Medicina Oral Patologia Oral Y Cirugia Bucal最新文献

{"title":"Expert consensus on the use of oral antiseptics in oral surgery: Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.","authors":"A Sánchez-Torres, M Baus-Domínguez, O Camps-Font, C Carrillo-García, C Cobo-Vazquez, J Toledano-Serrabona, M García-García","doi":"10.4317/medoral.28160","DOIUrl":"10.4317/medoral.28160","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Antiseptic management in oral surgery remains heterogeneous, with no standardised, procedure-specific protocols guiding the perioperative use of agents such as chlorhexidine (CHX) or cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). This consensus document aims to integrate the best available evidence with structured expert judgement to generate evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for the use of oral antiseptics across dentoalveolar and implant surgical scenarios.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A structured two-round expert consensus process was employed, combining a systematic literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE with a structured expert panel discussion conducted in December 2025. Seven oral surgeons and implantologists from four leading Spanish universities participated. Consensus was organised around five thematic blocks regarding the use of oral antiseptics: indications and safety, preoperative preparation, postoperative care, management of complications, and future research priorities.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following independent duplicate screening, 69 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. CHX 0.12-0.2% (in monotherapy or in combination with CPC) was established as the reference perioperative antiseptic, with evidence supporting its efficacy in reducing postoperative complications (RR=0.66; 95% CI 0.55 to 0.80). A risk-stratified postoperative protocol was formulated, incorporating gel, rinse, and spray formulations adapted to individual patient profiles. Povidone-iodine and CPC were identified as evidence-supported alternatives. Complication-specific recommendations were generated for wound dehiscence, alveolar osteitis, and localised postoperative infection, ranging from conservative antiseptic irrigation and intra-alveolar gel application to escalating surgical and systemic antibiotic management based on severity. All recommendations were explicitly classified as evidence-based, expert consensus-derived, or a combination, reflecting the variable quality of supporting data across clinical scenarios.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>CHX constitutes the gold standard oral antiseptic for perioperative use in oral surgery. The expert panel recommends CHX+CPC combination formulations (e.g., 0.12% CHX+0.05% CPC) as an alternative perioperative antiseptic option, offering comparable antimicrobial efficacy with an improved tolerability profile relative to CHX monotherapy. Individualised, risk-stratified protocols, which account for procedural complexity, patient comorbidities, and antiseptic tolerability, are recommended to optimise clinical outcomes while minimising adverse effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":49016,"journal":{"name":"Medicina Oral Patologia Oral Y Cirugia Bucal","volume":" ","pages":"e716-e727"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148347046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primary stability of dental implants placed in low-density polyurethane blocks: Undersized osteotomy versus osseodensification, an in vitro comparative study.","authors":"M Agostini, M-D Gómez-Adrián, J Barberá-Millán","doi":"10.4317/medoral.28075","DOIUrl":"10.4317/medoral.28075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Primary stability is a determinant of early implant success and becomes critical in low-density bone, where reduced trabecular support may increase micromotion risk. Undersized osteotomy and osseodensification are two commonly discussed site-preparation strategies aimed at improving initial stability through different biomechanical mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>An analytical experimental in vitro study was performed using 76 cylindrical implants (4.0×10mm) (n=38 per group) placed in type IV polyurethane blocks with a dense cortical shell. Group OS underwent an undersized osteotomy drilling sequence, while Group OD underwent osseodensification using Densah® burs operated in counterclockwise rotation. In Group OD, the final osteotomy diameter was intentionally overprepared by 0.3mm (4.3mm) relative to the implant diameter. Maximum insertion torque (Ncm) was recorded during placement. Primary stability was measured as implant stability quotient (ISQ) using the Penguin® resonance frequency analysis device (two perpendicular readings per implant; mean value used). Between-group comparisons were performed using Student's t-test for independent samples (α=0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Group OS showed higher mean insertion torque than Group OD (30.66±1.71 vs 26.58±2.63 Ncm; p<0.0001). Group OD showed higher mean ISQ than Group OS (56.80±2.90 vs 52.92±3.57; p=0.00000227).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Undersized osteotomy increased insertion torque, consistent with higher rotational resistance during insertion, whereas osseodensification increased ISQ, suggesting higher construct stiffness. Both protocols may be clinically useful in low-density bone depending on the primary objective (torque-driven mechanical engagement vs RFA-derived stiffness).