{"title":"Trace elements and cognitions in elderly population: a case-control study.","authors":"Anil Kumar Maurya, Mona Srivastava, Ashish Ashish, Nitish Kumar Singh, Abhay Kumar Yadav, Shani Vishwakarma, Royana Singh","doi":"10.1007/s10534-025-00679-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-025-00679-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There have been almost no studies with trace elements and psychological battery in cognitively impaired elderly individuals. Such research is crucial to enhance diagnostic accuracy. We aim to identify significant differences in blood serum concentration levels of trace elements, Hindi Mini-Mental State Examination (HMMSE), and psychological battery as Hindi Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (HMDRS) scores between case and control groups in the elderly. A cross-sectional research design was conducted with a total of 240 subjects, comprising 120 each from the case and control groups. Trace elements were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. HMMSE and HMDRS tests were administered to assess cognition scores. The chi-square test, t-test, and appropriate statistics were utilized. Our findings indicate significant differences in demographic factors (age, gender, education level) and clinical levels (p < .001), while caste, habitat, and marital status were not significant (p < .05). Concentration levels of Iron (Fe) and Copper (Cu) was higher, Zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr), and Selenium (Se) were lower, significantly different (p < .001), but Magnesium (Mg) was not (p < .05). Additionally, third HMMSE and HMDRS were significant (p < .001) between the case and control groups in the elderly. The study suggested that higher levels of Fe and Cu, while lower Zn, Cr, and Se blood serum concentrations increased the risk of cognitive impairments in the elderly population, demonstrated by the HMMSE and HMDRS test scores which were lower in the case group.</p>","PeriodicalId":491,"journal":{"name":"Biometals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BiometalsPub Date : 2025-03-21DOI: 10.1007/s10534-025-00672-y
D B León-Flores, L I Siañez-Estada, B F Iglesias-Figueroa, T S Siqueiros-Cendón, E A Espinoza-Sánchez, A Varela-Ramírez, R J Aguilera, Q Rascón-Cruz
{"title":"Anticancer potential of lactoferrin: effects, drug synergy and molecular interactions.","authors":"D B León-Flores, L I Siañez-Estada, B F Iglesias-Figueroa, T S Siqueiros-Cendón, E A Espinoza-Sánchez, A Varela-Ramírez, R J Aguilera, Q Rascón-Cruz","doi":"10.1007/s10534-025-00672-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-025-00672-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer treatment is among today's most active and challenging research fields. In recent years, significant progress has been made in developing new cancer therapies, including nutraceuticals and natural compounds with anticancer properties. Lactoferrin, a glycoprotein present in mammals, is of significant interest due to its pleiotropic behavior, demonstrating a broad spectrum of biological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anticancer effects. In this review, we examine the current knowledge of Lf's role in cancer. In addition, it exhibits a synergistic effect along with conventional drugs, potentially enhancing their efficacy and, at the same time, reducing the side effects associated with most traditional therapies. However, it is essential to consider the precise molecular mechanism by which Lf exerts its antitumor activity. Searching interactions with several molecules can provide insight into this mechanism. Additionally, finding lactoferrin receptors can improve the strategies for the specific release of the conjugates. For all these reasons, Lactoferrin becomes a potential therapeutic agent that should be examined in depth.</p>","PeriodicalId":491,"journal":{"name":"Biometals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143673119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BiometalsPub Date : 2025-03-17DOI: 10.1007/s10534-025-00676-8
Ella O'Sullivan, Denis O'Shea, Michael Devereux, Orla Howe
{"title":"Apoptotic cell death induced by copper (II), manganese (II) and silver (I) complexes containing bridging dicarboxylate and 1,10-phenanthroline ligands: one of the multi-modes of anticancer activity?","authors":"Ella O'Sullivan, Denis O'Shea, Michael Devereux, Orla Howe","doi":"10.1007/s10534-025-00676-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-025-00676-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cu(II), Mn(II) and Ag(I) complexes incorporating bridging dicarboxylate and 1,10-phenanthroline ligands have exhibited anti-cancer potential with significant in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic efficacies. Our study focuses on regulated cell death process of apoptosis as a mode of action of the anti-cancer activity by the complexes. Cytotoxicity screening of the complexes demonstrated all the metal-dicarboxylate-phenanthroline complexes exhibit superior activity compared to their non-phenanthroline containing precursors, in addition to cisplatin. The Cu(II) and Mn(II) complexes were shown to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) but this was not observed for the Ag(I) analogues. Furthermore, apoptosis was found to be induced by all the metal-phenanthroline complexes to varying degrees contingent on the type of metal centre in the complex. Apoptotic gene expression analysis established the predominant activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, with co-stimulation of the extrinsic pathway observed in some cases. The mechanistic data provided within this study highlights the multi-modal activity of the metal-phenanthroline complexes contingent on the type of metal present, warranting continued investigation of their biological modes of action beyond apoptosis induction.