American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology最新文献

{"title":"Intervention Techniques Targeting Echolalia: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Adriana Dinello, Allison Gladfelter","doi":"10.1044/2025_AJSLP-24-00211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1044/2025_AJSLP-24-00211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Although echolalic speech is found in typical development, echolalia is most commonly associated with autism. As such, echolalia has frequently been the focus of various interventions aimed at autistic children. Recent research and the voices of autistic self-advocates indicate that echolalia serves as a meaningful form of communication or functionally supports self-regulation. As a result, the literature on how, or whether, to target echolalia in therapy is full of philosophically diverse approaches. To support evidence-based practice, the purpose of this scoping review was to inform speech-language clinicians about current research on interventions targeting echolalia and how disagreement on this topic may be affecting the autistic individuals we serve.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Search terms were entered into seven databases utilizing a key word search, and 74 total articles were included in this scoping review. Data on the intervention approach, outcomes, and participant demographics were then extracted for analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most interventions utilized principles of applied behavior analysis. Nearly all studies reported decreased echolalia; very few reported increased speech output or communicative attempts. Demographically, most participants were male and White/Caucasian, if sex, race, or ethnic data were reported at all.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overwhelmingly, the literature on interventions focused on echolalia had the explicit aim of reducing echolalic speech, a functional form of communication. Autistic self-advocates have made it clear that they are opposed to interventions that seek to eliminate autistic traits, including echolalia. When implementing evidence-based practice that considers scientific evidence alongside client values, speech-language clinicians should avoid interventions aimed at reducing echolalia.</p><p><strong>Supplemental material: </strong>https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.28536404.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143617809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitivity and Specificity of the Yale Swallow Protocol in Recently Extubated Patients.","authors":"Stevie Marvin, Susan Thibeault, William Ehlenbach","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-23-00449","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-23-00449","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the Yale Swallow Protocol (YSP) in detecting aspiration in recently extubated patients.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>One hundred fifty-four participants referred for swallowing evaluation underwent the YSP and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) in random order within 48 hr of extubation. The YSP included orientation questions, an oral motor exam, and a 3-oz water swallow test. Failure was defined as interrupted drinking or immediate cough after drinking. FEES exams were rated using the Penetration Aspiration Scale. Fisher's exact test and <i>t</i> test were used to test for association between failure on the YSP and participant factors (sex, age, reason for admission/intubation, duration of intubation, number of intubations, and time post-extubation of exam), aspiration on FEES and participant factors, and a false negative on the YSP and participant factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty-seven percent (88 of 154) failed the YSP. Fifty percent (77 of 154) of participants aspirated on at least one trial during the FEES. Sensitivity of the YSP was 75%, and specificity was 61%. Participants who failed the YSP were older (<i>M</i> = 61 years; <i>p</i> = .0030). More women failed the YSP than men (<i>p</i> = .0007). No patient factors were associated with aspiration on FEES. Participants admitted for respiratory etiologies (pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation) were most likely to have a false negative on the YSP (<i>p</i> = .02). False negatives were also more likely in participants with a size ≥ 8 of endotracheal tube (<i>p</i> = .03).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The YSP has suboptimal sensitivity and specificity for detecting aspiration in recently extubated patients. More data are needed on predictors of false negatives in order to improve sensitivity and specificity in this critically ill patient population.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"458-468"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143047270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Parent-Reported Problematic Eating Behaviors and Skills at 8-24 Months of Age in Infants Born at Less Than 34 Weeks Gestation.","authors":"Britt F Pados, Grace Briceno, Victoria Feaster, Michelle Chiu","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00238","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00238","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study was to describe the evolution and prevalence of parent-reported problematic feeding behaviors and eating skills in infants born prior to 34 weeks at the time of eating solid foods between 8 and 24 months of age, and to explore the associations between problematic feeding and the impact on the parent and family.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Parents of eligible children (<i>N</i> = 35) completed an online survey when their child was 8, 10, 12, 18, and 24 months corrected age. The survey included the Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool (PediEAT), Child Oral and Motor Proficiency Scale (ChOMPS), and the Feeding Impact Scales-Family and Parent.