Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics最新文献

{"title":"CAR T therapy in adult DLBCL patients in Slovenia: Evaluation of predictive scores for outcomes and adverse events.","authors":"Lucija Sršen, Irena Auersperger, Larisa Janžič, Andreja N Kopitar, Katarina Reberšek, Barbara Jezeršek Novaković, Polona Novak, Karla Rener, Klara Šlajpah, Alojz Ihan, Samo Zver, Matjaž Sever","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2620889","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2620889","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>CAR T cell therapy is a promising immunotherapy for hematologic malignancies, yet early prediction of outcomes and adverse events remains difficult, especially in small real-world cohorts. We retrospectively analyzed 14 adult patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) treated with CAR T cells in Slovenia, assessing IL-6 increase rates and established predictive metrics including EASIX-C, CAR-HEMATOTOX, and IBPS on Day -5 (pre-lymphodepletion) and Day 0 (infusion). Contrary to our expectation, an inverse correlation was observed between the increase rate of IL-6 and the occurrence of severe cytopenias, indicating higher IL-6 increase rate leads to less severe cytopenias. The EASIX-C score showed higher predictive values when calculated on Day 0, contrary to the CAR-HEMATOTOX score, whose higher predictive values were observed on Day -5. The IBPS predictive values showed mixed results when comparing Day -5 to Day 0. We observed 50% response rate and 29% remission rate. The results highlight the utility of predictive scores, with unexpected findings on IL-6 suggesting further study is necessary.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2620889"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12867446/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146087095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in HPV vaccine hesitancy and influencing factors among female university students in China: A national repeated study.","authors":"Peng Zhang, Xichen Tong, Xing Chen, Yijia Feng, Luying Zhang","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2701549","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2701549","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>HPV vaccine hesitancy remains a critical barrier to cervical cancer prevention in China despite a series of strategic policy initiatives. Our study conducted two large-scale online cross-sectional surveys in 2022 and 2025 among nationally representative samples of female university students, applying propensity score matching to enhance comparability. HPV vaccine hesitancy, assessed on a 0-10 scale (including graded hesitancy and refusal), increased significantly over time, with prevalence rising from 8.8% to 21.6%, and mean hesitancy scores also increasing. Although HPV knowledge improved and exposure to negative information declined, the perceived necessity of vaccination fell markedly, and trust eroded across several domains, including trust in health professionals' advice and in both domestic and imported vaccines. Multivariable analyses identified perceived necessity, healthcare professional recommendation, and trust in professionals and domestic vaccines as protective factors, while prior self-payment for other vaccines was also associated with lower hesitancy. These determinants remained stable over time, underscoring the need for targeted strategies to counter rising hesitancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2701549"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13432854/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148621986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global spatiotemporal analysis in hepatitis B third dose vaccine coverage from 1980-2023 across 204 countries and territories.","authors":"Adewunmi Akingbola, Abiodun Adegbesan, Emmanuella Akpevwe Benson, Mmaduabuchi Ozioko, Khalil-Uh-Rahman Abdullah, Maxwell Boakye, Olajumoke Adewole, Petra Mariaria","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2709267","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2709267","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Hepatitis B third dose (HepB3) vaccination is essential in preventing chronic infections, liver failure, and cancer. Despite progress, global coverage remains uneven, especially in low-income regions. This study analyzes the global and regional spatiotemporal trends in HepB3 vaccine coverage from 1980-2023 using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2023 estimates. Data from GBD 2023, covering 204 countries and territories from 1980 to 2023, was analyzed to assess HepB3 vaccine coverage. Descriptive statistics summarized global and regional trends, and linear mixed-effects regression models evaluated the impact of time and region on coverage. The study also utilized choropleth maps to visualize global and regional coverage variations. Global coverage increased from near 0% in the 1980s to 81.82% in 2023. Regional disparities were evident, with Europe and Oceania showing higher coverage, while sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia lagged. Regression results indicated an annual increase in coverage of 2.50% (95% CI: 2.41%-2.59%, <i>p</i> < .0001). Albania had the highest global coverage at 98.2%, while Somalia had the lowest at 14%. Global HepB3 coverage has significantly improved, but geographic disparities persist. Targeted interventions in low-coverage areas and strengthened healthcare systems are needed to meet the 2030 universal coverage goal.