Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics最新文献

{"title":"Meningococcal vaccination disparities in the United States (2010-2021): Findings from the National Immunization Survey-Teen and a commercial insurance database.","authors":"Oscar Herrera-Restrepo, Marta Kwiatkowska, Samuel Huse, Nelson Ndegwa, Zeki Kocaata, Michael L Ganz","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2479338","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2479338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the United States, while meningococcal vaccines are available and recommended for adolescents and young adults, coverage remains low and disparities persist. We evaluated meningococcal serogroups A, C, W, Y (MenACWY) and B (MenB) vaccine uptake, completion, and compliance using a cross-sectional analysis of National Immunization Survey-Teen (NIS-Teen) data (2015-2021) and a cohort analysis of commercial claims data (2010-2021). Regression models were used to identify factors associated with vaccine uptake. Included in the NIS-Teen MenACWY and MenB analyses were 138,952 and 177,077 patients, respectively. Included in the claims MenACWY and MenB analyses were 953,905 and 818,424 patients, respectively. In 2021, MenACWY uptake was 86.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 83.6-88.8%) among ≤13-year-olds (NIS-Teen) and 63.2% (62.8-63.5%) among 11-12-year-olds (claims). MenB was 33.7% (30.5-37.1%) among ≤17-year-olds (NIS-Teen), 41.6% (41.2-42.0%) among 16-18-year-olds (claims), and 15.0% (14.7-15.4%) among 19-23-year-olds (claims). The states with the lowest and highest MenB uptake by ≤17-year-olds in 2021 (NIS-Teen) were Minnesota (10.1% [3.9-23.6%]) and North Dakota (69.9% [52.1-83.2%]). Factors associated with MenACWY uptake included living in a state with a vaccine mandate, Black or Hispanic race (versus White), and well-child visit attendance. Factors associated with MenB uptake included having Medicaid (versus private insurance) and Hispanic race (versus White). The findings suggest that meningococcal vaccination coverage disparities persist across vaccines, age, geography, and race and ethnicity. Higher MenACWY (versus MenB) coverage suggests the benefit of routine recommendations. Annual well-child visits and simplified vaccination schedules could reduce vaccination access barriers.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"21 1","pages":"2479338"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11951691/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143659495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient preferences toward herpes zoster vaccination among individuals aged 50 years or older in South Korea: Findings from a discrete choice experiment.","authors":"Sumitra Shantakumar, Eun Ju Choo, Raunak Parikh, Taeyeon Kwon, Hyungwoo Kim, Lawrence Vandervoort, Vince Grillo, Jacob Lee","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2469419","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2469419","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In South Korea, the increasing incidence of herpes zoster (HZ) and aging population warrant consideration of HZ vaccination for older adults. There is a need to understand the HZ vaccine-related preferences of adults aged ≥50 years and adult children (working or financially independent adults contributing to healthcare decision-making for their parents aged ≥50 years). A discrete choice experiment was conducted to elicit HZ vaccine preferences of the HZ-naïve general public aged ≥50 years (<i>n</i> = 500), current/former HZ patients aged ≥50 years (<i>n</i> = 150), and adult children (<i>n</i> = 150). An online questionnaire was administered through March-May 2023; for each preference-elicitation question, respondents selected between three hypothetical HZ vaccine profiles, characterized by five attributes with varying levels, or \"no vaccine\". Respondents generally accepted an increased number of doses (from one to two) for a longer protection duration (from ≥4 to ≥7 or ≥10 years). By mean relative importance (RI), protection duration (RI: 37.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 36.0%, 38.1%), lifetime HZ risk reduction (27.3%; 95% CI: 26.3%, 28.4%) and short-term side effects (14.9%; 95% CI: 14.1%, 15.6%) had the strongest impact on respondents' HZ vaccine decision-making. Adult children viewed short-term side effects with significantly greater RI than the general public and current/former HZ patients (19.1%, 13.5%, 15.2%, respectively, <i>p</i> < .001). Respondents with selected comorbidities placed higher RI than those without comorbidities on protection duration (39.3% versus 34.2%, <i>p</i> < .001) and lower RI on prevention of HZ-related complications (8.7% versus 10.4%, <i>p</i> = .007). Findings may guide health policy design/refinement and physician-patient conversations on HZ vaccination/vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"21 1","pages":"2469419"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11901505/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143587707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An mRNA vaccine candidate encoding cholera toxin subunit B and conserved antigens of influenza viruses confers cross-protection against influenza a viruses in adult and aged mice.","authors":"Liang Xu, Zhihao Yu, Yifan Xu, Qin Wang, Guiqin Wang, Benchi Li, Qian Weng, Yongxiang Yi, Junwei Li","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2453304","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2453304","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Currently, vaccination