</p>","PeriodicalId":491,"journal":{"name":"Biometals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143646770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BiometalsPub Date : 2025-03-17DOI: 10.1007/s10534-025-00668-8
Luan Viana Faria, Maria Eduarda Scordamaia Lopes, Diego Pedreira de Oliveira, Fernando Santos da Silva, Cecilio Sadao Fugivara, Andressa Vilas Boas Nogueira, James Deschner, Joni Augusto Cirelli
{"title":"Sustained release of Sr and Ca from a micronanotopographic titanium surface improves osteoblast function.","authors":"Luan Viana Faria, Maria Eduarda Scordamaia Lopes, Diego Pedreira de Oliveira, Fernando Santos da Silva, Cecilio Sadao Fugivara, Andressa Vilas Boas Nogueira, James Deschner, Joni Augusto Cirelli","doi":"10.1007/s10534-025-00668-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-025-00668-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The surface chemistry and topographical features of dental implants play a crucial role in influencing the osseointegration process. Alkaline earth elements such as strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) exert beneficial effects in promoting bone formation. This study aimed to evaluate micronanotopographic cpTi substrates that doped these elements, Sr and Ca. The composition and morphology were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Wettability assays, Sr and Ca release tests, and electrochemical behavior were also conducted. Proliferation, adhesion, and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells on this surface were evaluated in vitro. Direct fluorescence assays and SEM, cell viability, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and mineralization nodule formation were performed. The biological results showed the absence of cytotoxicity after the treatments, increased cell spreading on the micronanotopographic substrates, and greater mineralization nodule formation on surfaces doped with Sr and Sr/Ca. Gene and protein expression of osteoblastic markers were assessed through PCR and ELISA, and some genes were regulated on the doped surfaces at three and seven days of cell culture, like Bglap, Ibsp, Spp, Col1a1, and Runx2. The micronanotopographic substrates modified the physicochemical properties and morphology of the pre-osteoblasts. The results indicate that the biological effect of implants treated with Sr and Sr/Ca was significantly superior to that of polished surfaces and undoped micronanotopographic implants. Furthermore, the addition of Sr alone was sufficient to improve events related to osseointegration.</p>","PeriodicalId":491,"journal":{"name":"Biometals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143646772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BiometalsPub Date : 2025-03-14DOI: 10.1007/s10534-025-00677-7
Unna Fagerholm, Heli E K Virtanen, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Jukka T Salonen, Jyrki K Virtanen
{"title":"Concentrations of the serum long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and hair mercury in men in different apolipoprotein E phenotypes.","authors":"Unna Fagerholm, Heli E K Virtanen, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Jukka T Salonen, Jyrki K Virtanen","doi":"10.1007/s10534-025-00677-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-025-00677-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fish is a source of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) and methylmercury, a toxic heavy metal, with opposite effects on cardiovascular disease risk and cognitive decline. Besides diet, the apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype may affect LC n-3 PUFA and mercury concentrations in the body, but the evidence is inconsistent. The subjects were 1159 men aged 42-60 years, examined in 1984-1989. ANCOVA and linear regression were used in the analyses. The mean ± SD concentrations of serum eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were 1.57 ± 0.82, 0.55 ± 0.10 and 2.45 ± 0.75%, respectively. There were no differences in LC n-3 PUFA concentrations between APOE4 carriers and non-carriers (P-values ≥ 0.60). The mean ± SD hair mercury concentration was 1.55 ± 1.3 µg/g. The concentrations were slightly higher in APOE4 carriers vs. non-carriers (difference 0.16 µg/g, 95% confidence interval = 0.01-0.32,P = 0.04). Overall, fish consumption was associated with higher hair mercury and serum EPA and DHA concentrations, but no differences in the associations were found between APOE4 carriers and non-carriers (P-interactions ≥ 0.30). Hair mercury, but not serum LC n-3 PUFA concentrations, were higher in APOE4 carriers vs. non-carriers. However, as no differences were found in the associations of fish intake with LC n-3 PUFA and mercury concentrations, the results could be due to differences in mercury accumulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":491,"journal":{"name":"Biometals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143630142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BiometalsPub Date : 2025-03-12DOI: 10.1007/s10534-024-00651-9
