Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery最新文献

{"title":"Rheological, thermal and tribological performance of trimethylolpropane esters derived from high oleic non-edible oils: a sustainable biolubricant for industrial applications","authors":"Rajendra V. Pawar,&nbsp;Dattatray B. Hulwan","doi":"10.1007/s13399-025-06806-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-025-06806-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The growing demand for eco-friendly and sustainable lubricants has spurred interest in biolubricants derived from renewable sources. This study explores the synthesis and performance of trimethylolpropane esters derived from non-edible karanja and jatropha oils. The karanja trimethylolpropane esters (KTMPE) and jatropha trimethylolpropane esters (JTMPE) were synthesized using a three-step process: acid pretreatment to reduce free fatty acids, base-catalyst transesterification to produce fatty acid methyl ester, and vacuum-assisted transesterification with trimethylolpropane to produce biolubricants. The successful synthesis of biolubricants was confirmed through FTIR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and GC analyses. Rheological analysis conducted using a modular compact rheometer revealed Newtonian fluid behavior for both biolubricants across a temperature range of 25°C to 100°C and a shear rate of 0 to 100 s⁻¹. The viscosity indices improved from 145 to 163 for KTMPE and from 152 to 250 for JTMPE, while pour points decreased from 3°C to − 4°C for KTMPE and from 4°C to − 8°C for JTMPE. The thermogravimetric analysis confirmed thermal stability up to 210°C for both the biolubricants, supporting their use in high-temperature applications. Tribological evaluation using a four-ball tribometer highlighted the superior performance of JTMPE, characterized by a lower coefficient of friction, smaller wear scar diameter, and greater load-bearing capacity than KTMPE. Surface analysis using FE-SEM and optical microscopy confirmed the formation of a stable lubricating film by JTMPE, with minimum wear debris. These findings underscore the role of trimethylolpropane in enhancing biolubricant properties, positioning KTMPE and JTMPE as sustainable and effective alternatives for diverse industrial applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"15 18","pages":"25063 - 25092"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145190277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the potential of red araçá pomace as a feedstock for biogas and biofertilizer production after antioxidant recovery in an organic biorefinery framework","authors":"Cassamo U. Mussagy,&nbsp;Angie V. Caicedo-Paz,&nbsp;Henua U. Hucke,&nbsp;Sebastian A. Briones,&nbsp;Heitor Z. Mascioli,&nbsp;Maria A. P. Andrade,&nbsp;Guilherme Peixoto,&nbsp;Christian Santander,&nbsp;Karina Godoy,&nbsp;Fabiane O. Farias,&nbsp;Pablo Cornejo","doi":"10.1007/s13399-025-06807-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-025-06807-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the transformative potential of an integrated biorefinery model designed to convert agricultural waste, specifically byproducts from red araçá pomace (<i>Psidium cattleianum</i>), into valuable resources. By employing solid–liquid extraction (SLE) and sequential anaerobic digestion (AD), this approach not only recovers natural antioxidants but also generates biogas and biofertilizers from residual biomass, exemplifying a circular economy in action. Optimized extraction conditions yielded remarkable results, with 3.70 mg cyd-3-glu/L of anthocyanins and 78.90 mg GAE/mL of phenolic compounds achieved under optimal parameters (temperature: 45 °C, time: 90 min, ethanol concentration: 75% v/v). The anaerobic digestion process produced biogas with a methane content of 61.12%, highlighting the efficiency of this method. Additionally, the nutrient-rich digestate exhibited total soluble solids of 14.4% w/v, leading to biomass production in plant models that was 4.61 and 1.35 times greater than those without phosphorus fertilization or residue application. These findings underscore the biorefinery approach as a powerful tool for enhancing resource recovery while promoting sustainable agricultural practices. By demonstrating how agricultural residues can be transformed into marketable products, this research significantly contributes to the circular economy, supports local communities, and reduces reliance on synthetic inputs. Ultimately, it showcases a viable pathway for achieving sustainability and environmental stewardship through innovative waste valorization strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"15 18","pages":"25463 - 25474"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13399-025-06807-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145190319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of sulfonated porous graphitized carbon by pyrolysis from lemongrass and its coating on sulfonated carbon brush for use as anode in single chambered microbial fuel cell","authors":"Rinki,&nbsp;Dipankar Saha,&nbsp; Geetanjali,&nbsp;Deepak Kumar,&nbsp;Patit Paban Kundu","doi":"10.1007/s13399-025-06791-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-025-06791-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The focus on the biomass waste-generated graphitized carbon-employed anode for the single-chambered microbial fuel cell (SMFC) is extremely limited in the literature. Additionally, grafting, as well as the sulfonation process, has been hardly explored. Thus, this present investigation incorporates a synthetic approach in which lemongrass-derived graphitized carbon is activated through sulfonation (S-KLg). Furthermore, it is attached to sulfonic acid functionalized carbon fibers brush by employing the grafting process using glutaraldehyde as a grafting agent (denoted as S-KLg@GCB), for the application in SMFC. The results suggest that S-KLg possesses a three-dimensional porous structure, signifying the likelihood of adhesion and growth of microorganisms, and it also exhibited high conductivity and capacitance. Furthermore, the SMFC with S-KLg@GCB as an anode has shown a significant augmentation in the power density with a corresponding value of 1452.7 mW/m³, which is 1.95 times higher than that of a plain carbon brush anode.