with influenza vaccines is still an effective strategy to prevent infection by seasonal influenza virus. However, seasonal influenza vaccines frequently fail to induce effective immune protection against rapidly changing seasonal influenza viruses and emerging zoonotic influenza viruses. In addition, seasonal influenza vaccines may not confer potent protection in elderly and immunocompromised individuals. There is an urgent need to develop potent broad-spectrum influenza vaccines to address this problem. Herein, we designed an mRNA-based broad-spectrum influenza vaccine candidate encoding cholera toxin subunit B and conserved antigens of influenza viruses. In both adult and aged mice, this universal influenza mRNA vaccine candidate stimulated robust T-cell and humoral immune responses and conferred effective protection against broad-spectrum influenza viruses in both adult and aged mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"21 1","pages":"2453304"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11834421/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143433801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of pentavalent meningococcal MenABCWY vaccine in healthy infants: A phase 2b randomized clinical trial.","authors":"Federico Martinon-Torres, Erik Lamberth, Silvina Natalini Martinez, Ignacio Salamanca de la Cueva, Lefteris Zolotas, Islamiat Oladipupo, Jason D Maguire, James Trammel, Robert O'Neill, Paul A Liberator, Paula Peyrani, Luis Jodar, William C Gruber, Annaliesa S Anderson, Johannes Beeslaar","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2463194","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2463194","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Invasive meningococcal disease is an uncommon but serious disease predominantly affecting children. This phase 2b study evaluated MenABCWY in 6-month-old infants followed by MenB-fHbp and MenABCWY in 2-month-old infants, the latter being the target age and intervention. Participants were randomized to MenABCWY, 60 µg or 120 µg MenB-fHbp+MenACWY-TT, or 4CMenB+MenACWY-TT, administered as 2 primary and 1 booster dose. The primary safety objective was to describe the safety profile of MenABCWY in participants enrolled at 2 months. Primary immunogenicity objectives were the percentage of participants achieving seroprotective serum bactericidal antibody using human complement titers. Overall, 314 and 12 participants were randomized to sentinel cohort and open-label expanded-enrollment stages, respectively. Based on 2 reports of fever requiring invasive investigations and accompanied by cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and 1 report arising from a previous study, the Sponsor terminated the study. Local reactions and systemic events after primary vaccination were generally mild to moderate, and tended to be higher with MenABCWY versus 4CMenB+MenACWY-TT. Immunogenicity data suggest that 1 month after vaccination 2, MenABCWY responses for MenA/C/W/Y were robust and comparable with 4CMenB+MenACWY-TT in 2-month-old participants. Immune responses for MenB test strains were higher with MenABCWY versus 4CMenB+MenACWY-TT and generally similar with 60 µg and 120 µg MenB-fHbp+MenACWY-TT or MenABCWY. Based on the limited results, the consistency of MenB immune responses with 60 µg and 120 µg MenB-fHbp suggests doses < 60 µg could be investigated to assess whether a more acceptable safety profile in conjunction with beneficial immune responses is possible in 2-month-old infants.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"21 1","pages":"2463194"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11853628/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143494372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> serotype distribution in low- and middle-income countries of South Asia: Do we need to revisit the pneumococcal vaccine strategy?","authors":"Priya Dhawale, Sanket Shah, Kaushal Sharma, Deepa Sikriwal, Varnik Kumar, Arnabjyoti Bhagawati, Sakshi Dhar, Pratiksha Shetty, Syed Ahmed","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2461844","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2461844","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>S. pneumoniae</i> serotypes responsible for pneumococcal disease differ with respect to disease severity, invasiveness, antimicrobial susceptibility, geographies, immunization history, age groups, and with time. Although PCVs have blunted the pneumococcal disease burden, they are plagued with numerous challenges, especially the emergence of NVTs. In this review, we show that there are diverse serotypes, especially NVTs, responsible for causing pneumococcal diseases in LMICs of South Asia across different studies conducted between 2012 and 2024. We propose that pharmaceutical/biotech companies should tailor/customize the PCVs as per the region-specific serotype prevalence based on surveillance data. Furthermore, protein-based vaccines, or WCVs, have been explored and can serve as viable alternatives to address the limitations associated with PCVs. However, robust studies are warranted in different geographies to demonstrate its efficacy and safety in clinical trials as well as the real-world effectiveness of these promising candidates.