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2709267"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13432831/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148649601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parental preferences for immunization advisory clinic settings for children with special health care needs and associated factors in Shanghai: A cross-sectional study.","authors":"Tianxing Feng, Yaqing Xu, Jingjing Li, Yanling Ge, Zhonglin Wang, Danni Zhao, Zhuoying Huang, Mei Zeng","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2707857","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2707857","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Children with special health care needs (CSHCN) face persistent immunization inequity despite high overall childhood vaccination coverage. Immunization advisory clinics (IACs) have expanded in China, yet parental preferences for different IAC settings remain poorly understood. This cross-sectional survey was conducted at the IAC of Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, between October and December 2023. Parents of CSHCN younger than 14 y with incomplete National Immunization Program schedules were invited. The primary outcome was parental preference for IAC setting (community clinic, general hospital, or children's hospital); the secondary outcome was preferred vaccination-assessment provider under discordant recommendations. Multinomial and binary logistic regression models identified associated factors, adjusted for child, parent, and vaccine-attitude covariates. Sensitivity analyses were stratified by medication status. Reporting followed the STROBE statement. Of 102 questionnaires, 101 were valid (99.0% response rate). 51.0% of parents preferred community clinics, 25.7% preferred children's hospitals, and 23.3% preferred general hospitals. Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines (PACV) score was not independently associated with setting preference. Parents of girls were more likely to prefer general hospitals (adjusted RRR, 7.02; 95% CI, 1.50-32.77), whereas lower household income was associated with reduced preference for general hospitals (adjusted RRR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.03-0.75). Sensitivity analyses yielded consistent findings. Parental preferences for IAC settings among CSHCN families are shaped by child and socioeconomic characteristics rather than by vaccine hesitancy alone. Hybrid hospital-community delivery models and standardized referral pathways may improve vaccination equity for medically complex children.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2707857"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13449831/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148670940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Premature mortality and years of potential productive life lost due to HPV-attributable cancers in Brazil and Mexico: 2011 Versus 2023.","authors":"Paula Cristina Pungartnik, Cintia Irene Parellada, Daniela Mayumi Usuda Prado Rocha, Rodrigo Gonçalves Queijo, Ana Luiza Bierrenbach, Juan Carlos Orengo","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2728247","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2728247","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human papillomavirus (HPV) remains a preventable cause of cancer mortality in Latin America. Using 2011 and 2023 mortality data from Brazil and Mexico, we estimated HPV-attributable cancer deaths, years of life lost (YLL), average YLL, and years of potential productive life lost (YPPLL) by sex, age, and cancer type, applying attributable fractions. WHO life tables were used in sensitivity analyses. HPV‑attributable deaths were higher in 2023 than in 2011, increasing from 6,515 to 9,533 in Brazil (YLL +44.6%) and from 4,303 to 4,997 in Mexico (YLL +21.4%). These absolute differences were consistent with demographic change, while age-standardized mortality rates changed more modestly. Cervical cancer dominated the burden in both countries. Among men, oropharyngeal YLL was 33.5% and 74.6% higher in Brazil and Mexico in 2023 relative to 2011; the corresponding differences for penile cancer were 54.8% and 37.7%, respectively. Anal cancer YLL showed the largest relative differences in Brazil (+159.1% in women; +203.8% in men), whereas Mexico showed a smaller difference (+32.8% in men). Although deaths were concentrated at ≥60y, substantial YLL and YPPLL occurred at younger age groups. In 2023, YPPLL totaled 97,404 y in Brazil and 51,735 y in Mexico, 43.9% and 26.7% higher than in 2011, respectively. WHO‑based sensitivity analyses yielded higher absolute YLL estimates but preserved relative patterns. These findings reveal a persistent and preventable burden of premature mortality and YPPLL from HPV‑attributable cancers in Brazil and Mexico, underscoring the need for expanded HPV vaccination, screening, timely diagnosis, and equitable treatment across affected cancer sites.