Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics最新文献

{"title":"\"The big topic is COVID\": A qualitative study about changes in HPV vaccine conversations between parents and primary care team members throughout the COVID-19 pandemic.","authors":"Josheili Y Llavona-Ortiz, Lauren J Van Scoy, Benjamin Fogel, Casey Pinto, Jamelia Graham, William A Calo","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2460844","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2460844","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pandemic-related disruptions in primary care delayed important discussions between providers and parents about routine vaccinations. Conversations have become even more challenging since the COVID-19 pandemic due to increased vaccine hesitancy. This qualitative study explored changes in human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine conversations within the context of the pandemic from the perspective of primary care team members (PCTMs). Twenty-five PCTMs serving children between 9 and 17 y old in Pennsylvania during the pandemic were conveniently sampled. PCTMs rated their confidence and agreement related to HPV vaccine conversations and pandemic impact. Semi-structured interview questions assessed changes in their HPV vaccine conversations throughout the pandemic. Open-ended questions inquired about PCTMs' thoughts on the COVID-19 pandemic and if or how it impacted HPV vaccination uptake in their practice. Data were collected from May to July 2024. Verbatim transcriptions were analyzed using both inductive and deductive approaches to thematic analysis. Participants were 44% pediatricians, 50% had ≥20 y experience, and 68% were White. Six themes emerged: (1) parents show a range of reactions about HPV vaccination; (2) disruptions in healthcare visits and heightened parental concerns impede vaccination; (3) PCTMs notice clear changes in vaccine acceptance rates; (4) reasons for vaccination refusal have not substantially changed as a result of the pandemic; (5) importance of interpersonal relationships with parents; and (6) PCTM burnout impacts conversations. The pandemic added challenges to HPV vaccine conversations with parents. Findings from this study can be used to refine existing communication approaches to improve HPV vaccine conversations in primary care.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"21 1","pages":"2460844"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11810078/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and determinants of child immunization coverage in Ethiopia: Evidence from the 2019 mini-demographic and health survey.","authors":"Gebrecherkos Teame Gebrehiwot, Mulugeta Tilahun, Haftu Gebrehiwot, Hayelom Kahsay, Gebremicheal Gebregziabher, Senait Haddis, Mesfin Tesfay, Girmay Alemseged, Gebreselassie Alemseged, Mebrahtu Kalayu, Goitom Yisfa, Merhawi Alemu, Haileselassie Bisrat Bidre, Teshale Teklue","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2478707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2025.2478707","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immunization is a crucial public health intervention, and in Ethiopia, a nation characterized by diversity, immunization coverage shows considerable variations. This study aims to assess immunization coverage across various vaccines in Ethiopia and understand the prevalence and factors affecting immunization rates. This study utilized secondary data from the 2019 Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey (EMDHS), a community-based cross-sectional study. A Poisson regression model was used to evaluate the children's immunization coverage: the number of vaccinations a child received across 18 different vaccines. The overall immunization coverage in Ethiopia was found to be 40%, with significant regional disparities. Coverage was highest in Addis Ababa and Harari and lowest in Afar and Somali regions. BCG had the highest coverage (34.42%), while measles-2 vaccination had the lowest (3.7%). The Poisson regression analysis identified several significant predictors of immunization uptake. Children from wealthier households, those born in public health facilities, and those whose mothers attended antenatal care (ANC) visits had higher immunization counts (<i>p</i> < .001). Conversely, children from rural areas, female children, and those born into larger families had lower immunization rates (<i>p</i> < .01). Maternal education, pregnancy counseling, and family planning utilization were positively associated with vaccine uptake. Despite improvements in immunization coverage, Ethiopia's rates remain below the African regional average. Socioeconomic disparities, healthcare access, and maternal education significantly influence vaccination rates. Strengthening community-based outreach, expanding ANC services, improving healthcare infrastructure, and addressing gender-related disparities can enhance immunization coverage.