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"15 18","pages":"25323 - 25338"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145190151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilizing mussel and shrimp shell waste for chitin and chitosan extraction: a pathway to eco-friendly bioplastics","authors":"Erkan Uğurlu","doi":"10.1007/s13399-025-06816-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-025-06816-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, chitin and chitosan were obtained from freshwater mussel <i>Unio mancus</i> shells for the first time. In addition, chitin and chitosan were also produced from the shells of deep-water rose shrimp <i>Parapenaeus longirostris</i>. In another stage of the study, biodegradable bioplastics were synthesized using starch isolated from red macroalgae and chitosan extracted from shell waste. The extracted chitin and chitosan were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The degree of deacetylation (DD), ash content, fat binding capacity (FBC) and water binding capacity (WBC) were also analyzed. Based on dry weight, 42.28% chitin and 74.81% chitosan were obtained from mussel shells and 39.57% chitin and 65.73% chitosan were obtained from shrimp shells. The ash content of chitin and chitosan ranged between 1.74–2.01%, while the degree of deacetylation of chitosan was 80.51% and 80.28%, for mussel and shrimp shells, respectively. FTIR and XRD analyses identified functional groups specific to chitin and chitosan and confirmed the presence of α-chitin structure. SEM analysis showed that chitin has a smooth and regular plate-like structure, while chitosan has an irregular, rough and nanoporous fibrous structure. The bioplastics tested in moist soil exhibited 28.2–88.1% biodegradation within 20 days. These results demonstrate the potential of chitin and chitosan produced from freshwater mussel shell waste to be effectively utilized for bioplastic production. Furthermore, these biopolymers have the potential to replace commercial sources.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"15 18","pages":"25391 - 25405"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145190270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorptive removal of fluoroquinolones using bamboo culm biochar in a single and multi-component system","authors":"Batumong Mog Choudhuri,&nbsp;Kheerthana Ramesh,&nbsp;Animesh Debnath,&nbsp;Padmanaban Velayudhaperumal Chellam","doi":"10.1007/s13399-025-06789-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-025-06789-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Adsorption of three different, second-generation fluoroquinolone molecules ofloxacin (OFL), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and levofloxacin (LEV), using bamboo culm biochar, was systematically analyzed. The morphological and functional characteristics of the prepared bamboo biochar revealed the presence of a porous structure with higher charge density, specific surface area, and pore volume. The point of zero charge of biochar was determined as 9.5, aiding the process to effectively adsorb positively charged fluoroquinolones at lower pH levels, through cation exchange and π-π interactions. One variable at a time (OVAT) approach was used to study the effects of operating variables, i.e., contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, antibiotic concentration, and temperature. The maximum adsorption of these antibiotics was achieved around 5 min of contact time, acidic to the neutral range of pH, 0.2 g of adsorbent dose, and at a higher antibiotic concentration (350 to 400 mg/L) and temperature of 55°C. Adsorption kinetics suggested that the adsorption of OFL was controlled by physisorption, and the adsorption of CIP and LEV was controlled by a chemisorption-based adsorption mechanism. The Langmuir isotherm model exhibited the best fit for OFL and LEV, indicating monolayer adsorption of antibiotics. While, the Freundlich isotherm model exhibits the best fit for CIP, suggesting multilayer adsorption. OVAT approach for the multi-component system depicted that the maximum removal of a mixture of three fluoroquinolones was achieved at a contact time of 5 min, pH of 5.0, adsorbent dose of 0.2 g, and at an initial concentration of 400 mg/L. Overall, the study depicted the potential of using bamboo biochar as an efficient adsorbent for removing fluoroquinolone antibiotics from aqueous solutions.