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2728247"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13568585/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148913933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychosocial factors influencing HPV vaccination intention among male college students in Hangzhou city: A cross-sectional study based on an extended theory of planned behavior model.","authors":"Zhengkai Gan, Genqiang Mo, Peng Fei Yu, Zhewei Feng, Xiejun Gu, Hui Liang","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2707022","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2707022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination for males is critical for reducing the global burden of HPV-related diseases. This study utilized an extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) framework to identify determinants of vaccination intentions among Chinese male undergraduate students. A cross-sectional study was conducted between March and May 2025 in Hangzhou, China, recruiting 1,310 participants via multi-stage stratified cluster sampling. The dependent variable was vaccination intention. Independent variables included sociodemographics, TPB constructs (behavior attitude [BA], subjective norms [SN], and perceived behavioral control [PBC]), HPV knowledge and risk perception. We employed a three-step hierarchical linear model (Model 1: sociodemographics; Model 2: adding TPB constructs; Model 3: adding HPV knowledge/risk) and structural equation modeling (SEM) to test latent paths. Among the 1,310 participants (balanced across four academic years), 62.7% expressed a willingness to receive the HPV vaccine. Hierarchical regression revealed that sociodemographics explained 2.1% of the variance in vaccination intention (Model 1), which increased to 25.1% with the inclusion of TPB constructs (Model 2), and reached 32.7% in the final model (Model 3) (F = 126.245, <i>p</i> < .001). SEM analysis further validated the model (χ²/df = 2.102, RMSEA = 0.068, GFI = 0.968), accounting for 75.9% of the total variance in behavioral intention. PBC was identified as the most powerful predictor (β = 0.527, <i>p</i> < .001), followed by BA, SN and HPV-related knowledge. Additionally, higher self-assessed risk of infection significantly predicted stronger intentions. The results of this study indicated that increasing vaccination rates requires policy interventions to improve vaccine accessibility and affordability, alongside fostering positive attitudes and social support through targeted health education.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2707022"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13432844/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148609300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccination in patients with cancer: Gaps in coverage, barriers, and the role of clinician recommendations.","authors":"Mehmet Kayaalp, Erman Akkuş, Çağatay Arslan, Muhammet Bekir Hacıoğlu, Hüseyin Salih Semiz, Yüksel Ürün","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2623574","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2623574","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer patients require a tailored vaccination strategy. This study aims to assess the vaccination status of cancer patients, evaluate disease incidence and severity in vaccinated individuals, identify reasons for noncompliance with guideline-recommended vaccines, and explore vaccine hesitancy. A cross-sectional survey, including 36 multiple-choice and 6 open-ended questions, was conducted in across Turkey. A total of 506 patients participated between September 1, 2024, and December 31, 2024. Among the participants, 59% (n = 302) were receiving active treatment. At the time of diagnosis, 90.5% did not have an ongoing vaccination program. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (86.2%) and influenza (22.0%) were the most frequently received vaccines before treatment.The most common reason for not being vaccinated (except for COVID-19) was the absence of a medical recommendation. Higher education levels were associated with increased vaccination rates for hepatitis B, influenza, 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) <i>(p < </i>.01). No significant relationship was found between disease stage and vaccination rates. The most frequently reported barrier to vaccination was the absence of a medical recommendation, highlighting the pivotal role of clinician engagement in improving vaccine uptake in this vulnerable population. Although international guidelines strongly recommend routine vaccination for patients with cancer, real-world data on vaccination practices, associated barriers, and health system - level implementation in middle-income countries are scarce. To address this evidence gap, this study provides real-world data on vaccination rates, determinants, and perceived barriers among cancer patients receiving care in a Turkish oncology setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2623574"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12915886/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146183318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of two-dose varicella vaccination in Guangzhou: An interrupted time-series study.","authors":"Huan Zhang, Yanhui Liu, Xing Ye, Lei Luo, Qing He","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2610903","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2610903","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In November 2017, Guangzhou implemented a self-paid two-dose varicella vaccination program. This study evaluated the program's impact on varicella incidence trends across the general population and specific age groups. An interrupted time-series analysis was conducted using surveillance data from January 2011 to December 2024. The pre-intervention period spanned 2011-2017, and