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"21 1","pages":"2478707"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143659498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influenza vaccination hesitancy and related factors among pregnant and breastfeeding women: A cross-sectional study.","authors":"Dania Comparcini, Giancarlo Cicolini, Melania Totaro, Letizia Governatori, Francesco Pastore, Daniela Miniscalco, Maria Elena Flacco, Eustachio Cuscianna, Silvio Tafuri, Valentina Simonetti","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2450858","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2450858","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Achieving safe influenza vaccination coverage among pregnant and breastfeeding women is a global health goal due to the potential risks of serious influenza for both mother and child. However, vaccine hesitancy remains a significant barrier to vaccination uptake. Since anxiety represents a determinant in vaccine decision-making, this study aimed to assess influenza vaccination hesitancy and anxiety levels in this population and to explore the association between women's characteristics, their reluctance, and anxiety levels. A multicentre, cross-sectional study was conducted between February and June 2022 using structured phone interviews to assess: (1) socio-demographics and clinical history; (2) anti-flu vaccination status, previous anti-flu vaccination, and Sars-CoV-2 infection history; (3) insights into influenza vaccination during pregnancy; (4) attitudes toward anti-flu vaccination, using the Vaccination Attitudes Examination (VAX) Scale; (5) anxiety levels, measured by the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). Among the 387 participants, 22.8% were already vaccinated or expressed willingness to be vaccinated against influenza, and 54% had an anxiety disorder. While anxiety was not significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy, ongoing pregnancy emerged as an independent predictor of anxiety. Higher educational levels, ongoing pregnancy, already being vaccinated or willingness to get vaccinated, and being employed were associated with reduced vaccine hesitancy, while prior SARS-CoV-2 infection with increased hesitancy. Fear of unpredictable events and lack of healthcare professionals' recommendations emerged as reasons for vaccine reluctance. Given the low coverage rates, these findings highlight the need for health services to enhance vaccination efforts and provide clear recommendations to counter misinformation and ensure accurate vaccine safety information.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"21 1","pages":"2450858"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11740437/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142985146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uptake and service preferences of human papillomavirus vaccination in men who have sex with men.","authors":"Rui Zhang, Ngai Sze Wong, Sze Long Chung, Chi Keung Kwan, Tsz Ho Kwan, Shui Shan Lee","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2024.2440956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2024.2440956","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination could reduce HPV infection in men who have sex with men (MSM), but the published statistics on HPV vaccination uptake in MSM were scarce globally. This study estimated the uptake and profiled the service preferences of HPV vaccination of Chinese MSM in Hong Kong. Adult MSM were recruited through non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and online channels for completing an online baseline survey. Factors associated with self-reported history of HPV vaccination were identified using multivariable stepwise logistic regression model. Totally 701 Chinese MSM completed the online baseline survey, with the median age of 30 y (interquartile range [IQR] 26-35, range 18-67), and 23% of them had received HPV vaccination. More than half of vaccinated MSM (72%) rated convenient or very convenient for local HPV vaccination services. Among unvaccinated MSM, 50% considered high cost of HPV vaccine as the barrier of vaccination, 67% expressed willingness to pay below USD 128 per vaccine dose, and 65% preferred receiving vaccination in private clinics. MSM who had taken HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) (<i>p</i> < .001), had been tested for HPV (<i>p</i> = .018), and had (<i>p</i> = .005) multiple regular sex partners in the past 6 months were more likely to be vaccinated. The HPV vaccination uptake of Chinese MSM in Hong Kong remains low (23%), and high HPV vaccine cost is the main barrier. Preventive behaviors (HIV PrEP use and HPV testing) and high-risk sexual behavior (multiple regular sex partners) are potential targets for intervention to increase the uptake of HPV vaccination in MSM.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"21 1","pages":"2440956"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142877184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influenza vaccine effectiveness against medically-attended influenza infection in 2023/24 season in Hangzhou, China.","authors":"Hao Lei, Beidi Niu, Zhou Sun, Yaojing Wang, Xinren Che, Shengqiang Du, Yan Liu, Ke Zhang, Shi Zhao, Shigui Yang, Zhe Wang, Gang Zhao","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2024.2435156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2024.2435156","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>From 2020, influenza viruses circulation was largely affected by the global coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, notably leading to the extinction of the B/Yamagata lineage and raising questions about the relevance of the quadrivalent influenza vaccine, which includes this lineage. Evaluating vaccine effectiveness (VE) against influenza infections is important to inform future vaccine programs. A test-negative case-control study was conducted in five tertiary hospitals in Hangzhou, the capital city of Zhejiang province, China, enrolling medically-attended patients aged >6 months who presented with influenza-like illness (ILI) from October 1, 2023, to March 31, 2024. The VE was estimated using multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for sex, age, influenza detection methods, and influenza testing timing. Of the 157,291 medically-attended ILI participants enrolled 56,704 (36%) tested positive for influenza. Adjusted overall VE against any medically-attended influenza infection was 48% (95% Confidence interval [CI]: 46%-51%). The overall VE of the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3) was 59% (95% CI: 50%-66%), followed by the trivalent live attenuated vaccine (LAIV3) (VE = 53%, 95% CI: 42%-62%) and quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4) (VE = 47%, 95% CI: 45%-50%). IIV3 provided even better protection against medically-attended influenza B infection than IIV4 (VE = 87%, 95% CI: 81%-92% for IIV3 versus VE = 53%, 95% CI: 50%-57% for IIV4). In the 2023/24 season in Hangzhou, China, the influenza vaccine offered moderate protection during a major epidemic. The results supported the World Health Organization recommendation to exclude the B/Yamagata lineage antigen in quadrivalent influenza vaccines in 2023.