Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery最新文献

{"title":"Characterization of vinyl silane–treated areca nut woven fiber and bronze filler toughened polyester composite","authors":"Praveen Kumar Balguri, A. Latha, Lakhvinder Kaur, Rajesh Verma, D. Sendil Kumar, S. Ramasree, Angajala Rama Krishna, Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar, N Nagabhooshanam","doi":"10.1007/s13399-024-06088-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-06088-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Global warming and climate change condition are prevailing due to over exploitations of natural resources like fossil fuels, heavy metals, and dumping of wastages in open space. To bring solution to these less dense composite materials using waste biomass is now researched widely by scientists under various applications. The mechanical, tribological, wear, water absorption, and thermal conductivity properties of composite materials reinforced with bronze nanoparticles and areca fiber coated with vinyl silane are investigated in this research work. The novelty of this research study is to investigate how the composite’s characteristics were affected by the vinyl silane–treated bronze nanoparticle. Using a hand layup technique, the fabrication was cured for 24 h at ambient temperature and then post-cured at 120 °C. The AB2 (Areca fiber of 40 vol.%, Bronze nanoparticle of 3 vol.%) composite demonstrated stronger mechanical properties, including a tensile strength of 37.2%, a flexural strength of 22.4%, and an izod impact strength of 36.6% when compared to fiber- and matrix-reinforced base composite AB0 (areca fiber 40 vol.%, resin 60 vol.%, bronze nanoparticle 0 vol.%). In contrast, the AB3 composite displayed remarkable hardness at 84 Shore-D, outstanding wear resistance at 0.011 mm³/Nm, superior thermal conductivity at 0.212 W/mK, and excellent hydrophobicity at 0.12%. Further, when compared to the thermal conductivity of AB3 composite shows 34.2% higher than the thermal conductivity of base composite AB0. Similar such increase in values is attained in other composites compared to AB0 composite. Furthermore, vinyl silane–treated bronze nanoparticles are present in greater volume fractions in AB2 and AB3, which increase reinforcement inside the composite matrix and improve mechanical characteristics. The SEM (scanning electron microscopy) results corroborate that the vinyl silane treatment improved the bond strength of the fiber, filler, and resin. The reinforcement of vinyl silane–treated metallic nanoparticle and natural fiber reinforcement shows better mechanical, wear resistance, and thermal stability property which could be utilized in areas such as automotive, aerospace, defense, and structural applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of xylooligosaccharides production as a novel antioxidant source through autoclave-assisted oxalic acid pretreatment of sugarcane trash","authors":"Dwi Ajias Pramasari, Hana Nur Fitriana, Hadi Prastyo, Fitry Fillianty, Maya Ismayati, Fahmi Hasan, Euis Hermiati","doi":"10.1007/s13399-024-06152-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-06152-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study explores enhancing xylooligosaccharides (XOS) production as a novel source of antioxidants by utilizing autoclave-assisted oxalic acid pretreatment of sugarcane trash, specifically its tops and leaves. The study aims to optimize the concentration of oxalic acid and the duration of heating to maximize XOS yield and antioxidant activity, while also considering phenolic content as a contributing factor. Initially, through a One Factor at a Time (OFAT) approach, different concentrations of oxalic acid (ranging from 0.5 to 3%) were tested with a consistent 30-min heating period. The optimal XOS level of 6.45 g/L and 70.23% antioxidant activity was achieved at a 1% acid concentration. Subsequently, the focus shifted to optimizing heating durations (30, 45, and 60 min) at the identified optimal acid concentration. The highest XOS concentration of 6.45 g/L was observed at 30 min, while the peak antioxidant activity of 73.32% was attained at 60 min. Moreover, the total phenolic content of XOS, which contributes to its antioxidant properties, was found to be in the range of 9–10 mg GAE/100 mg. These findings highlight the potential of sugarcane trash as a new biomass resource for the production of antioxidant-rich XOS.</p>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using Echinops echinatus plant extract and its potential applications for photocatalytic dye degradation, 4-nitrophenol reduction, and antimicrobial activity","authors":"Rosaiah Pitcheri, Siva Prasad Mooni, Dhanalakshmi Radhalayam, Maaouni Nora, Soumyendu Roy, Fatimah Ali M. Al-Zahrani, Madhusudana Rao Kummara","doi":"10.1007/s13399-024-06131-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-06131-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Industrial wastewater poses a significant threat to human health and the environment. Numerous treatment methods have been developed to mitigate harmful compounds. The production of multifunctional titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs) for wastewater treatment through green synthesis is a desirable alternative to conventional methods. This study reports using <i>Echinops echinatus</i> leaves (EES) as an effective bio-reductant for the green synthesis of TiO₂-NPs. A simple and eco-friendly process with low reaction time and temperature was adopted for the EES-mediated synthesis of TiO₂-NPs. Various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques were used to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles. The UV–visible spectrophotometer spectra showed an absorbance peak at 289 nm and a bandgap of 2.91 eV. SEM and XRD revealed the nanoparticles’ crystal nature, size, and spherical morphology. HR-TEM indicated an average particle size of 36 nm with a spherical shape. