Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery最新文献

{"title":"Effect of enzyme selection and process parameters on yeast β-glucan solubilisation efficiency and molecular weight","authors":"Dries Croonen,&nbsp;Charlotte F. De Schepper,&nbsp;An Bautil,&nbsp;Kristof Brijs,&nbsp;Christophe M. Courtin","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07256-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07256-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Soluble yeast β-glucans are widely used in food, feed, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological applications. Their production commonly relies on acid hydrolysis or chemical derivatisation, processes that offer limited control, generate substantial chemical waste, and may compromise β-glucan functionality by introducing new functional groups on sugar moieties. In this work, we investigate an enzymatic approach for the controlled solubilisation of native, insoluble yeast β-glucan to lower-molecular-weight fragments. The impact of enzyme selection and processing parameters (pH, temperature, time) on solubilisation efficiency and molecular structure of the solubilised product was evaluated. Within 24 h, 9 to 95% of the insoluble yeast β-glucan stream was solubilised, depending on the enzyme preparation used. Specific enzyme preparations exhibited pronounced exo-enzymatic side activity, leading to hydrolysis of up to 70% of the solubilised material to glucose, thus resulting in substantial product loss. By selecting appropriate enzyme preparations and processing conditions, soluble β-glucan fractions with various apparent molecular weight distributions (3-300 kDa) and high diversity in molecular weight were obtained. Overall, an enzymatic approach provides a more sustainable and controllable alternative to acid hydrolysis, enabling the production of soluble β-glucan without chemical modification and the associated introduction of new functional groups.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148926324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of anaerobic digestion of oil palm empty fruit bunch for enhanced biogas production using advanced optimization algorithms","authors":"Idowu Olugbenga Adewumi,&nbsp;Babajide Saheed Kosemani,&nbsp;Bukola Olanrewaju Afolabi,&nbsp;Ashom Joshua,&nbsp;Otse Moses Okpekwu,&nbsp;Akeem Olayemi Ojo","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07228-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07228-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The palm oil industry produces oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB), which is one of the largest, most abundant lignocellulosic residues. The conversion of OPEFB to methane is however limited by the interplay of various operational variables. The study developed an integrated experimental, machine learning, eXplainable artificial intelligence (XAI) spatial analysis and evolutionary optimization framework to predict and maximize methane production from OPEFB. In a period from January to November 2025, four laboratory-scale anaerobic digestion experiments generated a total of 5,452 experimentally measured observations. The operational conditions investigated were temperature (30–55 °C), pH (6.0–8.0), organic loading rate (1–6 g VS L⁻¹ day⁻¹), hydraulic retention time (10–40 days), and C: N ratio (20–35). From these laboratory-scale anaerobic digestion experiments was produced methane yields ranging from 181.44 to 282.42 mL CH₄ g⁻¹ VS having a mean of 231.89 ± 15.22 mL CH₄ g⁻¹ VS. Five predictive models including Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Gradient Boosting Regression (GBR) were evaluated. The results showed that the MLR was the best model, with the predictive performance with R² = 0.5513, RMSE = 10.14 mL CH₄ g⁻¹ VS, MAE = 8.17 mL CH₄ g⁻¹ VS, and MAPE = 3.54%. According to explainable AI, the temperature is the main predictor with permutation importance = 0.9562, followed by cellulose content = 0.1511. The average absolute prediction error of the model validation was 2.46 mL CH₄ g⁻¹ VS which corresponds to a mean relative error of 1.05%. According to evolutionary optimization, the optimum conditions for maximum methane production arose to be 54.87 °C, pH 7.18, OLR 3.62 g VS L⁻¹ day⁻¹, HRT 28.41 days, and C: N ratio 27.83 which may lead to a maximum predicted methane production of 281.84 mL CH₄ g⁻¹ VS. The developed framework offers an interpretable and computationally efficient decision-support tool that may optimize the anaerobic digestion of OPEFB and enhance sustainable waste-to-energy production.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148927943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioconversion of wheat bran into protein-enriched single-cell biomass","authors":"Sharda Devi Rajput,&nbsp;S. Keshavkant","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07255-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07255-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An increasing demand for sustainable protein sources has stimulated interest in converting lignocellulosic agro-industrial residues into single-cell protein (SCP). This research aimed to develop an optimized bioconversion process for producing SCP from wheat bran (WB) using indigenous bacterial isolates. Initially, bacterial isolates were screened for protein production, and the two best-performing isolates were identified as <i>Pseudomonas guariconensis</i> and <i>Acinetobacter schindleri</i> by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Different