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"15 16","pages":"23243 - 23254"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145170883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Removal of cefalexin from aqueous solutions using modified corn stalk-based biochar","authors":"Xu Zeng,&nbsp;Bo Wang,&nbsp;Yan Li,&nbsp;Xin Zhang,&nbsp;Hong Zhang,&nbsp;Bo Ren,&nbsp;Meiqing Fan,&nbsp;Xiaodong Yang","doi":"10.1007/s13399-025-06798-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-025-06798-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the widespread use of antibiotics, the emergence and spread of drug-resistant bacteria have become a serious challenge in the global public health field. In addition, the incineration of agricultural waste straw can cause air pollution and trigger forest fires. It is urgent to build solutions to address these issues. Three types of biochar were prepared by treating corn stover with phosphoric acid, sodium hydroxide, and zinc chloride, respectively. The adsorption capacity of cefalexin, a first-generation oral antibiotic, was compared across the three types of biochar. The results indicated that biochar activated with zinc chloride exhibits higher mesoporous content and enhanced adsorption activity. Its specific surface area has reached 1494.9 m²/g. This study explored the effects of initial cefalexin concentration and reaction time on adsorption kinetics and equilibrium isotherms. The experimental isotherm data for cefalexin adsorption on biochar were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption isotherm conforms to the Langmuir model, and the maximum adsorption capacity of 230.88 mg/g. The adsorption process was very consistent with the pseudo-second-order dynamic model. This research result indicate that biochar prepared from corn straw cores has a high specific surface area and strong adsorption performance, making it a promising technology for removing antibiotics from aqueous solutions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"15 16","pages":"23017 - 23027"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145169938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication and characterization of surface-functionalized pineapple fiber and novel finger millet husk ceramic biosilica vinyl ester biocomposite","authors":"Arul Jothi G,&nbsp;A. Arul Peter","doi":"10.1007/s13399-025-06754-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-025-06754-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present study aims to investigate the mechanical, water absorption, thermal conductivity, and drilling properties of vinyl ester composites reinforced with natural fiber and biosilica particles. The novelty of this study is the utilization of waste biomass as fiber and filler material, treating those materials under silane for better bonding strength and comparing their strength features with untreated material. The composite is prepared by the manual hand layup method and evaluates its performance as per ASTM standards. According to the results, the silane-treated composite TP-4 (58 vol.% vinyl ester matrix, treated pineapple fiber 40 vol.%, biosilica 2 vol.%) exhibited improved values across all properties. It achieved the highest tensile strength of 153.4 MPa, flexural strength of 163.1 MPa, impact strength of 4.51 J, and hardness of 89 Shore-D, and it is 14.7%, 10.9%, 31.5%, and 4.7% more than the untreated counterpart UPT-4 (58 vol.% vinyl ester matrix, untreated pineapple fiber 40 vol.%, and biosilica 2 vol.%). Additionally, the TP-4 achieved the highest thermal conductivity of 0.31 W/mK, a 6.9% improvement over UPT-4, and showed the lowest water absorption at 2.1%, which is 38.2% reduction compared to UPT-4, highlighting its hydrophobic nature due to silane treatment. According to the drilling study, TP-4 (58 vol.% vinyl ester matrix, treated pineapple fiber 40 vol.%, biosilica 2 vol.%) demonstrated excellent dimensional stability with the smallest top drill diameters, measuring 4.05 mm for 4 mm drills and 8.07 mm for 8 mm drills. Moreover, the SEM analysis revealed a homogeneous dispersion of biosilica particles and enhanced particle–matrix adhesion in silane-treated specimens. These findings underline the critical role of silane treatment in optimizing composite properties and found that TP-4 specimen is the most suitable for high-performance applications.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"15 18","pages":"25237 - 25251"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145190273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging citrus extract to enhance antioxidant properties of mung bean (Vigna radiata) protein edible films","authors":"Ruby Celsia Arul Selvaraj,&nbsp;Arunprasath Kanagaraj,&nbsp;Parthiban Karuppiah,&nbsp;Suhith Ravindran,&nbsp;Monish Mohan Raj,&nbsp;P. Senthamaraikannan,&nbsp;Indran Suyambulingam","doi":"10.1007/s13399-025-06778-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-025-06778-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An antioxidant edible film for food safety and preservation is produced from citrus extract and mung bean protein isolate (MBPI). Films were prepared by using different levels of lemon peel extract enriched in phenolics and antioxidants (MBPI). Characterization and testing were carried out for the water solubility, tensile strength, elongation at break, and thickness. MBPI showed a maximum solubility of 105 mg/ml and an optical density of 0.759 (OD_759) at pH 12. These proteins carrying negative charges were extremely soluble at alkaline pH (8–10). MBPI films are fit for high-temperature food preparation on account of their warm steadfastness. Gradually decreasing weight and moisture content resulted in dried citrus peels with 8–12% moisture, reducing the effect of microbial degradation. Film thickness-related polyphenol-rich compounds were enhanced through the interaction between protein functional groups and the phenolic hydroxyl groups. The point of 25% MBPI film tensile strength was 13.18 ± 0.15 N/mm². Water solubility was 15–30% to allow controlled degradation and barrier properties. The MBP films showed biodegradability in a soil environment as opposed to synthetic films, which lost 10% and 22% weight values by day 10 and day 20, respectively. FTIR analysis indicated that the amide I and II bands were displaced, confirming that hydrogen bonding occurred between the hydroxyl groups of the citrus extract and the amide groups of MBPI. Controlled citrus extract exhibited less phenolic content (0.105 at 100 μg/ml) than elevated antioxidative presence (0.236 at 300 μg/ml). Antioxidant films were obtained at 40% of DPPH radical reduction. A 10% lemon peel extract shows an antibacterial effect with 12.5 ± 0.50 mm against <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>E. coli</i> inhibition zone. Synthetic preservatives can be replaced with plant-based edible films and coatings to curtail plastic waste and enhance food safety and quality as well as shelf life.