Frithjof C Küpper, Eleanor Carrano, Kenneth N Raymond, Eric Miller, Ricardo Cruz-López, Ana Mijovilovich, Kyoko Yarimizu, Andrew Cooksy, Wes Harris, Shady A Amin, Alison Butler, John C Carrano
{"title":"In memoriam: Carl J. Carrano : July 14, 1950-January 26, 2022.","authors":"Frithjof C Küpper, Eleanor Carrano, Kenneth N Raymond, Eric Miller, Ricardo Cruz-López, Ana Mijovilovich, Kyoko Yarimizu, Andrew Cooksy, Wes Harris, Shady A Amin, Alison Butler, John C Carrano","doi":"10.1007/s10534-024-00651-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-024-00651-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article is a celebration of the life and work of Carl J. Carrano who, from a childhood in Long Island, New York, built a career in bioinorganic chemistry, especially in the context of metal uptake and halogen metabolism in microbes and marine organisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":491,"journal":{"name":"Biometals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143612720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BiometalsPub Date : 2025-03-08DOI: 10.1007/s10534-025-00675-9
Marcin Grąz, Anna Jarosz-Wilkołazka, Jolanta Polak, Bożena Pawlikowska-Pawlęga, Justyna Kapral-Piotrowska, Wioleta Ciempiel, Marta Ruminowicz-Stefaniuk
{"title":"Accumulation of heavy metals in the mycelium of Abortiporus biennis and their effect on oxalate oxidase activity.","authors":"Marcin Grąz, Anna Jarosz-Wilkołazka, Jolanta Polak, Bożena Pawlikowska-Pawlęga, Justyna Kapral-Piotrowska, Wioleta Ciempiel, Marta Ruminowicz-Stefaniuk","doi":"10.1007/s10534-025-00675-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10534-025-00675-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Abortiporus biennis belongs to a basidiomycete fungi with the unique ability to degrade oxalate using enzyme oxalate oxidase. Oxalate oxidase (OXO) from Abortiporus biennis is an intracellular oxalic acid-induced enzyme, which catalyses the degradation of oxalic acid to carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide. OXO activity was stimulated by all the heavy metals tested (copper, manganese, lead and cadmium) after addition as water-soluble salts to A. biennis fungal cultures. Manganese ions stimulated OXO activity to the greatest extent among the tested metal ions. In the presence of manganese ions, an elevated concentration of oxalate was also detected in the fungal culture after 7 days of cultivation. The manganese, lead, and cadmium ions were accumulated by the A. biennis mycelium. Among them, lead was accumulated to a great extent. It was observed that the accumulation of lead ions occurred in the vicinity of the A. biennis hyphal cell wall.</p>","PeriodicalId":491,"journal":{"name":"Biometals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143582145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BiometalsPub Date : 2025-02-27DOI: 10.1007/s10534-025-00673-x
Daniele Sanna, Angela Fadda, Milena Casula, Grazia Palomba, Maria Cristina Sini, Maria Colombino, Carla Rozzo, Giuseppe Palmieri, Carmela Gallo, Dalila Carbone, Laura Siracusa, Luana Pulvirenti, Valeria Ugone
{"title":"Antidiabetic potential of vanadium complexes combined with olive leaf extracts: a viable approach to reduce metal toxicity.","authors":"Daniele Sanna, Angela Fadda, Milena Casula, Grazia Palomba, Maria Cristina Sini, Maria Colombino, Carla Rozzo, Giuseppe Palmieri, Carmela Gallo, Dalila Carbone, Laura Siracusa, Luana Pulvirenti, Valeria Ugone","doi":"10.1007/s10534-025-00673-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-025-00673-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vanadium compounds are known for their antidiabetic properties due to their ability to interfere with numerous mechanisms that lead to the decrease of blood glucose levels. Although some of these compounds have reached clinical trials and have the advantage of being orally administrable, no vanadium-containing drugs are currently available on the market, primarily due to the high doses required, which can lead intestinal and renal problems in case of long-term treatments. In this study, plant extracts obtained from olive leaves (Olea europaea L.) were combined with vanadium complexes with established antidiabetic activity with the aim of reducing their metal toxicity and, at the same time, amplifying their hypoglycemic action. The extracts were characterized by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods showing a composition rich in polyphenols and a high antioxidant activity. Formulations containing a vanadium complex (bis(maltolato)oxidovanadium(IV), BMOV, or bis(picolinato)oxidovanadium(IV), BPOV) mixed with different amount of olive leaves extract were tested in vitro to evaluate intestinal toxicity and hypoglycemic activity. The results demonstrated that the plant extracts are generally non-toxic toward human colon fibroblast in the whole range of tested concentrations and some of them are particularly effective in reducing the toxicity of the two vanadium compounds. Further in vitro tests conducted on differentiated human adipocyte cell lines revealed a significant increase in glucose uptake following treatment with the mixed formulations, compared to the effect of the individual components, indicating a synergistic effect. Immunocytochemical assays suggested that the translocation of GLUT4 transporter can be involved in the mechanism of action.