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra confirmed the presence of titanium. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified the fundamental biomolecules responsible for reducing and stabilizing the TiO₂ nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were developed as photocatalysts for treating trypan blue dye under visible light irradiation, achieving a rapid decomposition rate with 84% degradation efficiency and catalyst reusability. The radical experiment that was studied identified h⁺ and OH* radicals as the more reactive species. The catalytic potential of EES-TiO₂ NPs was further examined for converting 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol, with a 98% conversion rate in an alkaline medium. UV–vis spectroscopy showed a decrease rate of <i>k</i> = 0.011 min⁻¹ during the catalytic conversion. Additionally, EES-TiO₂ NPs demonstrated significant antibacterial effects on pathogenic bacteria, as measured by the zone of inhibition in the disc diffusion method. The findings suggest that the synthesized EES-TiO₂ nanoparticles hold promise for various environmental and antipathogenic applications.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3><p>A schematic representation of the green synthesis of TiO₂ nanoparticles for photocatalysis and antimicrobial activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review on enzymatic decolorization of various azo dyes using laccase for the abatement of industrial pollution","authors":"Swethashree Rajendran,&nbsp;Ashmitha Kalairaj,&nbsp;T. Senthilvelan","doi":"10.1007/s13399-024-06104-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-024-06104-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Dye wastes discharged into water bodies without proper treatment from various industries pose significant environmental hazards due to their carcinogenic, mutagenic, and highly toxic nature. Traditional dye wastewater treatment methods often achieve limited degradation efficiencies, typically between 40 and 60%. In response, various advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have emerged, offering improved degradation rates of 80 to 90%. However, AOPs are associated with high-energy consumption, maintenance costs, and sludge disposal challenges, which have led to increased interest in oxidase enzymes as alternatives, offering similar dye degradation capabilities with zero disposal costs, eco-friendly production, and reduced energy consumption. Among the oxidase enzymes, laccase, derived from bacteria, fungi, plants, and insects, has demonstrated up to 90% dye degradation efficiency, with and without a mediator system. Laccase-treated samples showed a 65% reduction in toxicity (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) and a 70% improvement in water quality metrics compared to untreated wastewater. This review comprehensively examines the enzymatic decolorization of various azo dyes using laccase, highlighting its potential for industrial pollution abatement by exploring the mechanisms, efficiency, and practical applications of laccase in treating dye wastewater, aiming to provide a thorough understanding of its role in mitigating environmental pollution from industrial sources.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"15 9","pages":"13079 - 13101"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CaO-based sorption-enhanced steam gasification of biomass for high purity H2 production: a modeling approach","authors":"Yan Cao,&nbsp;Yu Bai,&nbsp;Jiang Du","doi":"10.1007/s13399-024-06119-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-024-06119-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, a detailed simulation model of steam-only gasification of pine sawdust with limestone for in situ CO₂ capture and simultaneous tar elimination is developed using the ASPEN plus simulator. The predicted results were compared with the experimental data available in the literature, and a good agreement was found. After validating the model, a parametric study was performed to investigate the influence of operational conditions on the product gas composition and the gasification characteristics. In order to evaluate the reactivity of carbonation reaction in terms of tar destruction and CO₂ absorption, two parameters named CO₂ capture ratio (CCR) and tar cracking ratio (TCR) are also defined. According to the predicted results, higher temperature and introducing more sorbent particles are favorable for promoting the H₂ production and tar elimination; however, enhancing H₂ production and tar conversion is marginal above CaO/biomass ratio (C/B) of 1.5. The addition of steam not only increased H₂ content and H₂ yield by promoting water–gas shift reaction but also apparently enhanced tar reforming/cracking and char conversion. The predictions also showed that the limestone can play the role of both CO₂ absorber and tar converter at low temperature (<i>T</i> &lt; 800 °C); however, it only acts as a catalyst for tar conversion at high temperature (<i>T</i> &gt; 800 °C). For C/B &gt; 1.5, CCR showed a slight increase, implying that less CO₂ was captured as the C/B increased from 1.5 to 2.0.