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"21 1","pages":"2435156"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142865663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From PD-1/PD-L1 to tertiary lymphoid structures: Paving the way for precision immunotherapy in cholangiocarcinoma treatment.","authors":"Fang-Ju Huang, Ye-Ying Fang, Jia-Ying Wen, Jian-Jun Li, Qian Lin, Qin-Yan Su, Yi-Yang Chen, Lei Wang, Jian-Jia Zeng, Bang-Teng Chi, Rong-Quan He, Di-Yuan Qin, Li-Hua Yang, Gang Chen","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2024.2444697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2024.2444697","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly malignant hepatobiliary tumor characterized by limited treatment options and poor prognosis. The recent rise of immunotherapy has significantly influenced research in this field. This study presents a bibliometric analysis of 416 articles retrieved from the WOSCC, Wan fang Data, CNKI and VIP databases, spanning contributions from 32 countries, 589 institutions and 3,200 authors. The analysis identified \"PD-L1,\" \"PD-1\" and \"pembrolizumab\" as central research foci, while \"immune checkpoint inhibitors,\" \"tumor immune microenvironment,\" \"tertiary lymphoid structures\" and \"durvalumab\" emerged as key areas of interest. These findings emphasize the pivotal role of immunotherapy in improving survival outcomes for CCA, and they highlight the significance of tertiary lymphoid structures within the tumor microenvironment as a promising target for future research. This study offers a strategic overview of the evolving landscape of CCA immunotherapy, providing valuable insights to guide future scientific endeavors in this domain.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"21 1","pages":"2444697"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142933382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficiency enhancement in main path extraction in mRNA vaccine field: A novel approach leveraging intermediate patents, with shielding origin and terminus patent edges.","authors":"Ting Zhang, Zhongquan Jian, Juan Chen, Dongzi Xu, Xiaoyi Yang, Yan Lu, Shu Yan, Lizi Pan, Qingqiang Wu, Zhaolian Ouyang","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2454078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2025.2454078","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>mRNA vaccines offer groundbreaking technological advantages and broad application potential. Their rapid advancement, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, is the result of decades of research and numerous technological breakthroughs. These discoveries build upon each other, forming dense, interconnected networks of progress. Studying the technological development paths of mRNA vaccines is therefore essential. Main path analysis (MPA) is particularly effective for mapping out development trajectories within complex and interconnected networks, which serves as a powerful tool for identifying key nodes and innovations. This study introduces a novel approach to extracting main paths from a patent citation network in the mRNA vaccine field. Initially, we shielded edges connecting the origin and terminus patents. Subsequently, we extracted the main paths from intermediate patents, and then, we reintegrated the edges connecting the origin and terminus patents based on the citation relationships, resulting in a comprehensive extraction of the main paths. The research findings indicate a consistency among the global main paths, global key-route main paths, local forward main paths, and local key-route main paths within the mRNA vaccine field. The patents on the main paths predominantly focus on nucleic acid modifications and delivery systems. The local backward main paths identify a greater number of patents, especially those related to litigation, offering a richer and more diverse set of technological insights. This study significantly advances the methodology of MPA, with the innovative shielding technique offering a fresh perspective for navigating complex networks and providing a deeper understanding of technological development in the mRNA vaccine domain.