pretreatment strategies were comparatively evaluated, followed by optimization of the selected pretreatment using Response Surface Methodology based on Box-Behnken Design. The optimized conditions (1.9% v/v H₂SO₄, 600 W, and 8.9 min) produced 27.41 ± 0.13 g/L reducing sugars. Structural characterization by FESEM, FTIR, and ¹³C-NMR confirmed disruption of the lignocellulosic matrix, improving substrate accessibility. Fermentation of the optimized substrate yielded 8.17 ± 0.23 g/L biomass containing 38.76 ± 0.36% crude protein (1.74-fold increase) for <i>P. guariconensis</i> and 6.82 ± 0.19 g/L biomass containing 28.20 ± 0.24% crude protein (1.42-fold increase) for <i>A. schindleri</i>. These findings demonstrates that optimized pretreatment coupled with selected indigenous bacterial isolates enhanced conversion of WB into protein-enriched microbial biomass, providing a basis for further development of lignocellulosic biomass valorization for SCP production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valorizing algal cellulose from brown seaweed Sargassum johnstonii for sustainable papermaking","authors":"Mohini Goyal,&nbsp;Prabhjot Kaur,&nbsp;Pawan Kumar,&nbsp;Shubhang Bhardwaj,&nbsp;Narender Singh,&nbsp;Jitender Sharma","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07251-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07251-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The brown alga <i>Sargassum johnstonii</i> collected from brackish water was investigated as a potential raw material for pulping and papermaking. The study provides novel insights and lays the groundwork for its possible commercial application by optimizing pulping conditions and examining the paper qualities of an underutilized biomass resource, consequently making a significant contribution to the creation of sustainable and alternative raw materials for the pulp and paper sector. Optimization process based on alkali concentration was developed by analyzing pulp yield and sheet forming ability of extracted pulp. Mechanical properties of handsheets prepared from both unbleached and bleached algal pulp were analyzed. The structural and morphological characteristics of the handsheets prepared from unbleached and bleached algal pulp were analyzed using standard paper testing methods, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Additionally, water absorption capacity and biodegradability were evaluated to assess the environmental sustainability of the produced paper. The results demonstrated efficient pulping with low cooking temperature and time required minimal chemical usage compared with conventional pulping. Properties analysis of obtained handsheets indicated acceptable tensile strength, breaking length and sheet formation characteristics. Overall, the result highlights the potential of algal biomass as a renewable and sustainable resource for eco-friendly paper production.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148807502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cellulose-based functional materials from Posidonia oceanica: a sustainable valorization approach","authors":"Alice Cappitti,&nbsp;Stefano Fabbri,&nbsp;Samuele Visi,&nbsp;Edoardo Zonta,&nbsp;Benedetto Pizzo,&nbsp;Paola Mazzanti,&nbsp;Donatella Giomi,&nbsp;Antonella Salvini","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07250-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07250-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The valorization of <i>Posidonia oceanica</i> residues, an abundant lignocellulosic biomass deposited along Mediterranean coasts, represents a sustainable strategy to reduce coastal waste while generating high-value bioproducts. In this study, we developed a biorefinery approach to convert <i>Posidonia</i> egagropili into composite insulating panels and cellulose-based films. Mechanical and chemical pretreatments were optimized to minimize processing steps and waste generation while maximizing cellulose accessibility. Chemical characterization of raw and treated biomass confirmed a composition rich in cellulose and lignin, comparable to other lignocellulosic feedstocks. The entire biomass was exploited to produce low-density insulating panels through two consolidation strategies in which <i>Posidonia</i> served as both filler and binder. Among the tested delignification methods, H₂O₂/NaOH treatment proved most effective in isolating a cellulose-enriched fraction. Cellulose solubilization in DMSO/LiCl enabled direct use of the biomass-derived solution as a binder, yielding panels with a thermal conductivity of 0.038 ± 0.005 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹, comparable to or better than commercial wood-based insulators. The cellulose-rich solution was also successfully used to prepare flexible films, incorporating tailored additives to modulate mechanical behavior and surface properties. Overall, the proposed process provides an efficient, scalable, and environmentally friendly route for fully valorizing <i>Posidonia oceanica</i>, producing renewable, lightweight, thermally efficient biomaterials for construction.