the post-intervention period 2018-2024. Seasonal-trend decomposition and segmented regression were employed to analyze changes in level and trend of varicella incidence. A total of 225,497 varicella cases were reported between 2011 and 2024. The annual incidence rate decreased by 28.1% from the pre-intervention to post-intervention period, from 126.80 to 91.14 per 100,000 population. Prior to intervention, there was no evidence of a monthly change in varicella incidence (0.3%; t = 2.27, <i>P</i> = .294). Significant upward trends were observed among 10-14-y-olds and ≥20-y-olds (0.6% monthly increase, both <i>P</i> < .01). Post-intervention, a significant monthly decrease of 1.8% was observed overall (t = -9.956, <i>P</i> < .001). The most pronounced reduction occurred in 4-6-y-olds (3.8% monthly decrease), followed by 7-9-y-olds (3.0%), 0-3-y-olds (2.3%), 10-14-y-olds (1.9%), ≥20-y-olds (1.1%), and 15-19-y-olds (0.5%). Varicella incidence exhibited consistent seasonal variation, with a primary peak occurring from October to January. The two-dose varicella vaccination program was associated with a significant reduction in varicella incidence across all age groups in Guangzhou, demonstrating both direct protection among vaccinated children and indirect herd effects in older populations. These findings support incorporating the two-dose varicella vaccine into routine national immunization programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2610903"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12826739/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146013015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic comparison reveals single-nucleotide polymorphic sites and attenuation-associated site combinations specific to Chinese live attenuated varicella-zoster virus vaccines.","authors":"Yuchan Zhang, Xuhua Duan, Yuanyuan Cai, Mingren Wang, Ziqiang Wang, Minghui Song, Tianyi Qiu, Xuanyi Wang, Hong Shao","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2611644","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2025.2611644","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The live-attenuated varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccine, mainly based on the Oka strain, is essential for the prevention and control of chickenpox (varicella). Although genomic profiles of internationally prevalent Oka vaccine strain (vOka)-derived preparations have been reported, the comprehensive single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) profiles of multiple commercially available Chinese vOka-derived vaccines are still lacking. We performed next-generation sequencing (NGS) on five Chinese-manufactured VZV vaccines, comparing genomic variations against the wild-type parental Oka (pOka) strain and internationally prevalent vaccine products. Notably, among 54 key SNPs distinguishing Chinese vaccines from the wild-type pOka strain, 4 novel China-specific SNPs were identified. What's more, we identified 6 near-fixed (the vaccine allele frequency >90%) non-synonymous SNPs that consistently co-occurred across all production batches, potentially impacting protein function through amino acid substitutions. Genetic heterogeneity across manufacturers revealed manufacturer-specific signatures, whereas consistent batch production underscored manufacturing stability. By systematically mapping SNPs in Chinese VZV vaccines, this study bridges a critical knowledge gap and provides essential insights into manufacturer-specific genomic signatures.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2611644"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12973467/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147379343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of influenza vaccine effectiveness among older adults in Jiaxing, China, 2022-2025: A test negative design-based study.","authors":"Yang Liu, Xiaofei Fu, Yuanhang Wang, Lei Jia, LiJun Xu, Rui Li, Guoying Zhu, Haoyue Zhou","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2665969","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21645515.2026.2665969","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Influenza imposes a substantial burden on older adults, underscoring the need for annual evaluation of vaccine effectiveness (VE). Using a test-negative case-control design, this study assessed VE among patients aged ≥60 y with acute respiratory symptoms in Jiaxing, China, across three influenza seasons (2022-2025). Among 3,214 participants, vaccination provided moderate overall protection against laboratory-confirmed influenza, with adjusted VE of 42.5% (95% CI: 31.2-51.9). Protection was highest in the 2024-2025 season (47.2%) and against influenza A(H1N1) (42.4%). Notably, subgroup analyses revealed significantly higher VE among females, individuals without underlying disease (49.2%), those presenting with high fever (>39°C, 44.3%), and within 90 d post-vaccination (52.3%). These findings affirm the moderate protective effect of influenza vaccines in the older individuals and strongly support the critical importance of timely annual vaccination ahead of the influenza season to mitigate risk in this vulnerable population.</p>","PeriodicalId":49067,"journal":{"name":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","volume":"22 1","pages":"2665969"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13217911/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148043936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}