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"15 9","pages":"13817 - 13829"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142180093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sea urchin testa chitin and its reinforcement effect on pineapple fiber-vinyl ester composite","authors":"E. Kavitha, Ismail Kakaravada, Sumanth Ratna Kandavali, S.Prabagaran","doi":"10.1007/s13399-024-06078-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-06078-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the use of chitin extracted from dead sea urchin shells (testa) to enhance the mechanical and physical properties of vinyl-based composites made using pineapple fiber. The chitin biopolymer is extracted via the thermo-chemical method and mixed with resin before making a composite. The composites were fabricated using the hand layup method and tested in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The resulting composites underwent a series of rigorous examinations to evaluate their mechanical performance, fatigue resistance, wear behavior, and hydrophobicity. Results demonstrated the synergistic effect of combining pineapple fiber and chitin in vinyl ester composites across various compositions. The mechanical properties were improved to higher up to C4 (chitin up to 15 vol. % and pineapple fiber of 40 vol. %) composite after that decreased. However, the wear resistance improved with higher chitin content, as evidenced by a reduced coefficient of friction and specific wear rate. Moreover, an extended fatigue life cycle of 17,732 is observed at 75% of ultimate tensile stress in the C4 composite. The contact angle measurements indicated a retained hydrophilicity with an angle of 86⁰ for the C5 composite. These findings provide crucial insights for advanced material engineering applications, highlighting the significant enhancement in mechanical properties with the incorporation of chitin derived from sea urchin shells. The comprehensive characterization reveals the multifaceted improvements brought about by chitin, paving the way for the development of eco-friendly and high-performance composite materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142180095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive characterization and utilization of microcrystalline cellulose extracted from waste palm fruit: a biomass to biomaterial for cementitious composites","authors":"S. Kokila, Rajagopalan Varadarajan, G. Venkatesan","doi":"10.1007/s13399-024-06103-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-06103-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent times, due to non-renewable resources, construction operations have resulted in significant quantity reductions. Millions of hazardous mineral wastes are produced as a result, and there are also significant amounts of greenhouse gas emissions. To overcome the drawbacks of the existing methodologies, an innovative approach is introduced in this study which is based on the renewable materials which results in low environmental impact and cost. In recent times, the cellulosic materials have been utilized in the concrete technology. Since MCC has the hydrophilic character and water retention capability properties, it can be utilized in cement-based materials which is crucial for the construction. This article describes the use of naturally derived renewable microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from palm fruit (PF) to reinforce cement. The physical, thermal, chemical, and mechanical properties of <i>PF-MCC</i> are analyzed. The functional groups peaks of <i>PF-MCC</i> are studied from FTIR analysis; XRD analysis reported the crystallinity index and crystalline size to be about 72.13% and 29.6 nm. The higher absorbance is seen at 354 nm by the UV analysis, and the thermal degradation at three stages is resulted from TGA analysis, and the peak is found at <span>(327.27^circ{rm C})</span>. From the EDX analysis, the oxygen and carbon dominate the composition, constituting of about 45.3% and 26.7%, respectively. The addition of the <i>PF-MCC</i> with the M30 grade cement concrete as fillers resulted in a better compressive strength by 10.4% and tensile strength by 9.3%. Thus <i>PF-MCC</i> results in superior characteristics which can be utilized as the eco-filler in the construction industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142180092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conversion of invasive plant species (Bidens pilosa L.) into bioadsorbents for simultaneous removal of ciprofloxacin antibiotic and crystal violet dye","authors":"Giang Thanh Tran, Thuy Thi Thanh Nguyen, Dinh Tien Dung Nguyen, Dai Hai Nguyen, Duyen Thi Cam Nguyen, Thuan Van Tran","doi":"10.1007/s13399-024-06082-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-06082-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Here, we present the production of carbonaceous bioadsorbent derived from <i>Bidens pilosa</i> L. invasive