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13399-026-07250-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148807501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molten salt–assisted thermoelectric conversion of biomass for high-capacitance carbon materials","authors":"Deqiang Ji,&nbsp;Qian Shen,&nbsp;Yuying Wang,&nbsp;Tong Zhao,&nbsp;Yufei Jiao,&nbsp;Anna Ge,&nbsp;Jing Lu,&nbsp;Hongjun Wu","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07253-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07253-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The growing global energy crisis and increasing greenhouse gas emissions necessitate the development of sustainable energy technologies. However, existing methods for synthesizing biomass-derived carbon materials suffer from limitations such as poor conductivity during low-temperature carbonization, high energy consumption during high-temperature activation, and the need for corrosive reagents, resulting in suboptimal electrochemical performance of the carbon materials. To address these challenges, this study proposes a novel composite thermoelectric dual-field electrochemical technology that converts lignin into high-capacitance carbon materials under low-temperature conditions (550 ℃). Using alkali lignin and poplar leaves as raw materials, the products obtained through pyrolysis (2 h) and electrolysis (4 h, 2.8 V) exhibited specific surface areas of 286 and 388 m² g^− 1, respectively. In a three-electrode system, the specific capacitance at a current density of 0.5 A g^− 1 reached 230 and 177 F g^− 1; at a current density of 0.1 A g^− 1, the specific capacitance reached 343 and 270 F g^− 1. Furthermore, the resulting materials exhibited excellent rate capability and cycling stability; after 5,000 charge-discharge cycles in a 6 M KOH aqueous solution at a current density of 5 A g^− 1, the capacitance retention rates reached 99.6% and 99.5%, respectively. This molten salt-assisted thermoelectric dual-field method provides a new approach for the low-temperature, efficient preparation of porous carbon materials for biomass-based supercapacitors.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148807244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization and combined severity analysis of zirconium-based catalytic hydrothermal valorization of sugars to levulinic acid","authors":"Gwi-Taek Jeong","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07254-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07254-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Levulinic acid (LA) is a platform chemical of significant importance, derived from biomass, with applications in fuels, solvents, and polymer precursors. The hydrothermal conversion of sugars to LA was investigated using a zirconium-based catalyst precursor through a Box-Behnken response surface design, considering reaction temperature (175–205 °C), catalyst loading (5–25 mol%), and reaction time (10–30 min). The empirical quadratic models gave R² values of 0.961 and 0.970 for glucose and galactose, respectively, although significant lack of fit limited their interpretation to the investigated design space. In time-course experiments at 200 °C, 15 mol% ZrCl₄, and 0.30 M substrate, maximum LA yields of 32.46% and 30.80% were obtained from glucose and galactose, respectively, at 10 min, with substrate conversions of 99.8% and 99.5%. The corresponding formic acid (FA) yields were 48.50% and 45.92%. The time-course profiles showed rapid, transient 5-HMF accumulation followed by LA and FA formation, but the individual contributions of zirconium-mediated Lewis acidity and proton-mediated Brønsted acidity were not independently resolved. Glucose showed more rapid LA formation than galactose, indicating substrate-dependent kinetic behavior without establishing a specific stereochemical elementary mechanism. Combined severity analysis calculated using the initial pH (CS_initial) showed that LA production increased to an intermediate severity range and then approached a plateau; however, CS_initial is an empirical descriptor and does not represent the in-situ acidity. These findings provide a laboratory-scale basis for interpreting ZrCl₄-mediated aqueous conversion of C6 sugars, while complete carbon closure, catalyst recovery and reuse, corrosion performance, and process-level feasibility remain to be established.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148836305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using palmyra fruit husk derived hydrochar catalyst: RSM-ANN optimization, simulation, and techno-economic analysis","authors":"Jakkrapong Jitjamnong,&nbsp;Wannadear Nawae,&nbsp;Panadda Solod,&nbsp;Napaphat Kongrit,&nbsp;Umi Fazara Md Ali,&nbsp;Phonsan Saetiao","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07248-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07248-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents a novel integrated framework combining experimental optimization, machine learning, and techno-economic analysis for sustainable biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO). The novelty of this work lies in the development of a low-temperature hydrochar catalyst derived from underutilized Palmyra fruit husk, specifically tailored to handle high-acid WCO through an integrated lab-to-economy assessment. The catalyst was synthesized from Palmyra fruit husk via hydrothermal carbonization at varying temperatures (180–220 °C). The catalytic basicity was directly quantified using the Hammett indicator method, revealing a substantial increase in active sites (3.33 mmol/g) upon functionalization. The catalyst produced by alkali treatment at 180 °C (HC-180B) exhibited a superior surface morphology, crystallinity, and functional properties, enabling a high catalytic efficiency. Process optimization using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) models established a quantitative relationship between the reaction variables and biodiesel yield. Comparative analysis revealed complementary strengths between the models, where RSM provided higher accuracy in predicting the optimal conditions, while ANN demonstrated strong predictive capability across the entire dataset. The optimal conditions were identified at a 9.77:1 methanol: oil molar ratio, 150.6 min reaction time, and 7.73 wt.