceps Femoris Displacement","authors":"Chun-Yu Chou ,&nbsp;Wei-Ning Lee ,&nbsp;Kun-Lin Hung ,&nbsp;Yi-Ju Tsai ,&nbsp;Ming-Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Adam Kawczyński ,&nbsp;Sebastian Klich ,&nbsp;Peemongkon Wattananon ,&nbsp;Hsing-Kuo Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2025.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2025.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to validate the ultrasound speckle tracking (UST) algorithm, determine the optimal probe location by comparing normalized cross-correlation (NCC) values of muscle displacement at two locations (proximal vs. middle) of the biceps femoris long head (BFlh) using the UST, and investigate the effects of Nordic hamstring curl exercise (NHE) training on BFlh displacement.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>UST efficacy was verified with <em>ex vivo</em> uniaxial testing of porcine leg muscles. Ten participants (mean age 23.4 y) were recruited for comparison of NCC values between the proximal and middle BFlh during maximal knee flexor eccentric contraction using an ultrasound device and isokinetic dynamometer. Using the above devices, electromyography and shear wave elastography, the effects of an 8-wk NHE program on the morphomechanical profiles, displacement and activation of the middle BFlh and eccentric torque of the knee flexor were investigated in 20 males (mean age 23.5 y).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The validity of UST was confirmed by comparing UST and <em>ex vivo</em> test results (<em>r</em> = 0.99). The NCC values of the middle BFlh were greater than those of the proximal BFlh. The caudal-direction displacements of the BFlh in the dominant leg were reduced after the NHE training (from 3.98 ± 3.84 to 1.50 ± 4.17 mm, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). The magnitude of reduction was associated with improved eccentric strength of the knee flexor muscle in the dominant leg (<em>r</em> = 0.63).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>UST is a validated tool for measuring muscle displacement. NHE training decreased caudal-direction muscle displacement in the BFlh and increased eccentric strength.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49399,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology","volume":"51 4","pages":"Pages 715-721"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143043041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Stimulation in Dynamic Clinical Settings: Initial Strategy in Schizophrenia and Status Epilepticus","authors":"Spencer T. Brinker ,&nbsp;Wei Qi ,&nbsp;David King-Stephens ,&nbsp;Shy Shoham","doi":"10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.12.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.12.019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49399,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology","volume":"51 4","pages":"Pages 725-726"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143029985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial Advisory Board","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S0301-5629(25)00010-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0301-5629(25)00010-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49399,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology","volume":"51 3","pages":"Page i"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143093744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined Nanodrops Imaging and Ultrasound Localization Microscopy for Detecting Intracerebral Hemorrhage","authors":"Bing-Ze Lin ,&nbsp;Alexander Changyu Fan ,&nbsp;Yike Wang ,&nbsp;Matthew R. Lowerison ,&nbsp;Zhijie Dong ,&nbsp;Qi You ,&nbsp;Nathiya Vaithiyalingam Chandra Sekaran ,&nbsp;Daniel Llano ,&nbsp;Mark Borden ,&nbsp;Pengfei Song","doi":"10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2025.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2025.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Advanced imaging methods are crucial for understanding stroke mechanisms and discovering effective treatments to reduce bleeding and enhance recovery. In pre-clinical <em>in vivo</em> stroke imaging, MRI, CT and optical imaging are commonly used to evaluate stroke outcomes in rodent models. However, MRI and CT have limited spatial resolution for rodent brains, and optical imaging is hindered by limited imaging depth of penetration. Here we introduce a novel contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging method to overcome these challenges and characterize intracerebral hemorrhage with unique insights.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We combined microbubble-based ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) and nanodrop (ND)-based vessel leakage imaging to achieve simultaneous microvascular imaging and hemorrhage detection. ULM maps brain-wide cerebral vasculature with high spatial resolution and identifies microvascular impairments around hemorrhagic areas. NDs are sub-micron liquid-core particles that can extravasate due to blood-brain barrier breakdown, serving as positive contrast agents to detect hemorrhage sites.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Our findings demonstrate that NDs could effectively accumulate in the hemorrhagic site and reveal the location of the bleeding areas upon activation by focused ultrasound beams. ULM further reveals the microvascular damage manifested in the form of reduced vascularity and decreased blood flow velocity across areas affected by the hemorrhagic stroke.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The results demonstrate that sequential ULM combined with ND imaging is a useful imaging tool for basic <em>in vivo</em> research in stroke with rodent models where brain-wide detection of active bleeding and microvascular impairment are essential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49399,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology","volume":"51 4","pages":"Pages 707-714"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143014896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in the Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Ultrasound Diagnosis of Vulnerable Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque","authors":"Dan-dan Wang ,&nbsp;Shu Lin ,&nbsp;Guo-rong Lyu","doi":"10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.12.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.12.