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of problematic feeding behaviors, as measured by the PediEAT, decreased from 63% at 8 months to 29% at 24 months. The prevalence of problematic eating skills, as measured by the ChOMPS, ranged from 30% to 56% between 8 and 24 months, with the highest prevalence between 10 and 18 months. The impact of feeding on the family and parent, as measured by the Feeding Impact Scales, was higher in families of children with problematic feeding than those without problematic feeding; however, given the small sample size, this was only statistically significant at 10 and 24 months.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The prevalence of problematic feeding in this population of infants under 34 weeks was 43%-44% over the first 2 years of life. Infants born preterm should be considered at elevated risk for problematic feeding and monitored closely with timely referrals. Identifying prevention strategies in the neonatal intensive care unit will be critical.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"535-546"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142839973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Speech-Language Pathologists' Perceptions of the Severity of Speech Sound Disorder.","authors":"Alexis Moser, Kelly Farquharson, Erin J Bush, Brenda Louw","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00150","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00150","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Severity is a qualitative judgment typically made by speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to represent the impact of speech sound disorder (SSD) on a child's functional communication. Despite the influence of severity on clinical practice, there is no gold standard as to how SLPs should determine such a rating. The purpose of this study was to explore SLPs' perceptions regarding the concept of severity of SSD.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>An embedded mixed-methods research design was selected for this study to support the collection and analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data. An online survey of 30 closed-ended and 10 open-ended questions was created using Research Electronic Data Capture and disseminated to currently practicing SLPs across the United States. A total of 296 surveys were completed, and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics for the quantitative data and inductive content analysis for the qualitative data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The majority of SLPs reported that they determine severity when assessing children with SSD. However, the mixed-methods analysis showed that SLPs disagreed in their decision making on whether to use severity ratings. The top five factors SLPs consider when judging severity are types of errors, intelligibility, perceptual judgment, normative data for speech sound development, and standardized percentile rankings with the addition of stimulability through qualitative responses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>SLPs need a standard biopsychosocial model for determining severity that truly evaluates the \"impact\" of SSD on a child's communicative participation and attitudes. Recommendations for clinical use of holistic assessments and future research on currently established severity rating scales are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"722-738"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143493672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantity and Complexity of Speech-Language Pathologists' Talk During School-Based Therapy.","authors":"Jing Sun, Laura M Justice, Rong-An Jhuo, Hui Jiang","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00303","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00303","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study examined the quantity and complexity of speech-language pathologists' (SLPs') talk during therapy with school-aged children and explored the extent to which SLP- and session-level characteristics contribute to the variability in SLP talk quantity, grammatical complexity, and lexical complexity during therapy.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We used secondary data collected from 209 business-as-usual therapy session recordings collected in the fall of the school year involving 75 SLPs and 281 kindergarten, first-, and/or second-grade students. Students were receiving services for language disorder and had therapy goals targeting various domains of language. SLP talk was coded to capture various aspects of quantity and complexity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SLPs with more years of experience tended to produce a lower quantity of talk, whereas higher levels of time pressure were associated with increased quantity of talk as well as grammatical and lexical complexity. In addition, session length, mean age of children, and children's phonological awareness scores were significantly associated with SLP talk quantity, grammatical complexity, and lexical complexity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study adds to the evidence for the variability of SLP talk. SLP talk quantity and complexity are related to SLPs' years of experience and time pressure. Session-level predictors suggest grouping strategies for therapy sessions.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"646-660"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Swallowing Dysfunction With Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing in the Neonatal Unit.","authors":"Aaron Heston, Anjali Patel, Kevin Ahn, Delaney Wresch, Lauren Ridgway, Bethany Shipman, Katrina Graf, Mohammed Elkhwad, Hemananda Muniraman","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00173","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Preterm and low-birth-weight infants often experience discoordination of the suck-swallow-breathe pattern, leading to dysrhythmic feeding, inefficient feeding skills, and swallowing dysfunction, increasing the risk of aspiration and respiratory morbidity. While videofluoroscopic swallowing study is commonly utilized to assess swallow function in neonates, flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) has been an emerging modality and has been utilized routinely at our institution since 2018.