% catalyst loading, achieving a 92.50% biodiesel yield. The catalyst maintained stable performance (&gt; 90% yield) for three reuse cycles, with deactivation primarily driven by active site leaching and surface fouling as confirmed by spent catalyst characterization. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized product complied with the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standard specifications for biodiesel fuel. Techno-economic evaluation using Aspen Plus simulation indicated commercial feasibility with a net present value of 19.71 M$, internal rate of return of 25.09%, and payback period of 4.70 years. This integrated experimental, modeling, and economic approach demonstrates the potential of agricultural waste valorization for cost-effective, scalable, and sustainable biodiesel production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen production from municipal solid waste: Thermochemical and biochemical pathways, microbial ecology, and the case for an integrated hybrid biorefinery","authors":"Saleh Al Arni,&nbsp;Mahmoud Elwaheidi","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07247-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07247-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents a structured review of municipal solid waste (MSW) valorization technologies for hydrogen production. MSW is a promising feedstock because it simultaneously reduces waste accumulation and generates low-carbon fuel. Hydrogen production from MSW involves multiple pathways rather than a single technology. Thermochemical routes are suitable for mixed or dry waste, while biochemical routes mainly target organic fractions such as food waste. Major technologies, including gasification, steam gasification, pyrolysis-steam reforming, dark fermentation (DF), photo fermentation (PF), and microbial electrolysis cells (MECs), are evaluated based on performance, scalability, and feedstock compatibility. Thermochemical routes generally produce 40–43 g H₂/kg MSW, with optimized co-gasification reaching 66–71 g H₂/kg and steam gasification achieving up to 79.8 vol% H₂ under catalytic conditions. Biochemical routes operate under milder conditions but yield lower hydrogen production, typically 9–14 g H₂/kg volatile solids, while two-stage systems produce approximately 12–16 g H₂/kg food waste. Key optimization factors, including pH, temperature, pretreatment, and organic loading rate, are discussed alongside emerging tools such as nanotechnology and synthetic biology. A hybrid biorefinery concept is proposed, directing wet organics to biological conversion and dry fractions to thermochemical processing, potentially achieving 28–50 kg H₂ per ton of MSW. This integrated framework links feedstock-specific pathways, challenges, and opportunities to support scalable and sustainable MSW-to-hydrogen systems within circular economy and decarbonization strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging organic waste for briquette production: a pathway to a sustainable and environmentally conscious future","authors":"Nadir Buksh,&nbsp;Suraiya Jabeen,&nbsp;Akhtar Shareef,&nbsp;Altaf Hussain Lahori,&nbsp;Ambreen Afzal","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07249-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07249-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this research study, we investigated the composition and characterization of organic refuse-derived fuel (ORDF) briquettes as domestic heating fuel, the composition of which is based on underutilized urban biomass. The novelty of this research lies in the integrated optimization of mixed urban organic wastes, specifically tea waste, sugarcane rinds, peanut shells, and cotton trimmings, into high-performance briquettes using a statistical D-optimal mixture-process design combined with multi-criteria decision analysis, an approach rarely applied to heterogeneous municipal biomass streams. This design will allow the simultaneous maximization of energy production, combustion stability, and the properties of emissions by using the waste materials. We have developed twelve briquette formulations through a D-optimal mixture-process design and evaluated them across key performance metrics: gross calorific value (GCV), combustion rate, ignition time, durability, and emission profile. The findings show that the compositions of raw materials and compaction parameters have a significant effect on fuel performance. The most effective formulation (Run 10) had the eminent GCV of 7277 kcal/kg, the lowermost burning rate (1.10 g/min), and the maximum durability (93.34%), and thus had superior thermal performance and mechanical integrity. Analysis of emissions indicated that SO 2 and CO levels were different based on feedstock, with Run 5 being the best in terms of combustion profile. The multi-criteria desirability functions and Principal Component Analysis were used to determine the best formulations that combine the energy content, structural stability, and environmental performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}