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque is a type of plaque that poses a significant risk of high mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease. Ultrasound has long been used for carotid atherosclerosis screening and plaque assessment due to its safety, low cost and non-invasive nature. However, conventional ultrasound techniques have limitations such as subjectivity, operator dependence, and low inter-observer agreement, leading to inconsistent and possibly inaccurate diagnoses. In recent years, a promising approach to address these limitations has emerged through the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into ultrasound imaging. It was found that by training AI algorithms with large data sets of ultrasound images, the technology can learn to recognize specific characteristics and patterns associated with vulnerable plaques. This allows for a more objective and consistent assessment, leading to improved diagnostic accuracy. This article reviews the application of AI in the field of diagnostic ultrasound, with a particular focus on carotid vulnerable plaques, and discusses the limitations and prospects of AI-assisted ultrasound. This review also provides a deeper understanding of the role of AI in diagnostic ultrasound and promotes more research in the field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49399,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology","volume":"51 4","pages":"Pages 607-614"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143014869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Near-Field Clutter Mitigation in Speckle Tracking Echocardiography","authors":"Yue Xu ,&nbsp;Kai-Hang Yiu ,&nbsp;Wei-Ning Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.12.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.12.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Near-field (NF) clutter filters are critical for unveiling true myocardial structure and dynamics. Randomized singular value decomposition (rSVD) stands out for its proven computational efficiency and robustness. This study investigates the effect of rSVD-based NF clutter filtering on myocardial motion estimation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div><em>In silico</em>, material points and their displacements in a homogeneous medium under uniaxial compressions (0.5% - 9% axial strains at 0.5% increments) were simulated in finite-element models. They were exported to the k-Wave toolbox for simulations of pre- and post-deformed ultrasound images with/ without a realistic phase aberrating layer in a high-contrast diverging wave compounding scheme. <em>In vivo</em>, echocardiograms of 20 normal human hearts were acquired using a coded diverging wave compounding imaging method at 3200 frames/second in the transthoracic apical four-chamber view. Morphological component analysis (MCA), which is also a sparse representation method but computationally intensive, was used for comparison with rSVD. Both rSVD- and MCA-based filters were applied to beamformed ultrasound radio-frequency (RF) data before cross-correlation-based speckle tracking. Contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) and root-mean-square deviations (RMSDs) were computed from regions of interest to evaluate NF clutter filtering performance of rSVD and MCA.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div><em>In silico</em>, 2-D displacements estimated from rSVD-based clutter-reduced image data showed strong agreement with ground truth (R² of 0.95). <em>In vivo</em>, CNR improvements ranged from 1.02 dB to 17.68 dB, consistently enhancing image quality across all subjects. An improvement of ∼4.9 dB in the apical segments was observed in 80% of cases. Mean RMSDs were below 5.0% for all rSVD-based NF clutter-reduced data. While both rSVD and MCA effectively filtered NF clutter, rSVD was significantly more practical.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our findings confirm the reliability, accuracy, and efficiency of rSVD-based clutter filtering in speckle tracking echocardiography. This underscores the feasibility of matrix decomposition-based methods, exemplified by rSVD, in NF clutter filtering for myocardial motion estimation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49399,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology","volume":"51 4","pages":"Pages 683-694"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143014897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resonance-Induced Therapeutic Technique for Skin Cancer Cells","authors":"Hassan Liaquat,&nbsp;Ahmed M. Al-Jumaily","doi":"10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.12.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.12.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to evaluate the viability of a hypothesis for selective targeting of skin cancer cells by exploiting the spectral gap with healthy cells using analytical and numerical simulation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The spectral gap was first identified using a viscoelastic dynamic model, with the physical and mechanical properties of healthy and cancerous skin cells deduced from previous experimental studies conducted on cell lines. The outcome of the analytical simulation was verified numerically using modal and harmonic analysis. Finally, transient analyses were conducted analytically and numerically to evaluate the difference in vibrational response of healthy and cancerous cells when their resonant frequencies were closely matched. For analysis, we used healthy nucleus diameters of 3 µm, 5 µm and 7 µm, whereas 34 kPa was taken as the stiffness of healthy skin epithelial cells. Based on established trends, the nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio was utilised to predict physical and mechanical properties as cells undergo neoplastic transformation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Analytical and numerical simulation revealed an approximate frequency difference of 50–100 KHz for the different nucleus diameters. The transient simulation revealed a significant difference in the growth rate of cancer cells' vibration amplitude, which was 10 times greater than that of healthy cells.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study highlights that cancer cells are more prone to resonance with tuned ultrasound frequencies, emphasising the need for detailed dynamic models incorporating the basement membrane's influence and experimental validation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49399,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology","volume":"51 4","pages":"Pages 661-674"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143014913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in Muscle Quality Following Short-Term Resistance Training in Older Adults: A Comparison of Echo Intensity and Texture Analysis","authors":"Kevan S. Knowles ,&nbsp;Jason I. Pagan ,&nbsp;Jonathan P. Beausejour ,&nbsp;Scott J. Mongold ,&nbsp;Abigail W. Anderson ,&nbsp;Jeffrey R. Stout ,&nbsp;Matt S. Stock","doi":"10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.12.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.12.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Skeletal muscle echo intensity (EI) is associated with functional outcomes in older adults, but resistance training interventions have shown mixed results. Texture analysis has been proposed as a novel approach for assessing muscle quality, as it captures spatial relationships between pixels. It is unclear whether texture analysis is able to track changes following resistance training.