</p>","PeriodicalId":49016,"journal":{"name":"Medicina Oral Patologia Oral Y Cirugia Bucal","volume":" ","pages":"e669-e675"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148347020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictors of intraoperative blood loss in bimaxillary orthognathic surgery: A retrospective multivariate analysis.","authors":"K Yusa, N Sasahara, T Hemmi, K Kagami, K Taniguchi, S Ishikawa","doi":"10.4317/medoral.28242","DOIUrl":"10.4317/medoral.28242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between patient demographics and hematological parameters and blood loss during orthognathic surgery. In addition, we investigated whether bone removal around the descending palatine artery (DPA), a procedure that has been widely applied in recent years, is associated with blood loss.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This retrospective study included patients who underwent bimaxillary orthognathic surgery in our hospital. The predictor variables included patient demographics (age, gender and body mass index [BMI]), hematological parameters (hemoglobin level [Hb] and platelet count [PLT]), and surgical factors (bone removal around the DPA). Associations between predictor variables and blood loss were assessed using Spearman rank correlation and the Mann-Whitney U test. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of blood loss during surgery. The level of significance was set as P<0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 138 patients (95 women and 43 men; mean age, 24.1±7.1 years) were included. The mean operative time was 269.1±51.3 minutes, and the mean intraoperative blood loss was 277.0±220.4mL. BMI, preoperative Hb, and operative time were significantly correlated with blood loss (p<.05). Male patients experienced significantly greater blood loss than female patients (p<.05). After adjustment, BMI (B=19.5, p=.001), operative time (B=0.95, P=.010), and removal of bone around the DPA (B=92.8, P=.009) were independently associated with increased intraoperative blood loss.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings in this study are important for preoperative risk assessment, surgical planning, and ensuring patient safety in orthognathic surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":49016,"journal":{"name":"Medicina Oral Patologia Oral Y Cirugia Bucal","volume":" ","pages":"e738-e743"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148347030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cemento-ossifying fibroma: A South American multicenter study.","authors":"F-V-P Cobra, É-O Santos, M Villarroel-Dorrego, M-S Israel, C-P Peña-Vega, J-P Rodríguez-Mora, A Rojas-Ponte, R-L de Albuquerque-Junior, R Gondak, A-C Gomes, P-M Alves, D-S Vale, D-A Arantes, E-F Mendonça, L-F Ribeiro E Sobral, B-M de Jesus, H Martelli-Júnior, L-G Abreu, V-Z Drumond, S-S Shetty, M-L-G Souza, G-C Sampaio, J-A-A de Arruda, J-R Tenório, R-A Mesquita, B-A-B de Andrade","doi":"10.4317/medoral.28061","DOIUrl":"10.4317/medoral.28061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cemento-ossifying fibroma (COF) is a benign odontogenic fibro-osseous neoplasm with the proliferation of a cellular fibrous stroma. This study aimed to characterize the clinicodemographic, radiographic, and therapeutic profile of COF in Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Eight oral pathology and oral medicine services participated. Clinical, radiographic and treatment-related data were retrieved from patient records. Diagnoses were established according to the 5th edition of the WHO classification of odontogenic and maxillofacial bone tumors. Data were analyzed descriptively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 112 cases were included; 44.6% were from Brazil and 27.7% each from Venezuela and Colombia. Most individuals were female (n=97; 86.6%), with a mean age of 35.6±12.6 years. Posterior mandibular involvement predominated (n=47; 65.3%). Mixed radiographic patterns were most frequent (n=46; 50.0%), and cortical expansion was observed in 52.7% (n=48). Complete surgical removal of the lesion without prior incisional diagnosis and enucleation/curettage were the most common management approaches (n=69; 61.6%). Recurrence occurred in 8.3% of individuals with the available follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study offers the first multicenter documentation of COF in South America, corroborating prior literature regarding its predilection for women in the third to fourth decades of life and for posterior mandibular sites. Subtle clinicodemographic variants were noted across the three countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":49016,"journal":{"name":"Medicina Oral Patologia Oral Y Cirugia Bucal","volume":" ","pages":"e651-e658"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147724432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of periodontal conditions on quality of life in patients with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"C Schöffer, C-C Del'Agnese, E-L Marder, L-M Oliveira, R-P Antoniazzi","doi":"10.4317/medoral.28048","DOIUrl":"10.4317/medoral.28048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a higher occurrence of periodontitis, which may be linked to negative psychosocial and physical impacts on the lives of patients affected by both conditions. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to evaluate whether periodontal conditions influence OHRQoL in patients with CKD.