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A single-center, retrospective study including 90 infants admitted to the neonatal unit between 2018-2023 who underwent FEES procedure. Our objective was to evaluate the utility of FEES for evaluating functional and anatomical abnormalities, secretions, penetration/aspiration, and residue in infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Our secondary objective was to observe whether clinical feeding decisions were changed based on FEES and describe progress in oral feeding.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A majority of infants (85.5%) were reported to have abnormal FEES findings, with aspiration below the vocal cords noted in 37.7% and laryngeal penetration reported in 34.5% of the infants. Anatomical abnormalities were reported in 39% of infants including predominantly laryngomalacia (27.7%). Ten infants were noted to have unanticipated anatomical abnormalities, of which four went on to require surgical interventions. Changes in nipple or bottle were the most frequent recommendations (68.8%) with thickening of feeds recommended in 35% of infants. The percentage of oral feedings increased from median of 45% to 75% with a decrease in infants with apneic, bradycardic, and desaturation events in the 7 days after FEES guided interventions were introduced.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Majority of the infants with clinical concerns of swallow dysfunction were noted to have abnormalities on FEES, with one third of infants reported to have aspiration and anatomical abnormalities. Changes in feeding practices were recommended to majority of the infants based on FEES evaluation. Four of the five infants with anatomical abnormalities referred urgently for specialist evaluation required interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"845-852"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142957563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postextubation Dysphagia Among Patients With COVID-19: Results of Instrumental Swallow Studies and Clinical Swallow Evaluations.","authors":"Renee Bricker, Chad Aldridge, Elizabeth Turner","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-23-00442","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-23-00442","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Research has shown that prolonged endotracheal intubation can increase risk of aspiration following extubation. This study examined the relationship between swallowing and intubation among patients with COVID-19. We investigated the association between the duration of intubation and time until an oral diet was safely initiated and the correlation between the length of intubation and reduced sensation with aspiration as seen on flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES)/videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This study is a retrospective analysis of all intubated patients admitted with the primary diagnosis of COVID-19 between April 2020 and March 2021 who received an inpatient speech-language pathology consultation. We utilized univariate linear regressions to investigate the dose-response relationship between duration of intubation and time until cleared for oral diet post-extubation. Dysphagia outcomes were analyzed, including results from 39 instrumental evaluations (VFSS and FEES).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During this 1-year period, 94 extubated patients were examined by a speech-language pathologist (SLP). We observed a near-exponential increase in the days until cleared for oral diet from 3% versus 69% when intubated for 10-16 days versus 17-34 days, respectively. Second, 39 patients received a VFSS/FEES evaluation. Of those who aspirated on an instrumental swallow study, there was a 78% rate of silent aspiration.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Prolonged intubation has a near exponential dose-response on the time until a patient becomes cleared for an oral diet after extubation. Prolonged intubation also increases the rate of aspiration observed on VFSS/FEES evaluations. Thus, SLP evaluation of oropharyngeal swallow physiology is important to minimize complications and improve patient outcomes.</p><p><strong>Supplemental material: </strong>https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.28165631.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"547-558"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142985194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Speech-Language Pathologists' Use of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures for Adult Patients With Cognitive-Communication Disorders: A Survey Study.","authors":"Faith Stagge, Matthew L Cohen, Allyson Lindsay Johnson, Alyssa M Lanzi","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00285","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00285","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) primarily assess patients with cognitive-communication disorders using performance-based measures. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) may also prove useful in clinical practice with these populations, as they can capture applied communication constructs with subjective or unobservable elements (e.g., cognitive fatigue). We conducted a survey to gain insight into SLPs' clinical use of PROMs with these populations.