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To examine changes in first-order (EI) and second-order (texture) features of muscle quality following lower-body resistance training in older adults.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twelve older adults (2 males, 10 females; mean ± SD age = 70 ± 5 years) completed 6 weeks of resistance training, consisting of twice-weekly sessions at 85% of estimated 1RM. Testing included ultrasound imaging of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL), 5-repetition maximum (5RM) leg extension strength, and maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) force. Ultrasound images were analyzed for EI and texture features using gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Large improvements were observed in 5RM leg extension strength (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001, effect size [ES] = 2.09), MVIC force (<em>p</em> = 0.006, ES = 0.969), and RF EI (uncorrected: <em>p</em> = 0.003, ES = 0.727; corrected: <em>p</em> = 0.012, ES = 0.864). No significant changes were observed in muscle size, VL EI, or texture features for either muscle.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Short-term resistance training improved strength and RF EI. However, texture analysis features were not sensitive to changes following training. These findings suggest that traditional EI measures may be more appropriate than texture analysis for tracking changes in muscle quality following resistance training in older adults.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49399,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology","volume":"51 4","pages":"Pages 675-682"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143014894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guided-VCTE: An Enhanced FibroScan Examination With Improved Guidance and Applicability","authors":"Cécile Bastard ,&nbsp;Stéphane Audière ,&nbsp;Julie Foucquier ,&nbsp;Hugo Lorée ,&nbsp;Véronique Miette ,&nbsp;Jean-Pierre Bronowicki ,&nbsp;Christiane Stern ,&nbsp;Cyrielle Caussy ,&nbsp;Laurent Sandrin","doi":"10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.12.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.12.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Although FibroScan (FS), based on Vibration-Controlled Transient Elastography (VCTE), is a widely used non-invasive device for assessing liver fibrosis and steatosis, its current standard-VCTE examination remains timely and difficult on patients with obesity. The Guided-VCTE examination uses continuous shear waves to locate the liver by providing a real-time predictive indicator for shear wave propagation and uses shear wave maps averaging to increase the signal-to-noise ratio in difficult to assess patients. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the new indicator, as well as compare examination times and success rates with both standard-VCTE and Guided-VCTE examinations.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We recruited 130 patients all with varying BMI in this multicenter study. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values and negative predictive values assessed the new indicator effectiveness. Success rates were compared using Wilcoxon signed rank tests rates and time-to-event analyses were used to investigate examination times. Agreement and repeatability of both methods were assessed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The new indicator was highly effective, with a 97% sensitivity for predicting valid liver stiffness measurements (LSM). LSM and controlled attenuation parameter results remained in good agreement between two examinations. The Guided-VCTE examination significantly increased the success rate of individual measurements and significantly reduced the time required for localization in the study cohort, especially in patients with grade 2 obesity (BMI ≥35 kg/m²). Additionally, the proportion of patients scanned in less than 4 minutes was significantly higher with the Guided-VCTE examination.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Guided-VCTE is a new effective technique that simplifies further FS use, particularly for patients with obesity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49399,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology","volume":"51 4","pages":"Pages 628-637"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142985232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrafast Coherence-Based Power Doppler Estimation Using Nonlinear Compounding With Complementary Subset Transmit","authors":"Che-Chou Shen ,&nbsp;Shui-De Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.12.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.12.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Conventional coherent plane wave compounding (CPWC) and sum-of-square power Doppler (PD) estimation lead to low contrast and high noise level in ultrafast PD imaging when the number of plane-wave angle and the ensemble length is limited. The coherence-based PD estimation using temporal-multiply-and-sum (TMAS) of high-lag autocorrelation can effectively suppress the uncorrelated noises but at the cost of signal power due to the blood flow decorrelation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this study, the TMAS PD estimation is incorporated with complementary subset transmit in nonlinear compounding (DMAS-CST) to leverage the signal coherence in both angular and temporal dimensions for improvement of PD image quality. The CST correlation can be performed not only within the same Doppler ensemble (i.e., intra-correlation) but also across the adjacent Doppler ensembles (i.e., inter-correlation) to increase the number of correlation pairs in TMAS PD estimation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In both simulations and experiments, DMAS-CST is capable of improving the contrast of TMAS PD image by over 10 dB compared to the nonlinear compounding alone by enhanced noise suppression and lower flow decorrelation. When the CST correlations are performed both intra and inter Doppler ensembles, the noise level further reduces in DMAS-CST.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Since the TMAS PD estimation is often limited by the loss of signal power due to temporal decorrelation, the design of complementary subsets in DMAS-CST should be carefully examined to preserve the blood flow signal. Future work of this study will focus on how to combine the conventional PD and the TMAS PD for better signal preservation and effective noise suppression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49399,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology","volume":"51 4","pages":"Pages 615-627"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142985234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}