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"21 1","pages":"2454078"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143014646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety and immunogenicity of an mRNA-1273 vaccine booster in adolescents.","authors":"Amparo L Figueroa, Kashif Ali, Gary Berman, Wenqin Xu, Weiping Deng, Bethany Girard, Anne Yeakey, Karen Slobod, Jacqueline Miller, Rituparna Das, Frances Priddy","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2024.2436714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2024.2436714","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Safety, immunogenicity, and effectiveness of an mRNA-1273 50-μg booster were evaluated in adolescents (12-17 years), with and without pre-booster SARS-CoV-2 infection. Participants who had received the 2-dose mRNA-1273 100-µg primary series in the TeenCOVE trial (NCT04649151) were offered the mRNA-1273 50-μg booster. Primary objectives included safety and inference of effectiveness by establishing noninferiority of neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses after the booster compared with the nAb post-primary series of mRNA-1273 among young adults in COVE (NCT04470427). Binding antibody (bAb) responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest and COVID-19 incidence after vaccination were also evaluated. Median boosting interval was 315 days. The mRNA-1273 booster was well-tolerated, with an acceptable safety profile. Relative to pre-booster, nAb geometric mean levels increased after the booster by 17.8-fold and 4.7-fold among pre-booster SARS-CoV-2-negative and -positive participants, respectively. Effectiveness was successfully inferred based on noninferiority of nAb levels from mRNA-1273 booster dose (Day 29) compared with nAb levels after mRNA-1273 primary series (Day 57) among young adults in COVE. Further, the booster increased bAb levels relative to pre-booster baseline against SARS-CoV-2 variants (alpha [B.1.1.7], beta [B.1.351], gamma [P.1], and delta [B.1.617.2]), regardless of pre-booster SARS-CoV-2 status. COVID-19 incidence (cases per 1000 person-months) was lower among boosted (0 cases) than non-boosted (95.766 cases) participants in January 2022, a peak period during the early omicron transmission. In summary, the mRNA-1273 50-μg booster induced robust nAb responses in previously vaccinated adolescents, regardless of SARS-CoV-2 serostatus. Effectiveness was successfully inferred and the booster was well-tolerated, with no new safety concerns identified.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"21 1","pages":"2436714"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143014665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding barriers to influenza vaccination among parents is important to improve vaccine uptake among children.","authors":"Stephanie A Davey, James Elander, Amelia Woodward, Michael G Head, Daniel Gaffiero","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2457198","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2457198","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly altered public perceptions of vaccines, particularly among parents. In high-income countries like the United Kingdom (UK) and Australia, factors such as misinformation, the expedited approval process of COVID-19 vaccines and unique local challenges have contributed to vaccine hesitancy, resulting in uneven uptake across various vaccination programs. Despite efforts like school-based influenza vaccination programs in the UK and free influenza vaccines in Australia, vaccination rates continue to decline. This is especially concerning given the concurrent circulation of COVID-19 and influenza during the winter months, which places additional strain on healthcare systems. Drawing on existing evidence, this commentary examines key factors influencing childhood vaccination rates and provides preliminary policy recommendations to address these challenges. Three actionable recommendations are outlined, including strategies to counter misinformation, improve accessibility, and strengthen public trust in vaccination programs. These insights aim to guide the development of effective interventions to increase vaccination uptake.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"21 1","pages":"2457198"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11759623/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143030136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unreliable information and fear: Barriers to vaccination among IBD patients in China.","authors":"Jingwen Liu, Zelin Yan, Wen Hu, Shuyan Li, Yan Chen","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2024.2446071","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2024.2446071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vaccination plays a crucial role in safeguarding individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) from potential epidemics. In light of the resurgence of COVID-19 in China, unvaccinated IBD patients are vulnerable to infection and potentially serious complications. The aim of this study is to assess the vaccination uptake and willingness among IBD patients, as well as to explore the factors influencing their decision to decline vaccination. An online questionnaire was distributed and analyzed. Bivariate analyses and logistic regression models were used to identify relevant factors. Two hundred and three patients from 243 non-vaccinated respondents were included in the analysis. A total of 167 (82.3%) respondents continued to decline vaccination, with individuals holding stable employment and higher family income displaying significantly lower intent (<i>p</i> < .05). The primary factors contributing to their hesitancy were misinformation and apprehension regarding potential side effects. Obtaining vaccine information from online sources, particularly text-based content, and apprehensions surrounding the adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccination were also found to significantly diminish willingness to receive the vaccine (<i>p</i> < .01). The present study revealed that unreliable information about vaccines is a key factor of hesitancy among non-vaccinated IBD patients. Making efforts to spread true information about the COVID-19 vaccine is of great importance.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"21 1","pages":"2446071"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11776460/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143030210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}