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"15 18","pages":"25007 - 25022"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145190281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cypress cones solid waste derived biochar for efficient uptake of paracetamol from synthetic wastewater: characterization, kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies","authors":"Imane Akacha,&nbsp;Abdelkrim Merzougui,&nbsp;Khadidja Bouzid,&nbsp;Saliha Benaoune","doi":"10.1007/s13399-025-06787-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-025-06787-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper explores the production of a cost-effective adsorbent material from the biomass of cypress cones (abbreviated as CC). The cypress cones biochar (abbreviated as CCB-650) is manufactured easily through one stage of carbonization of (CC) at 650 °C. Comprehensive characterization was conducted using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy analysis (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and pH point of zero charge. Characterization of CCB-650 led to the result of an amorphous carbon structure with a porous and large surface area reaching 365.57 m²/g in order to adsorb paracetamol molecules (abbreviated as PCM). Batch experiments and theoretical calculations were carried out to examine the adsorption of paracetamol from aqueous medium onto CCB-650. The adsorption of PCM on CCB-650 achieves up to 97% efficiency under ambient conditions. According to the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity obtained was 59.865 mg/g. The results show that adsorption occurs on a surface of CCB-650 biochar according to the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order model. The pore diffusion, π–π interactions, and hydrophobic interactions might be the dominant mechanisms responsible for this adsorption process. This study highlights the successful valorization of cypress cones (CC) as a waste with no commercial value into an adsorbent material capable of treating effluents containing medicinal chemicals.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"15 16","pages":"22901 - 22918"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145169479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization and characterization of cellulose extraction from cotton straw using alkali pretreatment","authors":"Kaize Ding,&nbsp;Zhengzheng Yao,&nbsp;Nuermaimaiti Yimamu,&nbsp;Tursunjan Aydan,&nbsp;Qingqing Guan","doi":"10.1007/s13399-025-06774-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-025-06774-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cotton straw is an agricultural residue; its substantial cellulose content allows for the extraction of cellulose, which can subsequently be valorized to generate biofuels, biochemicals, and diverse high-value materials. Isolation of cellulose from cotton straw (CS) with acetic acid washing, ultrasonic-assisted alkali pretreatment, and bleaching treatment was optimized at ambient pressure. Sodium hydroxide/ethanol with ultrasound and hydrogen peroxide was used for pretreatment and bleaching, respectively. Experimental parameters for alkali pretreatment were optimized by the Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and subsequent Box-Behnken design (BBD) and obtained data was analyzed by the response surface modeling (RSM) method. The optimum conditions for alkali pretreatment were as follows: NaOH concentration, 10.5 wt%; reaction temperature, 90 ℃; reaction time, 7.2 h; C₂H₅OH concentration, 12 wt%; liquor ratio, 15:1; and ultrasonication time 2 min. Among them, the reaction temperature, NaOH concentration, and reaction time significantly influence the weight loss rate (WLR) of CS in alkali pretreatment. The optimum WLR of CS was 43.87%, and very close to predicted values of 43.92%. CS samples (untreated and treated) obtained from each stage were characterized by Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. Chemical composition analyses and various physicochemical characterization results show that the hemicellulose and lignin of CS were removed efficiently as well as cellulose content was increased simultaneously after alkali and bleaching treatments. This study would provide a theoretical basis for the potential utilization of cellulose-based materials in future applications. </p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><p>Multi-step pretreatment methods integrated acetic acid, NaOH-C₂H₅OH assisted with ultrasound, and H₂O₂ bleaching were carried out for the isolation of cellulose from CS in atmospheric pressure. The alkali pretreatment process was optimized using the RSM/BBD statistical model. The optimum WLR of CS is 43.87% very close to predicted values of 43.92%. Chemical composition analyses and various physicochemical characterization results show that the hemicellulose and lignin of CS were removed efficiently as well as cellulose content was increased simultaneously after multi-step pretreatments.</p>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"15 16","pages":"22637 - 22650"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145170408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}