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Ninety-five SLPs responded to 26 survey items that explored SLPs' (a) current use of PROMs in clinical care for adults with cognitive-communication disorders, (b) needs and barriers related to PROM use in clinical practice, and (c) gaps and needs with respect to the measurement of patient health-related quality of life. A convergent mixed-methods design was used to analyze qualitative and quantitative survey responses. Free-response questions were coded using a conventional content analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty percent of respondents reported using PROMs with their patients with cognitive-communication disorders, most often for goal setting, followed by assessing treatment effects. SLPs also reported barriers to PROM use with patients with cognitive-communication disorders, such as patient insight deficits and limited time. The identified barriers of <i>poor implementation</i> and <i>dissemination</i> have implications for future research directions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The survey findings suggest that many SLPs do not currently use PROMs with patients who have cognitive-communication disorders, but those who do find them useful for goal setting. Survey findings also indicate several barriers that limit broader adoption of PROMs for this clinical population, which should be addressed through future implementation research and clinical initiatives such as creating PROM education for SLPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":"34 2","pages":"798-817"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902987/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143598314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Communication Training for Significant Others a Reasonable Rehabilitation Goal in Aphasia Therapy?","authors":"Katarina L Haley, Lucy E Hardy","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00472","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00472","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study was motivated by goal samples from practicing speech-language pathologists (SLPs) that were submitted to a website our group maintains about treatment planning for aphasia. Upon analyzing the goals, we found that less than 3% involved any form of communication partner training (CPT). Considering this finding, we sought to understand how and to what extent aphasia clinicians in the United States use CPT with significant others.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We constructed a survey that included a mixture of multiple-choice and open response questions around goal setting and CPT for significant others. The survey was posted to the same website where we had originally collected the goal samples. Responses were summarized with descriptive statistics and thematic analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One hundred fifty-six SLPs and 138 graduate students completed the survey. Almost all SLPs (97%) reported engaging in CPT with family members, and approximately half indicated they also wrote goals about this service at least occasionally. However, most explained that CPT was typically handled without goal setting. Graduate students reported limited experience with CPT. Thematic analysis of the open responses yielded five themes and 24 codes that collectively display a multidimensional implementation problem.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>SLPs recognize the importance of CPT and employ a range of training techniques with significant others. Nevertheless, they face barriers that lead to ambivalence about writing goals for this service. On the rationale that explicit goals ensure accountability and transparency, we address some of the barriers by providing practical resources as steps toward solution-focused collaboration.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"782-797"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skills Associated With Atypical Phonological Errors in English: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Elizabeth Roepke","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00179","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00179","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Few clinicians report incorporating error type in their assessment of speech sound disorders, despite research reporting differences between children who produce typical and atypical phonological errors. The purpose of this scoping review was to map what is currently known about the related skills of English-speaking children who produce typical versus atypical phonological errors in order to summarize currently available evidence for clinical decision making concerning atypical phonological errors.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A systematic search of databases was completed, including PubMed, Scopus, and APA PsycInfo. Studies that were published between 1985 and 2023, were peer-reviewed, and reported on a related skill for typical and atypical phonological errors were included. The scoping review was reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-seven studies were included in the review. These studies were organized into six themes: persistence of speech errors, emergent literacy difficulties, executive function difficulties, language skills, speech perception and auditory processing, and motor skills. Atypical but not typical phonological errors were related to persistence of speech errors. Emergent literacy difficulties, particularly phonological awareness difficulties, and executive function difficulties were frequently reported to be associated with atypical but not typical phonological errors. Motor skills were similar for children who produced typical and atypical errors. More research is needed for speech perception, auditory processing, and language skills.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Children who produce atypical phonological errors have different strengths and weaknesses in related skills than children who produce typical phonological errors. Children who produce atypical phonological errors may benefit from phonological awareness and/or early literacy assessments and intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"959-981"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143460366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}