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Electronic searches were performed in five databases up to May 2025. Observational studies conducted in individuals with CKD that investigated the relationship between periodontal conditions through clinical examinations and OHRQoL, were included. Meta-analyses were performed to estimate the mean difference (MD) in OHRQoL, as well as the correlation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of the 2036 potentially eligible reports, 7 studies of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were included. Pooled estimates demonstrated that OHIP-14 scores are higher in individuals with ESRD compared to healthy controls. Impaired OHRQoL can be attributed to the higher prevalence of periodontitis in renal patients. Considering a score-response gradient, those with stage III/IV periodontitis had higher OHIP-14 scores compared to patients without periodontitis or with stage I/II periodontitis (MD:1.88; 95%CI: 0.67-3.09; p=0.002). Pooled estimates demonstrated a weak but significant positive correlation between periodontal probing depth (r=0.145; p=0.028) and plaque index (r=0.385; p<0.001) with OHIP-14 scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Severe periodontitis, along with higher probing depth and plaque scores, negatively influences the OHRQoL of patients with ESRD. However, these relationships show a small magnitude.</p>","PeriodicalId":49016,"journal":{"name":"Medicina Oral Patologia Oral Y Cirugia Bucal","volume":" ","pages":"e639-e650"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147724486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of intraoperative platelet-rich plasma on inferior alveolar nerve neurosensory outcomes after high-risk mandibular third molar extraction.","authors":"J-C Roman-Padilla, E Vazquez-Salgueiro, P Alavedra-Martínez, L Ortiz-Peces, D Sanchez-Garnica-Toquero, M Castillo-Pereira, Á Sada-Malumbres, J González-Martín-Moro, J-L Cebrian-Carretero","doi":"10.4317/medoral.28126","DOIUrl":"10.4317/medoral.28126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injury is a relevant complication of mandibular third molar extraction, particularly in radiologically high-risk cases. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a safe and accessible autologous product, but its preventive effect on IAN neurosensory impairment remains unknown.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>An ambispective cohort study included 300 high-risk mandibular third molar extractions. Patients received intraoperative PRP (n=144) or no PRP (n=156). The primary outcome was IAN neurosensory impairment at 1 week. Secondary outcomes were time to recovery and persistence at 6 months. Multivariable and propensity score-weighted analyses were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>IAN impairment at 1 week occurred in 18.0% of cases and was less frequent in the PRP group (11.1% vs 24.4%), with an absolute risk reduction of 13.2% (number needed to treat=8). PRP use remained independently associated with lower early IAN impairment. Group differences were evident after 2 months. PRP was not associated with shorter recovery time or reduced long-term persistence. Increasing age was associated with worse neurosensory outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In a radiologically high-risk population undergoing mandibular third molar extraction, intraoperative platelet-rich plasma use was associated with a reduction in early inferior alveolar nerve neurosensory impairment, without a measurable effect on long-term recovery or persistence. These findings suggest that PRP may act as a preventive intervention during the acute postoperative phase rather than as a treatment for established nerve injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":49016,"journal":{"name":"Medicina Oral Patologia Oral Y Cirugia Bucal","volume":" ","pages":"e676-e684"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147724499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"International Association for Disability & Oral Health Health 28th Scientific Conference 2026, 19-22 August, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland. Proceedings and Abstract.","authors":"","doi":"10.4317/medoral.1122335667808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.1122335667808","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49016,"journal":{"name":"Medicina Oral Patologia Oral Y Cirugia Bucal","volume":"31 Suppl1","pages":"1-109"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148714327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dental management of patients with cancer across the care pathway: A scoping review of clinical protocols.","authors":"F-M Espada-Salgado, M-M Iuga, A-R Capellino-Gambetta","doi":"10.4317/medoral.27886","DOIUrl":"10.4317/medoral.27886","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Oral complications of cancer and its therapies impair quality of life and can disrupt oncologic care. Standardizing dental management across the care pathway is essential.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To map operational protocols, guidelines, algorithms, or structured recommendations for dental management of oncology patients across pre-treatment, active treatment, and follow-up or survivorship from 2000 to 2025.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Scoping review according to JBI guidance and reported with PRISMA-ScR. Searches were run in PubMed or MEDLINE, SciELO, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Virtual Health Library on October 19, 2025, without language restrictions. Dual screening was performed in Rayyan. Data were charted in a standardized per-record matrix and synthesized narratively, in tables, and with graphics by care phase and oncologic modality. No formal critical appraisal or meta-analysis was undertaken.