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"21 1","pages":"2461844"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11864319/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143505379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global research trends of immunosenescence and immunotherapy: A bibliometric study.","authors":"Wendi Li, Lin Xiao, Haiyang Li, Wei Cui","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2469403","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2469403","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immunosenescence refers to the gradual decline in immune system function with age, increasing susceptibility to infections and cancer in the elderly. The advent of novel immunotherapies has revolutionized the field of cancer treatment. However, the majority of patients exhibit poor re-sponses to immunotherapy, with immunosenescence likely playing a significant role. In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding the interplay between immunosenescence and immunotherapy. Our research aims to explore the prospects and development trends in the field of immunosenescence and immunotherapy using a bibliometric analysis. Relevant articles were collected from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) (retrieved on July 20, 2024). Primary bibliometric characteristics were analyzed using the R package \"Biblio-metrix,\" and keyword co-occurrence analysis and visualization were conducted using VOSviewer. A total of 213 English-language original research and review articles spanning 35 years were re-trieved for bibliometric analysis. There was a surge in publications in this field starting in 2017. The United States and China contributed the most articles. Frontiers in Immunology was the most productive journal, while the University of California System was the highest contributing institution. Besse Benjamin from France emerged as the most influential researcher in this field. Popular keywords included \"nivolumab,\" \"T cells,\" \"dendritic cells,\" and \"regulatory T cells.\" The \"immunosenescence-associated secretory phenotype\" has become a new hotspot, with immune checkpoint inhibitors remaining a central theme in this domain. The field of immunosenescence and immunotherapy is entering a phase of rapid development and will continue to hold significant value in future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"21 1","pages":"2469403"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11853558/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143484487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 10-year knowledge mapping of T cells in rheumatoid arthritis: A bibliometric analysis.","authors":"Yanfang Gao, Yang Liu, Huiqin Hao","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2450855","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2450855","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory joint disease of autoimmune origin. T cells play crucial roles in the initiation and progression of RA. Although bibliometric methods have been widely used to synthesize knowledge trajectories across different biomedical fields, it has hardly been used to underscore the knowledge trends in relation to T cell and RA. This study used bibliometric methods to delineate the evolution of research on T cells and RA. Data were sourced from the Web of Science™ Core Collection and were scientometrically analyzed using CiteSpace and VOSviewer. From 2014 to 2023, 7037 papers on T cells and RA were retrieved. The number of annual publications is stable between 600 and 800, and the citation frequency continues to rise. The United States, China, the United Kingdom and Japan were the most productive countries. Karolinska Institute, and Harvard Medical School were the institutions that published the most research papers. Wei W, Cho ML, and Park SH were the most prolific authors. Mclnnes IB and Smolen JS were the most frequently cited authors. The journals with the most articles are Frontiers in Immunology, Arthritis Research & Therapy, and Arthritis & Rheumatology. Current research hotspots include pathogenic factors and targeted biological therapy, immune mechanisms, inflammatory mechanisms, and bone destruction mechanisms. The current research frontiers in this field are gut microbiota, identification, fibroblast-like synoviocytes, biologic therapy, mesenchymal stem cells, and risk. This work provides new insights into the scientific research and clinical application of T cells to develop therapeutic targets for RA.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"21 1","pages":"2450855"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11845019/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143442512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research trends of neoadjuvant therapy for breast cancer: A bibliometric analysis.","authors":"Laiping Xie, Yuhang Wang, Andi Wan, Lin Huang, Qing Wang, Wanyan Tang, Xiaowei Qi, Xiaofei Hu","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2460272","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2460272","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The approach of neoadjuvant therapy for breast cancer, which involves administering systemic treatment prior to primary surgery, has undergone substantial advancements in recent decades. This strategy is intended to reduce tumor size, thereby enabling less invasive surgical procedures and enhancing patient outcomes. This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of research trends in neoadjuvant therapy for breast cancer from 2009 to 2024. Using data extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection, a total of 3,674 articles were