plant biomass. The bioadsorbent, pyrolyzed at 400 °C, was selected to assess the adsorption performance against ciprofloxacin antibiotic and crystal violet dye from water. This bioadsorbent exhibited a porous structure with a surface area of 4.0 m² g⁻¹ and a point of zero charge of 7.7. To optimize simultaneous removal conditions, a Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology were employed. The model predicted the optimum condition at a dosage of 1.23 g L⁻¹, a ciprofloxacin concentration of 12.82 mg L⁻¹, a crystal violet concentration of 20.5 mg/L, and pH of 3. Notably, the tested values closely matched the predicted values. Additionally, kinetic and isotherm models were applied, indicating excellent adherence to pseudo-first and second-order kinetics, as well as Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, respectively. Due to high adsorption capacities, i.e., 31.89 mg/g for ciprofloxacin and 58.42 mg g⁻¹ for crystal violet of the bioadsorbent, it is proposed that the conversion of <i>Bidens pilosa</i> L. invasive plant biomass into bioadsorbents is both feasible and sustainable for the simultaneous removal of antibiotics and dyes from water.</p>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic characterization of bacteria reveals their bioaugmentation and pre-treatment potential for improved hydrolysis and biomethanation of protein-rich substrates","authors":"Bhagyashri J. Poddar, Anshuman Arun Khardenavis","doi":"10.1007/s13399-024-06113-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-06113-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The present study explored the genomic capacities of bacterial isolates <i>E</i>nterobacter <i>cloacae</i> AAK_M13, <i>B</i>acillus <i>subtilis</i> AAK_M29, and <i>Serratia marcescens</i> EGD-HP20 for enhanced hydrolysis of proteinaceous wastes. Genome annotation showed conditionally expressed genes for degrading complex organic substrates thus indicating the metabolic versatility of the isolates which was also validated by plate assay. Of the different subsystems, 28, 24, and 54 annotation hits were associated with protein degradation in the three isolates respectively coding for peptidases of the di-, serine-, omega-, amino-, metalloendo-, and metallocarboxy-peptidase groups. Considering that high concentration of metals in the environment could interfere with the spatial structure of enzymes thereby inhibiting the microbial metabolism, the annotation of genes encoding metal resistance enzymes such as CopA (copper resistance), ArsC and ArsB (arsenic resistance), and yieF (chromium resistance) was significant. Validation of genomic capacities for extracellular proteolytic enzymes revealed the highest protease production between 100 and 200 U/mL min in case of strain EGD-HP20 that was also reflected from the highest soluble protein generation of 198–416 mg/mL during pre-treatment and hydrolysis of protein rich substrates (PRS). Batch studies on biomethanation led to highest methane yield from PRS hydrolysed in presence of strain EGD-HP20, such as soybean flour (270–275 mL/g VS added) followed by meat extract (266 mL/g VS added) and egg white (227 mL/g VS added) in comparison to the respective untreated/un-augmented PRS thus indicating the advantage of bioaugmentation/pre-treatment. The study suggests that deciphering the genes governing the protein degradation pathways and conversion of complex organics could enable the development of bioaugmentation strategies using bacterial strains for efficient biomenthanation.</p>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploitation of moringa biomass to fabricate graphene electrode for electricity generation with wastewater treatment through microbial fuel cells","authors":"Akil Ahmad","doi":"10.1007/s13399-024-06134-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-024-06134-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Due to resource scarcity and habitat damage, fossil fuels—especially oil and gas—are unsustainable. Recently, scientists have investigated biotechnology and microbiology as solutions for carbon-free, renewable, and alternative energy sources. A modern study shows that bacteria degrade inorganic and organic wastewater pollutants. Since they clean wastewater and generate electricity, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are the ideal response to the concerns listed earlier. MFCs struggle with electron transport issues due to a lack of anode performance. Thus, current research focuses on the production of anode from biomass waste with minimal effort. This work developed a graphene oxide (GO) electrode using local <i>Moringa</i> biomass powder and found that waste-derived GO yielded 175 mV in 16 days with a power density of 1.49 mW/m². The calculated internal resistance was 796 ῼ, while the external resistance was 1000 ῼ. It seems that electron transportation works effectively. Wastewater treatment is an additional focus for this work. Meanwhile, the inoculation source contains Pb and Hg. The removal efficiency was remarkable, such as Pb = 75.10% and Hg = 65%. Additionally, a thorough analysis of the mechanism and future prospects is also enclosed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"15 9","pages":"13469 - 13483"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142180096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}