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twelve records were included. Coverage concentrated on pre-treatment (11 of 12; 91.7 percent), followed by follow-up or survivorship (6 of 12; 50.0 percent) and active treatment (3 of 12; 25.0 percent). Convergent recommendations included comprehensive pre-treatment assessment with sanitation, an intensified prevention bundle with hygiene instruction and topical fluorides, tooth-prognosis-based extraction criteria with defined healing windows, and supportive measures during therapy for mucositis, xerostomia, and infections. Gaps included limited standardization of survivorship pathways, insufficient personalization by oncologic modality (radiotherapy, chemotherapy, HSCT or CAR-T, immunotherapies), and scarce operational detail on safe timing windows, clinical or hematologic cutoffs, and referral or consultation triggers.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Evidence supports an operational consensus for pre-treatment clearance and a core supportive bundle during therapy. To optimize safety and outcomes, particularly in middle-income settings, modality-specific protocols with explicit dentistry-oncology referral pathways, dose- and hematology-informed decision rules, and defined follow-up schedules are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":49016,"journal":{"name":"Medicina Oral Patologia Oral Y Cirugia Bucal","volume":" ","pages":"e408-e415"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13135282/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146040981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lesion shrinkage and tooth preservation-based optimal timing for definitive surgery following marsupialization of cystic odontogenic jaw lesions.","authors":"J Seo, E Park, Y Cho, I Sung, J Son","doi":"10.4317/medoral.27585","DOIUrl":"10.4317/medoral.27585","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the appropriate timing for the second enucleation surgery to remove entire cystic odontogenic jaw lesions based on tooth preservation and lesion shrinkage patterns after the marsupialization of jaw lesions.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 20 patients who underwent marsupialization between January 2013 and December 2024. Changes in the number of lesions affecting the teeth before and after marsupialization were investigated, and two-dimensional lesion size changes on panoramic radiographs and three-dimensional volume changes on computed tomography images over time were measured and analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test for non-normally distributed, continuous variables and the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test for nominal variables, as appropriate, with a significance level of p<0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After an average of 62.51±31.17 weeks of marsupialization, the number of lesion-involved teeth decreased by 46.48%. An average lesion reduction of 50.85±14.95% and 62.86±17.25% (p<0.05) in two- and three-dimensional volumetric assessments was observed. Lesion shrinkage was the most significant between 16 and 24 weeks (95% confidence interval), with a mean of 18±10 weeks.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Definitive enucleation surgery should be delayed by 24 weeks to maximize neo-bone formation in the cystic odontogenic jaw lesion cavity and maintain the vitality of the affected teeth.</p>","PeriodicalId":49016,"journal":{"name":"Medicina Oral Patologia Oral Y Cirugia Bucal","volume":" ","pages":"e371-e377"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13135294/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146041677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunoexpression of programmed death receptor 1 and its ligands in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.","authors":"R-S Anjos, E-F Barros, A-C Firmo, C-F Nonaka, M-D Carvalho, G-P Godoy","doi":"10.4317/medoral.27926","DOIUrl":"10.4317/medoral.27926","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study analyzed the immunoexpression of programmed death receptor 1 and its ligands in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma and correlated the findings with histomorphological parameters.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Forty cases of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (10 in the floor of the mouth, 10 in the palate, 10 in the lower lip, and 10 in the tongue) were selected. The percentages of cytoplasmic/membrane immunopositivity for programmed death receptor 1 and its ligands in neoplastic and stromal cells were evaluated at the tumor invasion front.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Programmed death-ligand 1 presented high immunoexpression in all subsites, especially at the parenchyma level. Compared to floor of the mouth and palate, lower lip and tongue exhibited higher expression of programmed death receptor 1 and programmed death-ligand 2 in parenchymal cells and of programmed death receptor 1 in stromal cells, with statistically significant differences for programmed death receptor 1 expression in lower lip (p<0.05). Tongue presented the highest median percentages of positivity for programmed death-ligand 2, with statistically significant differences when compared to floor of the mouth (neoplastic cells and stromal cells) and lower lip (stromal cells) (p<0.05). Regarding histomorphological aspects, the inflammatory infiltrate appears to be an important factor for the immunoexpression of these proteins in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study suggests location-dependent differences in the antitumor immune response to oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Inflammatory infiltrate is key to protein immunoexpression. These findings are crucial for developing new immunotherapeutic strategies for oral cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":49016,"journal":{"name":"Medicina Oral Patologia Oral Y Cirugia Bucal","volume":" ","pages":"e423-e430"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13135283/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146041644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}