analyzed to map the research landscape in this field. The analysis reveals a steady increase in publication output, peaking in 2022, with the United States and China identified as the leading contributors. Key institutions, such as the University of Texas System and MD Anderson Cancer Center, have been instrumental in advancing the research on neoadjuvant therapy. The study also highlights the contributions of influential authors like Sibylle Loibl and Gunter von Minckwitz, as well as major journals such as the Journal of Clinical Oncology. Emerging research topics, including immunotherapy, liquid biopsy, and artificial intelligence, are gaining prominence and represent potential future directions for clinical applications. This bibliometric analysis provides critical insights into global research trends, key contributors, and future developments in the field of neoadjuvant therapy for breast cancer, offering a foundation for future research and clinical practice advancements.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"21 1","pages":"2460272"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11801352/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143190984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of a multimedia campaign to increase human papillomavirus vaccine acceptance in Dhaka, Bangladesh.","authors":"Sohail Agha, Sarah Francis, Drew Bernard, Aslam Fareed, Kasrina Azad, Firdausi Qadri","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2024.2447105","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2024.2447105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Increasing the uptake of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine among adolescent girls is a high priority for the government of Bangladesh. This study examines correlates of HPV vaccine adoption in Dhaka Division, the largest division in Bangladesh. The 18-day vaccination campaign was accompanied by multimedia messages. We use the Fogg Behavior Model (FBM) as the theoretical framework for our analysis. Using a survey instrument based on the FBM, we analyze cross-sectional data collected from 611 caregivers of girls aged 9-17 in Dhaka. Survey data was collected in November and December 2023. Caregivers were recruited via Facebook and Instagram ads and interviewed through the Facebook Messenger App. About one-third of caregivers reported that their child had been vaccinated. We conducted bivariate and multivariate analyses to assess the relationships between the caregivers' motivation, ability, exposure to the campaign and their child's vaccination status. Adjusted odds ratios from logistic regression analyses, suggest that caregivers' motivation, ability, and exposure to the multimedia campaign contributed to vaccine uptake. Caregivers' motivation to get their child vaccinated was high (74%) but their ability was low (20%). Exposure to campaign messages had a dose-response relationship with vaccine adoption. However, 48% of caregivers remained unexposed to the multimedia campaign. We discuss challenges that the government's HPV vaccination program is likely to face and identify program-related research questions that are important to answer for the success of future vaccination efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"21 1","pages":"2447105"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11730613/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142957495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Profile of <i>Chlamydia</i> vaccine research: A bibliometric analysis.","authors":"Xuemei Wang, Qian Wang, Yidan Gao, Lijuan Jiang, Lingli Tang","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2459459","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2459459","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vaccination is the most effective measure to prevent <i>Chlamydia</i> infection. However, to date, no vaccine has successfully completed the rigorous clinical trial process and gained regulatory approval for use in clinical practice. Scholars have been working on a safe and effective <i>Chlamydia</i> vaccine. In order to better grasp, the global frontiers and development trends in this field, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis was carried out. A total of 234 publications closely regarding <i>Chlamydia</i> vaccines were culled from the Web of Science Core Collection database, and the bibliometric information was then extracted with CiteSpace and VOSviewer software. After measurement analysis, the most influential papers were identified in this area, including highly cited papers, references with strong citation burst, and high co-citated papers. <i>Vaccine</i> has published the most literature on <i>Chlamydia</i> vaccines. Only scholars from 39 countries/regions have been engaged in studying <i>Chlamydia</i> vaccines. The USA is the most prolific country and has the highest collaborative strength. The current research area has focused on protective immunity and immunopathological response. Major outer membrane protein (MOMP) is the most common target vaccine antigen. This study reveals the status of literature and highlights emerging trends in this field, which helps researchers seek insights into this area and serve as a reference guide for further investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"21 1","pages":"2459459"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11801346/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143191066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}