</p>","PeriodicalId":491,"journal":{"name":"Biometals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143514169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BiometalsPub Date : 2025-02-26DOI: 10.1007/s10534-025-00669-7
Salhah Hamed Alrefaee, Faizah S Aljohani, M El-Khatib, Yahya H Shahin, Bassma H Elwakil, Sendianah H Shahin, Sara H Akl, Esraa Abdelhamid Moneer, Amira Abd-Elfattah Darwish
{"title":"Evaluation of potential antiparasitic effect of ZnO nanoparticles on experimental cryptosporidiosis in immunosuppressed mice.","authors":"Salhah Hamed Alrefaee, Faizah S Aljohani, M El-Khatib, Yahya H Shahin, Bassma H Elwakil, Sendianah H Shahin, Sara H Akl, Esraa Abdelhamid Moneer, Amira Abd-Elfattah Darwish","doi":"10.1007/s10534-025-00669-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-025-00669-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cryptosporidium is a food and water-borne enteric protozoan that infects a wide range of vertebrates, causing life-threatening complications, particularly in immunocompromised hosts. The absence of effective anti-cryptosporidial medications could be attributed to the parasite's specific intestinal location, as well as the lack of research into the mechanism by which the protozoan impairs intestine cellular function. The present work aimed to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of zinc nanoparticles in the treatment of experimental cryptosporidiosis infection in immunosuppressed mice. Small-sized ZnO-NPs revealed better treatment efficacy than Large-sized ZnO-NPs in all studies. Nitazoxanide-treated group revealed the highest percentage reduction of the oocyst's counts followed by the small-sized ZnO-NPs treated group. The small-sized ZnO-NPs treated mice group showed a minimal inflammatory effect in all examined treated tissues when compared to the infected non-treated group. The morphological structure of the oocysts was examined using SEM indicating variable degrees of morphological changes in the treated mice. Moreover, the levels of biochemical analyses were significantly lower in the treated group. The histopathological study revealed the significant effect of small-sized ZnO-NPs in treating cryptosporidiosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":491,"journal":{"name":"Biometals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BiometalsPub Date : 2025-02-22DOI: 10.1007/s10534-025-00671-z
Sanjib Manna, Sayed Mohammed Firdous
{"title":"Unravelling the developmental toxicity of heavy metals using zebrafish as a model: a narrative review.","authors":"Sanjib Manna, Sayed Mohammed Firdous","doi":"10.1007/s10534-025-00671-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-025-00671-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Developmental toxicity is the disruption of an organism's normal development which may occur in either the parent before conception or in the growing creature itself. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are being employed as effective vertebrate models to evaluate the safety and toxicity of chemicals because they can breed multiple times in a year so we can observe the toxic effects in the next generation and their development mental stages can be observed and define clearly because their 1 cell stage to prime stage is transparent so we can observe the development of every organ also they have nearly about 80% genetic similarity with humans and shares the similar neuromodulatory structure along with multiple neurotransmitter. The recent research endeavours to examine the harmful outcome of various heavy metals such as cadmium, chromium, nickel, arsenic, lead, mercury, bismuth, iron, manganese, and thallium along with microplastics on zebrafish embryos when subjected to environmentally acceptable levels of every single metal in addition to co-exposure at various points in time. These heavy metals can alter the mRNA expression levels, increase the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, decrease antioxidant expression, damage neuronal function, alter neurotransmitter release, alter the expression of several apoptotic proteins, interfere with the different signalling pathways, decrease heat rates, increase malformations like - pericardial oedema, heart oedema, reduce in length tail bending abnormal formation in fins. Thereafter we concluded that due to its involvement in the food chain, it also causes severe effects on human beings.</p>","PeriodicalId":491,"journal":{"name":"Biometals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143476092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}